Wilfried Roetzel Peter J. Heggs David Butterworth (Eds.) Design and Operation of Heat Exchangers Proceedings of the EUROTHERM Seminar No. 18, February 27 - March 11991, Hamburg, Germany With 236 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Prof. Dr.-lng. Wilfried Roetzel lnstitut ftirthermodynamik Universitat der Bundeswehr Hamburg Hostenhofweg 85 2000 Hamburg 70 Germany Prof. Dr. Peter John Heggs Dept. of Chemical Engineering University of Bradford Bradford BD7IDP U.K. Em. lng. David Butterworth Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Service Building 392.7 Harwell Oxfordshire OX 11 ORA U.K. ISBN-13: 978-3-642-84452-2 001: 10.1007/978-3-642-84450-8 e-isbn-13 978-3-642-84450-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eurotherm Seminar (18th: 1991 : Hamburg, Germany) Design and operation of heat exchangers proceedings of the Eurotherm Seminar no. 18, Hamburg, February 27 - March 1,1991 W. Roetzel, P.J. Heggs, D. Butterworth (eds.). (Eurotherm seminars; v. 18) Includes bibliographical references. I. Heat exchangers--congresses. I. Roetzel, W. (Wilfriedl. II. Heggs, P.J. III. Butterworth, D. (David). IV. Title. V. Series. TJ263.E93 1991 621.402'5--dc20 91-38271 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1992 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply,even in the absence ofa specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use_ Typesetting: Camera ready by authors 6l/3020-5 4 3 2 I 0 - Printed on acid-free paper.
Preface The Eurotherm Committee was created in 1986 from member countries of the European Community. It has the purpose of organising and coordinating scientific events such as seminars and conferences in the thermal sciences. The series of Eurotherm Seminars established by the Committee has become a popular forum for high-level scientific and technical interchange of ideas in a wide range of specialist topics. While the presentation and publication of papers at the Seminars are encouraged, the primary aim is to stimulate discussion and liaison between specialist groups. The present Chairman of Eurotherm is Professor C.J. Hoogendoorn of the Technical University, Delft (Fax [NL] 15, 783251). Information on Mure Seminars is available from the Secretary, Keith Cornwell, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh (Fax [UK] 31, 451, 3129). This particular Seminar No. 18 on the Design and Operation of Heat Exchangers was the first one on this topic and was held at the Universitat der Bundeswehr Hamburg (University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg) from February 27 to March 1 in 1991. The seminar was an international event and was attended by more than 60 scientists not only from countries of the European Community such as Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, and the Netherlands but also from other countries such as Canada, China, India, Israel, Romania, Soviet Union, Sweden and the United States of America. In this proceedings volume thirty seven conference papers are published dealing with various aspects of the design and operation of heat exchangers. The first four papers are of general interest and not restricted to special flow arrangements or geometries. The next six contributions refer to shell and tube heat exchangers. In the following chapter ten papers are presented which deal with cross-flow heat exchangers. Another group of six refers to plate heat exchangers. The next two papers deal with heat storage in regenerators and in the soil. The last chapter contains nine papers on multi phase heat transfer in various applications such as power plant condensers, heat pipe and direct contact heat exchangers. Thus, a great variety of theory and practice is offered in this volume and thanks are due to all contributors. The conference could not have been so successful without the efforts of many people in Hamburg, Bradford and Harwell. Most of the work involved in organizing the conference had been done by Bernhard Spang, who really did a good job. Further, the conference chairmen were assisted during the seminar by the sessional chair persons J. Buxmann,
VI M. Fiebig, L.E. Haseler, S. Kakac, F. Lauro, E. Marschall, J.K. Nieuwenhuizen, J.w. Rose and J. Taborek, who stimulated and directed fruitful discussions. For this we are most grateful. Finally, thanks are due to the president of the Universitat der Bundeswehr Hamburg, Prof. Dr. H. Homuth, and to the dean of the Fachbereich Maschinenbau (Department Mechanical Engineering), Prof. Dr.-Ing. L. Gaul, who supported the conference with good will and help at many occasions. The response to our invitation shows the continued broad interest in the field of the design and operation of heat exchangers and it is hoped that other seminars on the same or similar topics will follow. w. Roetzel P.J.Heggs D. Butterworth
Contents General Problems Selected problems in heat exchanger design 3 J. Taborek Compact new formulae for mean temperature difference and efficiency 19 of heat exchangers H.Martin The multi-dimensional thermalhydraulics code TRIO 30 applications to heat exchangers P. Mercier, M. Villand Heat exchanger control by stream(s} by-pass 39 P. J. Heggs, I.M. Abid Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Effects of unequal transfer area in multi-pass heat exchangers P. J. Heggs, I.M. Abid Variable pitch tube layout concept for shell and tube heat exchanger S. Krishnan, G.K. Sadekar Design improvements of a shell and tube heat exchanger based on practical experience and numerical analysis C.W.M. van der Geld, J.M.W.M. Schoonen Simple algorithms for optimization of shell and tube heat exchangers K.R. Rao, U. Shrinivasa, J. Srinivasan Dispersion model for divided-flow heat exchanger W. Roetzel, Y. Xuan Heat exchanger in transient conditions G. Ratel, P. Mercier, G.lcart 53 64 74 88 98 111 Cross-Flow Heat Exchangers Approximate equations for the design of cross-flow heat exchangers 125 B. Spang, W. Roetzel Numerical analysis of cross-flow heat exchangers in order to 135 establish a new design method O. Marin, S. Petrescu, N. Baran Improvement of fin-tube heat exchangers by longitudinal vortex generators 144 M. Sanchez, M. Fiebig, NK Mitra
VIII Numerical studies of a compact fin-tube heat exchanger A. Bastani, M. Fiebig, NK Mitra Heat transfer and pressure drop in single rows M. Beziel, K. Stephan Pressure losses in tube bundles of close spacings J. Buxmann Improvement of existing fuel-air heat exchangers of modern air-breathing engines V.M. Epifanov, D.V. Efremov, L.S. Yanovskiy A model for predicting the performance of domestic gas-fired water heaters K.K. Yau, J.W. Rose Plastic heat exchangers P. Bandelier, J.C. Deronzier, F. Lauro Condition monitoring of air cooled heat exchangers R. J. Berryman 154 164 174 180 191 201 210 Plate Heat Exchangers Approximate theory of spiral heat exchanger 223 Th. Bes, W. Roetzel Thermal hydraulic performances of plate and frame heat exchangers 233 - The CEPAJ software R. Vidil, G. Ratel, J.M. Grillot Flow distribution in plate heat exchangers and consequences 245 on thermal and hydraulic performances B. Thonon, P. Mercier, M. Feidt Welded plate heat exchangers as refrigerants dry-ex evaporators 255 Ch. Marvillet Development of a compact heat exchanger for gas turbine heat recovery 269 A. Bontemps, M. Brun High performance titanium plate fin heat exchanger using a novel 280 manufacturing process C.I. Adderley, J.O. Fowler Regenerators Optimal thermal control of regenerative heat exchangers E. Van den Buick A simplified model for a helical heat exchanger for long-term energy storage in soil Y. Rabin, E. Korin, E. Sher 295 305
IX Multiphase Systems Pressure drop during condensation in vertical tubes 317 R. Numrich, N. Claus Intensification of heat transfer in horizontal-tube vapour condensers 328 Y.E. Trokoz, V.G. Rifert Measurements and modelling: a 350 MWe power plant condenser 340 C. Zhang, C. Dutcher, W. Cooper, K. Diab, A.C.M. Sousa, J.E.S. Venart The computer aided design of steam surface condensers 362 J. Y. Jang, J. S. Leu Some comments on the use of mixed bundles of smooth and enhanced 375 tubes in reboilers A. Maciver, B.M. Burnside The heat pipe heat exchangers: design, technology and applications 386 S. Chaudourne Performance analysis and test of a two-phase closed thermosyphon 397 heat exchanger C.S. Chang, C. Tao, R.J. Shyu An application of semi-empirical turbulence theory to the 407 hydrodynamics and heat exchange in gas-liquid foam A. Alabovsky, E. Galperin, V. Salo, N. Sulgik Prediction of heat transfer rates in a liquid-liquid direct-contact 420 heat exchanger J. Hutchins, L. Moresco, K. Pickens, E. Marschall