NINETEENTH CENTURY FRENCH ROSE (ROSA L. SP.) GERMPLASM SHOWS A CONTINUOUS SHIFT OVER TIME FROM A EUROPEAN TO AN ASIAN GENETIC BACKGROUND Mathilde Liorzou,AlixPernet, ShubinLi, Annie Chastellier, Tatiana Thouroude, Gilles Michel, Valéry Malécot, Sylvain Gaillard, Céline Briée, Fabrice Foucher, Cristiana Oghina-Pavie, Jérémy Clotault, Agnès Grapin Genetics & Diversity of Ornamental plants (GDO) IRHS Angers, France 8 th International RosaceaeGenome Conference
GENUS ROSA DIVERSITY High number of species Worldwide distribution Several independent domestications High rate of interspecific hybridizations Complex genetic relationships n=7 chromosomes Ploidyfrom 2 to 10x Helpmefind.com Helpmefind.com Helpmefind.com Rosa chinensis semperflorens 2x La reine 4x Rosa praeluscens 10x 2 (Martin et al., 2001; Adumitresei& Stănescu, 2009; Smulders et al., 2011)
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ROSES 7 to 10 species at the origin of cultivated roses CC BY-SA 3.0 R. gallica wikipedia R. moschata wikipedia R. wichurana eggert-baumschulen.de R. multiflora photomazza.com wikipedia R. gigantea R. chinensis 2 major pools of independent domestications passiflora.it R. foetida Europe 2x, 4x, 6x Cold resistant Once flowering Asia 2x Continuous-flowering Tea perfume Diversification process in Europe: Antiquity to 1800 Cultivation of indigenous species 1800 to 1940 Rising interest for roses, introduction of diversifying exotic material Since1940 Exploitation of the biodiversity 3 (Maia & Venard, 1976; Smulders et al., 2011)
THE FLORHIGE PROJECT Success factors of rose breeding during the 18 th and 19 th centuries in France: genetics and history interdisciplinary approach Funder: Région Pays de la Loire 2013-2016 Sources/resources: Roses collections, archives, documentation 4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS Is the genetic diversity of rose varieties cultivated in France during the 18 th and 19 th centuries structured in genetic groups and how is it structured? 5
PLANT MATERIAL 1228 genotypes from different French rose gardens 991 roses from the 18-19 th centuries (1700-1914) 18 old garden roses (< 1700) 118 botanical roses 53 modern roses (>1914) Number of genotypes Years 6 Breeding year distribution for the 1110 bred roses and years of introduction for the 118 botanical roses in 15 periods
PLANT MATERIAL 7 Areas of origin of the 1228 analyzed roses
PLANT MATERIAL 6x 5x Unknown 2x 3x 4x Proportion of ploidy levels for the 1228 individuals 8
GENOTYPING 32 SSR markers High polymorphism 10 to 75 alleles/locus 1284 alleles on 32 locus A lot of rare alleles LG1 LG2 LG3 LG4 LG5 LG6 LG7 0.7 H9B07 6.3 RMS147 0.0 Rw16E19 8.9 H20D08 0.0 H22F01 0.0 CL2980 0.0 H10D03 4.5 RMS140 9.3 BFACT47 20.8 RMS082 15.7 RMS144 22.6 H2F12 20.0 29.6 CTG21 Rh58 34.7 Rw55E12 26.8 RMS034 25.3 Rw22A3 23.5 Rw5G14 45.7 46.5 49.4 RMS070 RMS015 Rw25J16 40.0 43.3 53.4 CTG172 CTG329 RMS132 47.9 Rw52D24 40.9 45.3 47.8 RMS003 RMS124 Rw15D15 56.0 CTG623 73.0 Rh80 84.6 Rw53O21 Repartition of the markers on the genetic map (Hibrand-Saint Oyant et al., 2008 Spiller et al., 2011, Kawamura et al., 2011 ) 64.4 Rog9 EST SSR (coding) Genomic SSR Approximatively placed SSR 9
DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF THE SAMPLE 16 genetic groups Continuous structure Representation of the first two axes of the DAPC structuring results showing the genetic clustering of the 1228 individuals 10
DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF THE SAMPLE 16 genetic groups Continuous structure High genetic diversity at two poles of the structure nsswg: Intra-group diversity 0.4 nsswg 0.3 0.2 0.1 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 10 12 13 14 15 16 Evolution of the nsswg (normalized sum of square within groups) in genetic groups
DIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF THE SAMPLE 16 genetic groups Continuous structure High genetic diversity at two poles of the structure nsswg: Intra-group diversity Hypothesis: 2 sources of diversity at the origin of the 19 th century cultivated varieties 0.4 nsswg 0.3 0.2 0.1 12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 10 12 13 14 15 16 Evolution of the nsswg (normalized sum of square within groups) in genetic groups
TWO SOURCES OF DIVERSITY Significant difference between European roses and Asian roses Increasing proximity of cultivated roses with Asian roses <1800 1800-1860 Asian source European source n= 49 n= 359 1860-1914 >1914 European cultivars created during each period Botanical roses Asian roses (botanical and cultivated) Roses from other parts of the world or other periods n: Number of individuals n= 512 n= 42 Geographical and temporal analysis of the DAPC structuring results 13
SOME ALLELES, WITNESSES OF THIS EVOLUTION 31 alleles: Common in Asia Low frequency in Europe Increasing frequency over time among hybrids bred in Europe Frequency (%) 14 Evolution of the frequency of occurrence of the 31 alleles
PLOIDY, REFLECT OF THE GENETIC HISTORY? 5x and 6x: distant from main gene pools used during the 19th century 3x at the junction of 2x and 4x 2x 3x 4x 5x 6x Distribution of ploidy in the genetic groups obtained via DAPC Unknown 15
A PROGRESSIVE SHIFT OF THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF EUROPEAN CULTIVATED ROSES Wide diversity of the sample A lot of interspecific crosses In Europe: An ancient source of diversity An Asian source of diversity progressively introgressed European botanical roses 5x -6x Asian roses 2x European botanical roses 2x -4x Minor use in breeding? Progressive introgression of the genetic background Cultivated European pool 4x 3x 4x Replacement of the genetic background? Beginning of the 18 th End of the 19 th 16 Interesting traits (Continuous-flowering, Tea perfume )
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS Rose gardens Members of the GDO team Parc Floral de la Beaujoire Mathilde Liorzou Roseraie de Commer Annie Chastellier La roseraie du Désert Fabrice Foucher Le jardin de Jumaju Agnès Grapin Roses Loubert Laurence Hibrand-Saint Oyant Grande roseraie de Lyon SCRADH Gilles Michel Roseraie du parc botanique de la Tête d Or Alix Pernet La roseraie du Val-de-Marne Vanessa Soufflet-Freslon Tatiana Thouroude Historians Annie Antoine Ancient members of the GDO team Céline Briée Emilie Araou Cristiana Oghina-Pavie Vivien Bauchat Stéphane Tirard Shubin Li Platforms Plateau ANAN Plateforme Gentyane Contact: jeremy.clotault@univ-angers.fr Publication in press for Journal of Experimental Botany 17