WHO International EMF Project 10th International Advisory Committee 1. The paper of a Japanese study on childhood leukemia in relation to residential EMF-ELF exposure was accepted for publication in Int J Cancer. 2. The following was done in a research project by the Ministry of Environment. (1) Exposure in the living environment was reviewed. (2) Exposure in children related to power lines and electric appliances was studied. (3) International research and administrative activities were summarized. (4) Recent literature was reviewed. 3. A project on risk communication by the Ministry of Environment starts in 2005. 4. A 2005 prize of the Japan Society of Risk Analysis was awarded to Dr. Michinori KABUTO.
Risk of child s bedroom MF level for childhood leukemia (ALL+AML) Conditional logistic regression analyses Childhood leukemia (ALL+ AML) Child s bedroom MF level ( T) Cases Control 312 603 OR (95%CI) <0.1 0.1-0.2 0.2-0.4 above 0.4 276 18 12 6 542 36 20 5 1.00 0.94 (0.52-1.70) 1.09 (0.52-2.32) 2.63 (0.77 8.96)
Risk of child s bedroom MF level for ALL alone Conditional logistic regression analysis ALL alone Child s bedroom MF level ( T) Cases Controls 251 495 OR (95%CI) <0.1 0.1-0.2 0.2-0.4 above 0.4 223 14 8 6 447 29 16 3 1.00 0.89 (0.46-1.75) 1.03 (0.42-2.52) 4.73 (1.14 19.7)
WHO International EMF Project 10th International Advisory Committee Report from the National Institute for Environmental Sciences Exposure Metrics of Magnetic Fields in Personal Exposure related to Power Lines and Electric Appliances Tomohiro SAITO for Michinori KABUTO National Research Institute for Child Health and Development
1. To present the exposure metrics of ELF-MF obtained in: (1) Case-control study of childhood leukemia recently conducted in Japan. (2) Measurement of MF emitted from electric appliances at home. (3) Personal monitoring of children and measurement in residences for one week. 2. To discuss personal exposure levels: (4) In relation between background MF mainly from power lines and personal exposure from electric appliances.
The ELF MF levels were measured continuously With EMDEX Lite. Every 30 seconds. For one week. Spot measurements were done With EMDEX. At least for 5 minutes at every 1.5 seconds. At several places inside and outside of the houses. Subjects 312 leukemia children in metropolitan areas. 603 age and sex matched control children randomly selected from the general population.
Hourly mean MF level in the child bedroom for one week : cases
Hourly mean MF level in the child bedroom for one week : controls
Correlations Between One-week and Spot Measurements. One-week measurement (All houses) Spot measurement (detached houses) Spot measurement condominiums Bedroom Center Bedroom Head Corner1 Corner2 Corner3 Corner4 Entrance Window One-week 1.000 0.938 0.826 0.914 0.910 0.874 0.895 0.712 0.632 Bedroom Center Bedroom Head 0.938 1.000 0.894 0.891 0.880 0.863 0.891 0.735 0.726 0.826 0.894 1.000 0.868 0.856 0.852 0.878 0.444 0.415 Corner1 0.914 0.891 0.868 1.000 0.937 0.842 0.886 Corner2 0.910 0.880 0.856 0.937 1.000 0.894 0.839 Corner3 0.874 0.863 0.852 0.842 0.894 1.000 0.882 Corner4 0.895 0.891 0.878 0.889 0.839 0.882 1.000 Entrance 0.712 0.735 0.444 1.000 0.558 Window 0.632 0.726 0.415 0.558 1.000 Above 0.85 except for figures in orange. All correlations were p<0.01
Association between Weekly Average and Daily Average in Child s Bedroom
Weekly average Daily average <0.4 T 0.4 T Total <0.4 T 6314 14 6328 99.8 0.2 100 0.4 T 4 73 77 5.2 94.8 100 False positive 0.2 False negative 5.2
Association between Weekly Average and Spot Measurements in Child s bedroom
Weekly average Spot measurement <0.4 T 0.4 T Total <0.4 T 901 3 904 99.7 0.3 100 0.4 T 3 8 11 27.3 72.7 100 False positive 0.3 False negative 27.3
Large factories Power plants 275kv 500kv Transformer stations 154kv Large factories 66kv 154kv Transformer stations 66kv Transformer stations 22kv Buildings 6kv Transformer stations 6kv Distributing cables Transformers Shops Houses 100 200v
MF was measured With the isotropic 3 dimensional MF probe W G Co.. Frequency range from 5 2000Hz. A room where the child spend most of the time mostly a living room 1m above the floor. Lattice like at 0.5m distance with finer distance near appliances. When all the electric appliances were turned on and off. Analysis Equivalence contour lines were drawn. Attenuation by distance from electric appliances was examined. Subjects 10 children in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. Season winter December and January.
1 Wandel & Gltermann Lattice like at 0.5m distance with finer distance near appliances at 1m from the floor.
Exposure Metrics at Home with electric carpet and refrigerator ID=6 OFF 3 2.5 1 x-axis [m] 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.07 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 y-axis [m] 0 [ T] 1.8 TV ON 3.4m X 0.4 0.6 1.8 Fluorescent lamp Electric carpet 0.78 Air conditioner x-axis [m] 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.15 0.06 3 0 [ T] Y 2.5m Refrigerator 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 y-axis [m]
Exposure Metrics at Home near high voltage cable ID=1 OFF 3.5 3 0.6 2.5 2 1.5 0.8 2.5 3.5m Microwave Oven 0.3 X. Humidifier 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 3.5 ON 1.0 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 [ T] 0.7 1.02 0.2 1.2 3 2.43 Fluorescent lamp 1.5 2.5 0.5 0.4 3.9m 2 0.33 4 Aquarium with Air pump 1.5 1 1.18 Stereo set TV 7 1 2.02 Telephone 0 0.9 1.58 Heater 0.3 0.5 [ T] 0.33 Air conditioner Y 1.7m Distribution lines 2.5
Exposure Metrics at Home near high voltage cable ID=3 OFF 4 3.5 3 0.7 2 x-axis [m] 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.6 0.5 0 [ T] Distribution lines 0.91 Aquarium with Air pump PC Fluorescent lamp Unit[m] 1 2.5 0.91 0.47 0.9 TV 4.45 0.93 Fluorescent lamp 0.44 Electric carpet 1.77 3 Telephone Stereo set X 0.7 0.95 Y 4.45 x-axis [m] 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 y-axis [m] ON on 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 y-axis [m] 2 2 0 0 [ T] T
Exposure Metrics at Home with electric carpet ID=9 OFF 3.5 3 2.5 0.6 0.1 x-axis [m] 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 [ T] 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 y-axis [m] 1.8 1.2 TV 0.5 Unit[m] 3.5 3 2.5 ON 1 3.55 X 1.1 Fluorescent lamp 1.8 1.6 Electric carpet x-axis [m] 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 [ T] 0 Y 2.4 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 y-axis [m]
by Type Proportion Cathode-ray Tube 71 Flat CRT 24 Liquid Crystal 6 Time Proportion Weekdays Weekend 0 60 21 18 Distance cm Proportion 61 90 13 3 0 50 9 91 120 27 10 51 100 12 121 150 7 6 101 150 32 151 180 16 22 151 200 32 181 210 4 42 201 250 8 251 8
Magnetic flux density with Distance television display terminal
Appliances used at home proportion Refrigerator 100 Air conditioner 97 Launder 97 Computer 88 Microwave oven 83 Appliances used by children proportion Fluorescent light lamp 41 Hair drier 30 Stereo radio 26 Electric leg warmer 14 Vacuum cleaner 83 Electric carpet winter 63 Electric heater 36 Dish washer 24 Floor heater 6 Air humidifier winter Electric foot warmer Head phone Electric blanket 10 4 3 1
Magnetic flux density with Height and Distance with electric carpet 10 Level [µt] 1 y = 0.2821x -1.1834 0.1 0.01 0.1 1 10 Height [ ] 12 10 Level [µt] 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Distance [m]
Electricity off No. Proportion(%) MF>0.4 T Max. MF Min. MF Electricity on Proportion(%) MF>0.4 T Max. MF Min. 1 100 1.31 0.56 6kv 99.6 15.6 0.31 2 0 0.19 0.15 cable 7.5 2.68 0.14 3 100 0.75 0.43 6kv 99.1 4.47 0.33 4 0 0.18 0.01 cable 0 0.25 0.02 5 0 0.11 0.01 4.3 0.18 0.01 6 0 0.21 0.05 11.5 8.99 0.06 7 0.6 Leak 1.62 0.033 35.5 20.23 0.04 8 0 0.08 0.02 17.2 8.54 0.02 9 0 Leak 1.19 0.04 2.5 1.02 0.01 10 0 0.22 0.01 37.4 10.43 0.06 MF TV AF TV AF TV TV RF TV AF TV TV
Personal monitoring With EMDEX Lite. For one week. Daily activities were recorded. At school the device was kept by teacher. Placed by the head during sleep. Placed in the bedroom during bath time. Measurement in residence With EMDEX. Placed in the child s bedroom. For one week. Subjects: 120 children asked for participation in the metropolitan Tokyo area in the case control study. 70 children agreed to participate.
Personal Monitoring for one week near high voltage cables ID=1 At school Electric carpets
Personal Monitoring for one week with electric carpet ID=3
Personal Monitoring for one week with electric heater Stayed overnight at a relative s house near high voltage power lines.
Personal Monitoring for one week with electric floor heater
Level microtesla Bedroom No. Personal No. 0 0.1 66 94.2 46 65.7 0.1 0.2 1 1.4 9 12.9 1 0.2 0.4 1 1.4 10 14.3 1 0.4 0.8 2 2.9 5 7.1 2
Spot measurement may not be a good surrogate for one-week measurement because the depends on the time during a day. One day measurement can be a good surrogate for one week measurement to identify high level exposure above 0.4 MT Sources of high level exposure at home are MF from distributing cables of around 6000 volts on the streets in addition to power lines of high voltage ranging from 22KV to 500KV.
Some measures need to be taken for high exposure from distributing cables running near houses. Sources of high level emission of MF at home are television, computer display, air humidifier and electric carpets. The level of MF from the above appliances exceeds 0.4 microt reaching above 10 microt but wanes sharply with distance. The distance from which the level becomes below 0.4 microt is on the average 0.7m for television, 0.6m for air humidifier and 0.9m for electric carpet. Sitting or lying on electric carpets yields high level exposure to children, and this needs to be informed.