Residential Monitoring to Decrease Energy Use and Carbon Emissions in Europe www.isr.uc.pt/~remodece P. Fonseca ISR - Universidade de Coimbra Dep. Electrical Engineering, Pólo II 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
Objectives of the project Contribute to an increased understanding of the energy consumption in the EU-27 households for the different types of equipment, including the consumers behaviour and comfort levels; 12 countries are involved; To identify demand trends; Evaluation of the potential electricity savings that can already be implemented by existing means; Analysis of market transformation for different types of equipment; Policy recommendations for each type of equipment.
Results of the project Updated European database on residential consumption, including Central and Eastern European countries; Innovative methodologies to combine the use of selective monitoring with wider-scale surveying; A user-friendly software tool to evaluate the energy performance of households; A set of policy recommendations for each type of equipment, which can lead to a successful market transformation and to provide cost-effective energy and carbon savings
Projected IEA residential electricity consumption by end-use with current policies
Harmonised Monitoring and Survey Methodology Analysis of already existing studies, surveys, metering campaigns, databases, statistics, manufacturer's information, market information, etc., on energy consumption in the residential sector, focusing end-use equipment, operating modes Conducting households questionnaires (500 per country), addressing user behaviour conducting detailed audit in 100 households per country, focusing demand load profiles in real situations. Conducting own measurements for a series of appliances/enduses, especially to determine consumption in the standby and off modes of operation, because the available data is still relatively poor in this area.
Monitored Loads In western European countries emphasis is placed in electronic loads and lighting In southern countries air conditioning loads are going to be investigated In eastern countries white appliances are also measured
Definition of stand-by consumption IEC 62301: House electrical appliances Measurement of standby power, published in June 2005, and its European on going transcription EN 62301. Objective : is to provide a testing method to determine the power consumption of a range of appliances and equipment in standby mode The standby mode is the lowest power consumption mode which cannot be switched off (influenced) by the user. The standby power is the average power in standby mode.
Representativeness selection of households in Portugal Guarantee of representative sample for the measurement and for the surveying campaigns => Database from the utility regional representativeness, covering four regions of Portugal with different climates and different standards of living structural criteria like: type of household, range of consumption
Representativeness selection of households in Portugal Only customers with electronic telemeters installed are being considered for monitoring. Customers are selected based on the range of their annual electricity consumption: o Four main classes of consumption have been defined by the utility, and the number of customers in each range of consumption to be analysed has been weighted by the total consumption in the range.
Monitoring equipment
List of loads to be monitored total load electricity consumption (mains supply): by telemetering, with a 10 min integration period domestic computers and peripherals (load of the sum of every set of appliances during two weeks, 10 min integration period, plus spot measurements of all appliances in every mode of operation) new domestic entertainment electronic loads as home movie systems, consoles, DVD players/recorders, plasma TVs, etc (load of the sum of every set of appliances during two weeks, 10 min integration period, plus spot measurements of all appliances in every mode of operation) other stand-by power (spot measurements) lighting and air conditioning (two weeks measurements, 10min integration periods)
Power consumption of desktop PCs, for each operating Power consumption of desktop mode PCs 200 150 Desktops W 100 50 0 On Mode Active Standby Hibernate Off Mode Average On mode: normal operation, the device is carrying out main function. Active Standby Mode: Energy consumption is reduced; the device is able to awake very quickly. Hibernate/Sleep Mode: Deep sleep mode, the device is suspend to disk; Energy consumption greatly reduced. Off-mode: Device is not carrying out any function, seems to be off but is consuming energy
Power consumption of Laptops, for each operating mode, and for the power supply Power consumption of Laptops Laptops W 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 On Mode Active Standby Hibernate Off Mode Power Supply Average
Average power of domestic entertainment loads in the distinct operating modes Average power of domestic entertainment loads in the distinct operating modes Average power of the Domestic Entertainment end-uses DVD players and recorders Game/playstation consoles Home movie systems Audio HiFi Off Mode Active Standby On Audio Compact Setop box LCD TV Plasma TV TV - Conventional 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 Power (W)
100% 75% 50% 25% 0% CRT Monitors desktop peripherals multi function printers (scanners) TV setop box audio HiFi game/playstation consoles DVD players and recorders electronic alarm clocks chargers for cordless phones and mobile microwave Stand by, off and on mode electricity consumption as % of their total consumption as % of Wh per day Stand by off on
Development of Room Air Conditioning Stock in EU-15
Driving factors for air conditioning growth Increasing affordability shifts in comfort culture, behavioural patterns and consumer expectation increase in internal heat loads general trend towards higher temperatures perception that comfort cooling contribute to higher productivity
Daily load profile of air conditioning and lighting in a weekend day W 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 0:00 1:20 2:40 4:00 5:20 16-July-Sunday 6:40 8:00 9:20 10:40 12:00 13:20 14:40 16:00 17:20 18:40 20:00 21:20 22:40 Load diagram Average AC lighting Temperature 45 ºC 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Daily load profile of air conditioning and lighting in a working day W 2000 5 September-week day 45,0 ºC 1750 40,0 1500 35,0 1250 30,0 1000 25,0 20,0 750 15,0 500 10,0 250 5,0 0 0:00 1:40 3:20 5:00 6:40 8:20 10:0011:4013:2015:0016:4018:2020:0021:4023:20 0,0 Load diagram Average AC Lighting Temperature
Evolution Evolution of energy of energy efficiency efficiency of split, of split, non non ducted, ducted, aircooled air conditioners up to 12kW up in to the 12kW air-cooled air conditioners EU
COP of Room Average AC COP: in Japan Room (for AC (RAC) residential for residential use) use Max COP =7
Percentage of the type of lighting per room type Percentage of the type of lighting per room type 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Halogen Fluorescent CFLs Incandescent 0% living room bedroom WC corridor warehouse garage outdoor kitchen office hall
Disagregation of type of lighting Fluorescent lamps 13% Halogen 8% Incandescent 71% CFls 8%
Estimation of the daily lighting consumption per room type Daily lighting consumption per room type Daily energy consumption (Wh) 400 356,67 350 300 250 200 239,69 199,83 200,08 210,39 150 116,46 100 68,42 57,92 77,48 50 29,38 0 living room bedroom bathroom corridor warehouse garage kitchen office hall outdoor
Efficiency class of white appliances (stock) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Don t know D C B A A+ A++ 20% 10% 0% Refrigerator/Combined Washing machine Dishwashing
Age structure of appliances (stock) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Don t know more than 10Y 6 to 10Y less than 5Y Refrigerator/Combined Washing machine Dishwashing Tumble dryer
Some Conclusions LED Developments electronic loads are key contributors to the power demand contributing up to 72% of the total energy consumption in the stand by mode there is a wide range of performance levels in the models available in the market Residential air conditioning load is increasing fast and is already a major contributor to summer peak demand in Mediterranean countries. The air conditioning market has been flooded with very low cost and very inefficient units, therefore needing urgent attention. the growing penetration of CFLs is reducing consumption, but on the other way the increasing penetration of halogen lighting is pushing up the lighting consumption. LEDs increasing availability may replace some spot halogen applications with significant energy savings.