EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES SUMMIT Integrating Emerging Technologies and Codes & Standards NORTHWEST ENERGY EFFICIENCY ALLIANCE Charlie Stephens October 28 th, 2014
2 Integration by Organizational Design
Market Transformation Dollars Invested Codes & Standards Market Share Transformation Market Natural Baseline Early Adopters Early Majority Late Majority Laggards 3 Time
Emerging Technology: HP Clothes Dryers Issues: Baseline energy use (which test procedure?) Field energy use (may be different for different technologies, cycles) Test cloth load doesn t reflect actual field loads A whole new range of cycle offerings on new products which ones will be used? 4
Critical for codes & standards work Table 1. Summary of Field Study Results Compared to Test Procedures DOE Field Study Simple Loads Field Study All Loads Dryer Metric Amended D D1 Test D2 Test Procedure Procedure Procedure Mean EB Mean EB Load Composition DOE Test Cloths Homeowner Clothes Dryer Setting Normal Duty, High Heat Homeowner Settings Initial RMC of Dryer Load (%) 66.5%-73.5% 54.0%-61.0% 57.5% ± 0.33% 62.9% 1.0% 71.0% 2.7% Final RMC of Dryer Load (%) 2.5%-5.0% 2.5%-5.0% Auto: <2.0% 3.3% 0.5% 7.2% 3.2% Water Removed/Load (lb) 4.62 4.52 4.69 4.73 0.14 4.81 0.13 Bone-Dry Load Weight (lb) 7.00 8.45 8.45 7.87 0.19 7.64 0.17 Duct restriction or exhaust cfm 2 7/8 Data! 2 7/8 2 7/8 90.2 cfm ± 11.1 cfm Average Drying Time (min) 23 a N/A N/A 57.0 1.4 56.0 1.1 Raw Energy Use/Load (kwh) 2.24 a 2.84 a,b 2.84 a,b 3.17 0.07 2.96 0.06 Field Use Factor Auto Cycle 1.04 1.04 1.00 N/A N/A N/A N/A Adj. Energy Use/Cycle (kwh) 2.33 a 2.95 a 2.84 a 3.17 0.07 2.96 0.06 Dryer Use Factor (J/J1/J2) 84% 84% 91% 100% 0.0% 93.5% 0.0% Loads per Year 416 283 283 N/A N/A 311 42 Average EF (lbs/kwh) 3.01 a 2.86 a 2.98 a 2.66 0.12 2.62 0.28 Lbs Dried per Year (lbs/yr) 2,912 2,391 2,391 N/A N/A 2342 428 Energy Use per Year (kwh/yr) 967 a 835 a 804 a N/A N/A 915 132 Washer Vintage 2005-2009 N/A N/A N/A 77% d Washer Vintage 2009+ N/A N/A N/A 23% d Vertical Axis Washer N/A N/A N/A 28% d Average Household Size N/A N/A N/A 3.0 ± 0.3 Fraction of Clothing Removed N/A N/A N/A 0.0% 0.0% Unk Unk Fraction of High Heat 100% 100% if avail. 100% if avail. 37.5% 0.1% 43.0% 0.1% Dryness Setting c N/A N/A Normal 61.0% c 0.2% 64.8% c 0.1% Simple Loads (see definition) 100% 100% 100% 44.6% a Based on NEEA laboratory testing b Though automatic termination in the field saves energy relative to timed dry, here we are comparing to technician termination in the test c Test procedures D/D1 do not stipulate a dryness setting (cycle is stopped manually when the clothing reaches the final RMC range). D2 uses Normal dryness as long as final RMC <2.0%. Percents reported for field study are percent of loads using Normal dryness setting. d Based on number of sites 5
Residential Building Stock Assessment Metering study goals: Support 7 th Power Plan development Updated characterization of home energy consumption, by end-use Updated end-use load shapes Foundation for further field testing ( Regional Testbed ) 6
Overall Study Architecture RBSA Sample (~1400) Heat Loss Assessment (~500) Fully Metered (~100) Possibility to grow metered sample to full 1400 with nonintrusive load monitoring (NILMs) devices 7
Study Components RBSA/Blower Door Physical characteristics + blower door sample Triple Metering Whole house, heating/cooling, hot water, (gas) Plug Loads TVs, home entertainment, home office Major Appliances Refrigerators, dishwashers, clothes washers/dryers, etc. Lighting Overall home energy use from lighting 8
Also critical Field performance 9 DOE 24-hour, 50 F Ambient Air 50 F Inlet Water. Full 24 hours.
May have to invent our own procedures HZ1 HZ2 HZ3 T bin (center) Unhtd Unhtd Unhtd Garage Basement Garage Basement Garage Basement Warm Warm Warm Warm Warm Warm 77 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 72 0.05 0.01 0.09 0.01 0.05 0.00 67 0.11 0.07 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.05 62 0.21 0.22 0.13 0.16 0.14 0.13 57 0.15 0.23 0.11 0.17 0.14 0.15 52 0.25 0.22 0.16 0.11 0.12 0.11 47 0.16 0.18 0.19 0.17 0.20 0.16 42 0.05 0.05 0.13 0.22 0.17 0.13 37 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.23 32 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.02 27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Frequency values are percent of time in a year for a given temperature bin based on daily averages. 10
Systems don t behave as tested Single-zone DHP Great indoor temperature control Plenty of capacity at very cold outdoor temperatures Unfortunate shortcycling problem under low-load conditions But energy use very low anyway 11
And that applies to most systems Two-stage air-source ducted HP system Great indoor temperature control Plenty of capacity at very cold outdoor temperatures Some short-cycling Operated manually by the homeowners 95 W standby power use 12
Some systems have no test procedure Typical CO 2 Split System Inverter driven variable speed compressor Refrigerant-air heat exchanger located in the outdoor unit. Circulation pump draws colder water from the bottom of the storage tank, through the heat exchanger and re-injects it at the top of the tank, at setpoint temperature. The water is heated in one pass, so the tank remains highly stratified. No resistance back-up element at present 13
CO 2 combined system in field testing Now putting 9 or 10 systems into homes Delivery via floor radiant, baseboard hydronic or hydronic air handler 14
The Next Step in Low-load Homes
Ventilation ASHRAE 62.2-2010 fan flows Q fan = 0.01A floor + 7.5(N br + 1) For a 2,000 sq ft home with 3 bedrooms: Q fan = 0.01x 2,000 + 7.5 x (3 + 1) Q fan = 20 + 30 = 50 cfm TABLE 5.2 Continuous Local Ventilation Exhaust Airflow Rates Application Airflow Notes Kitchen 5 ach Based on kitchen volume Bathroom 20 cfm (10 L/s)
Pre-Period CO 2 Levels Master BRs
Pre-Period CO 2 Levels Second BRs
Relative Humidity Master Bedrooms
Relative Humidity Second Bedrooms
Relative Humidity Main Living Areas
Ventilation System On
Master bath ventilation HRV running continuously in low speed (27W) Start time Event Relative Humidity Elapsed time 20:52 Begin shower 29% 21:03 End of shower 33% 00:11 21:18 Peak humidity reached 65% 00:15 21:24 Post-shower peak in RH 53% 00:06 22:23 Return to normal RH 30% 00:59 Total time 01:31 23
Bath 2 ventilation Start time Event Relative Humidity Elapsed time 16:27 Begin shower 24% 16:33 Peak humidity reached 89% 00:06 16:42 End of shower 66% 00:09 17:31 Post-shower peak in RH 39% 00:49 20:38 Return to normal RH 24% 03:07 Total time 04:11 HRV running continuously in low speed (27W) Start time Event Relative Humidity Elapsed time 7:06 Begin shower 19% 7:12 Peak humidity reached 86% 0:06 7:25 End of shower 30% 0:13 7:36 Post-shower peak in RH 38% 0:11 7:39 Return to normal RH 22% 0:03 Total time 0:33
HRV as exhaust fan Start time Event Relative Humidity Temperature Elapsed time 05:44:00 Begin shower 45% 66.0 F 05:54:00 Peak humidity reached 86% 68.0 F 00:10 06:06:00 End of shower 52% 68.0 F 00:12 06:34:00 Second peak 62% 67.0 F 00:28 10:56:00 Return to normal RH 44% 66.0 F 04:22 Total 05:12
New Issues In the most air-tight homes, we have new problems: Range hood exhaust - 200 to 1,200 cfm Dryers - 70 to 140 cfm These flows can produce negative pressurization values of -40 Pa and more in tighter homes.
Conclusion Integrating emerging technologies and codes & standards allows us to understand what test procedures and metrics are needed to support new technologies and practices, and what data is important to support the development of good test procedures and standards. The organization as a whole can then transform the market toward the goals of significant energy savings and good codes and standards. 27
Questions or Comments Charlie Stephens cstephens@neea.org