PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING INSTITUTIONS IN TURKEY Prof. Haluk GERÇEK EK Istanbul Technical University Istanbul, Turkey.
Some basic data Approaches to decision making Institutional framework Barriers to implementation Facts and trends Conclusions OUTLINE
BASIC DATA ABOUT ISTANBUL Population: 12 M Area : 5,343 km2 Number of municipal districts : 32 Number of motor vehicles : 2.4 M (20% of Turkey) Number of automobiles : 1.6 M (28% of Turkey) Auto ownership : 134 cars per 1000 inhabitants
POPULATION GROWTH 14,000,000 12,000,000 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 Annual Growth Rates: 1950-1970 1970 : 4.9% 1970-1990 1990 : 4.5% 1990-2000 : 3.2% 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
APPROACHES TO DECISION MAKING (DMG) Vision led Involves an individual (typically the mayor or committee leader) having a clear view of the future form of city they want, and the policy instruments needed to achieve that vision. Plan led Specifying objectives and problems, and adopting an ordered procedure identifying possible solutions to those problems, and selecting those which perform best. Consensus led Involves discussions between the stakeholders to try to reach agreement on each of the stages in the plan-led led approach.
APPROACHES TO DECISION MAKING PLAN VISION CONSENSUS
APPROACHES TO DECISION MAKING (DMG) Rational analysis Rational, analytical approach which leads to the right solution. Muddling through Less organised approach in which objectives are never specified, actions are taken when problems become essential, and more important decisions are dependent on the power struggles between interest groups.
GOVERNMENT and URBAN TRANSPORTATION GOVERNMENT SUPREME PLANNING COUNCIL Ministry of Transportation Ministry of Public Works& Settlements Ministry of Industry& Commerce Ministry of Tourism Ministry of Interior TCDD KGM Land-Use Planning Traffic Police Commuter Railways Operation Road Building, O&M City Traffic Comission DLH Railways,Ports&Airports Building DHMI Airport Operations
SUPREME PLANNING COUNCIL Prime Minister Deputy PM Ministry of State (Economic Affairs) Ministry of Finance Ministry of Transportation Ministry of Public Works & Settlements Ministry of Industry & Commerce Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources Head of State Planning Organization
ORGANIZATION CHART of GMI MAYOR IMP UKOME AYKOME Secretary General IETT ISKI Dept. of Enterprises Istanbul Ulaşım Inc. ISBAK IDO ISPARK BELBIM Inc... Deputy Secretary General (Transportation) Dept. of Transportation Deputy Secretary General (Urban Planning) Deputy Secretary General (Construction) Deputy Secretary General (Finance) Deputy Secretary General (Personal&Cultural&Health).... Transport Planning Transport Coordination Public Transportation Services Rail Systems Traffic Road M&R
ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN PLANNING CENTER (IMP) Created by the Mayor in 2005; consists of over 400 urban planning professionals, academics. In launching the IMP, the mayor declared that not a nail shall be hammered into place without the knowledge of the IMP. IMP works on 10 key areas of urban development, among them land use planning coordinated with transportation planning. In summer of 2006, a household travel survey was conducted among 36,000 hh and work has begun on the next generation Transportation Master Plan.
ISTANBUL METROPOLITAN PLANNING CENTER (IMP) However, while IMP tries to paint a picture of future land- use and plans are being developed, some major projects are announced by the City Council and the Government. Among these projects are - 77 tunnels under 7 hills ($2 B) - 3rd Bosporus Bridge and beltways (NA) - Road tunnel under Bosporus ($1.6 B) Projects faced massive opposition from professional organizations and NGOs. Projects being challenged in the courts. City is going ahead with them anyway, creating the impression that they are being driven by interests other than that of the public good.
STRATEGIC PLAN of ISTANBUL 2025 integration of regional and transport planning polycentric settlement pattern, compact city mixed use development
MUNICIPAL TRANSPORT FUNCTIONS Institution Function Comments Transportation Coordination Center (UKOME) Infrastructure Coordination Center (AYKOME) IETT Provide coordination among transportation services, determine routes, schedules, fares of PT, prepare or contract out transportation plans Plan infrastructure construction, give permits for excavations Operate municipality buses, provide concessions for privately operated bus services, construct rail transit system (since 2000) PT responsiblities overlap with City Traffic Comission UKOME is the final decision maker for concession of PT services. Rent rail transt lines to Istanbul Ulaşım Inc. for operation.
MUNICIPAL TRANSPORT FUNCTIONS (Contd.) Directorate Function Comments Transport Planning Transport Coordination PT Services Rail Transit System Traffic Road M&R City Traffic Commision Transportation master plans Secretariat for UKOME Give permits, determine routes, schedules, fares of PT (Buses and ferries excluded) Construction of rail transit system projects Road signalization and traffic monitoring Road maintenance and repair Determine routes of PT Master plans generally are contracted out Responsiblities overlap with UKOME Responsiblities overlap with UKOME
MUNICIPAL ECONOMIC ENTERPRISES Economic Enterprise Function Comments Istanbul Ulaşım Inc. Istanbul Sea Buses Inc. (IDO) ISBAK Operate rail transit system (Metro, LRT, tram and funicular) Operate passenger and vehicle ferries and sea buses Give permits, determine routes, schedules, fares of PT (Buses and ferries excluded) Responsiblities overlap with UKOME ISPARK Administration of parking It has no legal right for parking violations ISFALT BELBIM Application of road pavement Develop technology for electronic ticketing for PT
APPROVAL OF TRANSPORT PROJECTS Approval Metropolitan Area Government Rail Transit Roads & Road Tunnels& Public Large Projects Flyovers Transport Road Projects GMI GMI GMI KGM (MoPW) DLH (MoT) SPO SPO SPO SPC Cabinet GMI: Istanbul Greater Municipality DLH: Railways,Ports, Airports Construction SPO: State Planning Organization SPC: Supreme Planning Council KGM: General Directorate of Highways MoPW: Ministry of Public Works&Settlements MoT: Ministry of Transportation&Communication
MAIN STAKEHOLDERS IN URBAN TRANSPORT PROJECTS PT Users Other users of public space (car users, NMT, handicapped) Residents of affected areas NGOs (Chamber of city planners, architects, civil engineers, etc.) Council of Preservation of Cultural&Natural Heritage PT Operators Merchants and commerce Media Property developers Construction & Engineering Sector Equipment manufacturers Loan financing institutions
BEHIND THE SCENE INTEREST GROUPS GOVERNMENT PROPERTY DEVELOPERS FINANCING AGENCIES MUNICIPALITY BUILDERS& EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION (DMG) Legal and institutional barriers - lack of legel powers - split responsibilities between agencies (Land acquisition, pricing) Financial barriers Political and cultural barriers - political or public acceptance - restrictions imposed by pressure groups - attitudes to enforcement Practical and technological barriers - lack of skills and expertise
SUCCESSES PT improvements Increase budgets allocated to urban transport projects Increased interest in environmental issues through news in media Acceptance of transport as the most important urban issue
Integration of land-use, transportation, environmental and economic development plans Coordination among institutions Misguided financing and investment flows Unsustainable transportation trends Lack of public awerness FAILURES
IMPORTANT DATES for ISTANBUL TRANSPORT 1987: Transportation Master Plan (Target year:2005) 1989: Second Bosporus Bridge opened. 1989 December: First LRT line opened. 1997: Transportation Master Plan (Target year:2010) 2000 September: 7 km-long first metro opened after 7 years of construction period. 2002 March: First Council for Urban Transport 2004 May: Construction of Marmaray Project started. 2004 July: GMI s s area extended to the city s s provincial border 2005: M&O of D100 highway was handed over to GMI. 2005 September: Istanbul Metropolitan Planning Center (IMP) opened to prepare the city s s development plan.
IMPORTANT DATES for ISTANBUL TRANSPORT 2006 February: GMI announced 77 tunnels under 7 hills Project (Large project of urban road tunnels). 2006 March: Istanbul Sea Buses Inc. (IDO) took over ferry services. 2006 June: Second finucular opened. 2006 July: Free transfers with electronic ticket (Akbil) started. 2006 November: 103th flyover in the past 2.5 years opened by the PM. 2006 November: Mayor asked the Government to finance metro projects. 2006 December: Government set up a committee of 4 ministers to find short and long term solutions to city s transportation problems.
IMPORTANT DATES for ISTANBUL TRANSPORT 2006 December: Government announced 3rd Bosporus Bridge to be built; alignment will be decided soon. 2007 January: JICA was commissioned to prepare new Transportation Master Plan. 2007 January: Government issued the tender for the road tunnel under Bosporus. 2007 January: PM said Restriction should be considered on the number of motor vehicles registrated in Istanbul
RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM IN ISTANBUL Lines Length (Km) Existing 12 125.2 Under construction - GMI 7 72.3 - MoT 1 13.6 Projects being prepared 8 109.7 TOTAL 43 320.8
RAIL PROJECTS UNDER CONSTRUCTION (GMI) Otogar-Bağcılar/ LRT Length : 5.4 km Estimated Cost: $173 M Edirnekapı-Sultançiftliği/ TRAM Length: 15.3 km Estimated Cost : $140 M 4.Levent-Seyrantepe-Ayazağa - Darüşşafaka/ METRO Length : 8 km Estimated Cost: $250 M Bağcılar-M.Bey-İkitelli Olympic Village / METRO Length : 16 km Estimated Cost: $800 M BOSPHORUS TUNNEL-MARMARAY Length :13,5 km Kadıköy-Kartal/ METRO Length : 21,7 km Estimated Cost: $1.1 B Aksaray-Yenikapı/ LRT Length : 0.7 km Estimated Cost : $56 M Taksim-Yenikapı/ METRO Length : 5.2 km Estimated Cost : $364 M
RAIL PROJECTS BEING PREPARED (GMI) Alibeyköy- GOP-Tekstilkent-Bağcılar/ METRO Length : 14.5 km Estimated Cost: $725 M Golden Horn / TRAM Length : 9.1 km Estimated Cost: $136 M Atatürk Airport-B.Evler-İkitelli / METRO Length : 14.3 km Estimated Cost: $715 M Kabataş- Beşikta-M.köy-K.Hane- Alibeyköy / METRO Length : 10 km Estimated Cost: $500 M Yenikapi - B.Köy (İncirli) / METRO Length : 7 km Estimated Cost: $350 M Üsküdar-Altunizade-Ümraniye- Dudullu-Samandra / LRT Length : 19 km Estimated Cost: $950 M B.Köy-B.Evler-Bağcılar / METRO Length : 8.8 km Estimated Cost: $450 M B.Köy-Şirinevler-Sefaköy-Avcılar- Beylikdüzü / METRO Length : 27 km Estimated Cost: $1,350 M
BOSPORUS RAILWAY TUNNEL (MARMARAY) PROJECT 76.3 km 13.6 km tunnel (1.4 km immersed tube tunnel) 40 stations Capacity: 75,000 pphpd
MUNICIPALTY BUDGET FOR TRANSPORTATION In 2001-2007 2007 period, - $ 1.93 B spent on road projects - $ 3.45 B spent on rail projects In 2007, - GMI will spend $ 2.942 billion (53.5% of its total annual budget) on transportation projects. Up to 2012, - $ 15 B is required for transportation projects - GMI is planning to allocate $ 5.8 B. - $ 2 B is required for 78-km road tunnels.
CONCLUSIONS Urgent need for a change in the way decision-makers think about city and transportation Public awareness and understanding of problems Political champions to achieve radical changes Legal enforcements ( Crime against city ) Sound financial packages for PT projects that are consistent with the plan