Green Energy and Technology

Green Energy and Technology

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059

Roberto Álvarez Fernández Sergio Zubelzu Rodrigo Martínez Editors Carbon Footprint and the Industrial Life Cycle From Urban Planning to Recycling 123

Editors Roberto Álvarez Fernández Nebrija University Madrid Spain Rodrigo Martínez University of Deusto Bilbao Spain Sergio Zubelzu Technical University of Madrid Madrid Spain ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) Green Energy and Technology ISBN 978-3-319-54983-5 ISBN 978-3-319-54984-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54984-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017938533 Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Contents Part I Sustainability and Urban Planning 1 Urban Planning in Developing World: Which Alternative for Poor Cities?... 3 Jean-Claude Bolay 2 Social and Economic Management of Sustainable Neighborhoods Regeneration Projects... 19 Alejandro Bosqued, Francisco Javier Gonzalez and Susana Moreno 3 Urban Planning Research in the Climate Change Era: Transdisciplinary Approach Toward Sustainable Cities.... 37 Masanobu Kii, Kenji Doi and Kazuki Nakamura 4 Edge Open Spaces in Madrid and Its Metropolitan Area (Spain), Sustainable Urban Planning and Environmental Values... 53 Fernando Allende, Elia Canosa, Nieves López and Gillian Gómez 5 Controlled Landscapes or Building Sustainability in Public Spaces. Case of Studies of Padova and Moscow... 85 Elena Merino Gómez and Fernando Moral Andrés 6 Occupation of the Territory and Sustainability in Transport in Madrid.... 107 Alberto Leboreiro Amaro 7 Private Vehicle and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Spain: A War Without Winner... 157 Francesc Clar and Roberto Álvarez Part II Urban Planning Policy Implications 8 Implementing COP 21.... 179 Jan-Erik Lane v

vi Contents 9 Do Municipalities Have the Right Tools to Become Zero Carbon Emissions Cities? ACCENT, a Pan-European Decision-Support Tool to Take Refurbishment Decisions at City Scale Based on Buildings Energy Performance... 203 Carolina Mateo-Cecilia, Vera Valero-Escribano and Miriam Navarro-Escudero 10 Towards a Climate-Resilient City: Collaborative Innovation for a Green Shift in Oslo... 221 Hege Hofstad and Jacob Torfing 11 Energy Innovation in the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC): A Theoretical Approach... 243 Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, Muhammad Shahbaz, José Luis Ponz-Tienda and José María Cantos-Cantos 12 Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC): Unsolved Issues, Anomalies, and Alternative Proposals... 269 José Luis Ponz-Tienda, Andrea Victoria Prada-Hernández, Alejandro Salcedo-Bernal and Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente 13 Global and Local: Climate Change Policies as a Paradigm of Multilevel Governance... 289 Susana Galera Part III Metrics for the Sustainability of Infrastructure Projects 14 Carbon Footprint of Human Settlements in Spain... 307 Guadalupe Arce, Jorge Enrique Zafrilla, Luis-Antonio López and María Ángeles Tobarra 15 Theoretical Analysis of the Metrics for Measuring the Sustainability of Infrastructure Projects... 325 Olalekan Oshodi and Clinton Aigbavboa 16 Impact of Urban Policy on Public Transportation in Gauteng, South Africa: Smart or Dumb City Systems Is the Question... 339 Walter Musakwa and Trynos Gumbo Part IV Methodology for Calculating Industrial Carbon Footprints 17 Technologies for the Bio-conversion of GHGs into High Added Value Products: Current State and Future Prospects.... 359 Sara Cantera, Osvaldo D. Frutos, Juan Carlos López, Raquel Lebrero and RaúlMuñoz Torre

Contents vii Part V Modelling a Low-Carbon City: Eco-city and Eco-planning 18 The Architecture and the Value of the Waste... 391 Sara Marini 19 Modeling a Low-Carbon City: Eco-city and Eco-planning.... 407 Wynand Lambrechts and Saurabh Sinha Part VI Characterization of Industrial GHG Emission Sources in Urban Planning 20 Characterization of Industrial GHG Emission Sources in Urban Planning.... 447 Wynand Lambrechts and Saurabh Sinha 21 From Grey Towards Green. About the Urban Energy Fold at Symbiont City.... 485 Nieves Mestre, Lucelia Rodrigues, Eva Hurtado and Eduardo Roig 22 Does Urban Living Reduce Energy Use?.... 501 Arjan Harbers 23 The Challenge of Urbanization in the Context of the New Urban Agenda: Towards a Sustainable Optimization of the Urban Standards... 519 Alexandra Delgado-Jiménez and Jesús Arcediano

About the Editors Roberto Álvarez Fernández is an Electrical Engineer and Ph.D. in manufacturing process engineering. Currently, he heads the Mechanical Engineering Degree in Nebrija University (Madrid-Spain). He has over fourteen years of experience as a Lecturer in electric machines, manufacturing processes, quality systems and lean management, environmental science, and electric vehicles. He acts as an expert on these topics for various companies. He is the author of numerous articles and contributions to scientific conferences related to lean manufacturing, energy and greenhouse gas emissions. High-profile journal outlets include Energy Policy, Energy, Land Use Policy, Journal of Automobile Engineering and Journal of Cleaner Production. Sergio Zubelzu is an Agricultural Engineer and Ph.D. in Environment and Sustainable development. Currently, he works as an Assistant Professor in the Technical University of Madrid. He has over ten years of experience as a Lecturer in statistics, operation research, and hydraulic as well as a consultant engineer. His research activities mainly concern the methodologies to simulate physical and environmental phenomena. He has authored and coauthored several articles, and has contributed to scientific congress and books. ix

x About the Editors Rodrigo Martínez is an Industrial Design Engineer and Ph.D. in industrial design. Currently, he works at Design Department in Deusto University (Bilbao-Spain). His experience is centered on the development of design projects as a Lecturer in Projects of industrial design, design and environment or eco-design. He has developed and coordinated projects with several companies and agencies, such as Ecoembes, Lékué, Ikea, Retecork, or Finsa. He is the author of numerous papers and contributions related to the methodological process of design, including the importance of a life cycle in the conception of products and solutions. He has also served as a Reviewer for relevant journals in this area. He collaborates as an expert with the main agencies of design in Spain, as RED-AEDE or READ.

Introduction As Elvis Presley sung: a little less conversation, a little more action please, in this book we have tried to show the reader some conversation and some action. Because this book has coincided in time with a series of circumstances that are promoting actions that will be determinant in the near future. For the first time, the road traffic in Madrid has been restricted due to the pollution levels. For many (inhabitants like us, or not, of the city of Madrid), this act can be seen as an anecdote more, an informative flash, and a warning sign. For others, this year 2017 represents the beginning of the actions. In this book, we have selected authors from different countries (Spain, Japan, South Africa, France, Colombia, Sweden, Holland, Italy, etc.), aiming to reflect the globalism of the problem and trying to reflect this global magnitude through different perspectives. Part I, sustainability and urban planning, includes contributions from UNESCO, Nebrija University (Madrid), Spanish nonprofit association Asociación Sostenibilidad y Arquitectura (ASA), Kagawa University and Osaka University in Japan, University Autónoma of Madrid (Spain), and Subdirección General de Planificación Regional (Madrid, Spain). Part II explains the relation between urban planning and policy. It contains contributions from Valencia Institute of Building (Spain), Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences (Norway), Roskilde University (Denmark), University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) with University of Los Andes (Colombia), University of Maryland (USA) and Montpellier Business School (France), Rey Juan Carlos University (Spain) and Public Policy Institute (Belgrade, Serbia). Part III displays the metrics for sustainability focusing on infrastructure. Works from University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), University of Hong Kong and University of Johannesburg (South Africa) explain methodologies and case estudies in order to clarify this subject. In Part IV an interesting work from Valladolid University (Spain) displays innovative biotechnologies applied to CH 4 and N 2 O removal, and assesses their potential as well as their current limitations. xi

xii Introduction Part V and Part VI compile works about eco-cities and eco-planning from University IUAV of Venice (Italy), Universidad Europea (Spain), University of Nottingham (UK), and Universidad de Alcalá (Spain) and two powerful chapters from the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment Johannesburg (South Africa) about the characterization of emissions and urban planning and low carbon cities. Note that this book includes contributions from four continents, aiming to analyze from as many as possible points of view and different approaches the sustainability problem that affects this globalized world in we are living. We, the editors, are unquestionably indebted to all the authors who have contributed with their work and efforts to make this book possible. Roberto Álvarez Fernández Sergio Zubelzu Rodrigo Martínez