Crop Protection Research Institute The Benefits of Insecticide Use: Asparagus Asparagus Aphids Damaged Ferns Asparagus Aphid Flight Parasitic Wasp Lays Eggs in Aphid March 2009 Leonard Gianessi CropLife Foundation 1156 15th Street, NW #400 Washington, DC 20005 Phone 202-296-1585 www.croplifefoundation.org Fax 202-463-0474
Key Points The asparagus aphid feeds only on the ferns of asparagus plants. Asparagus aphids were first found in Washington in 1979 and in 1980, the aphid reduced asparagus stands by 35%. Asparagus aphids were first found in California in 1984; aphid pressure was so high in Riverside county that 85% of the production ceased. Although a parasitic wasp lays eggs in the aphid, it provides no more than 10% control of the aphid population. Technical Summary Asparagus probably evolved in the eastern regions of the Middle East. Some historians credit Alexander the Great with discovering asparagus during his exploits and introducing it to Greece around 300 B.C. Romans rapidly adopted the crop. Interest in asparagus declined in the Middle Ages until the 1600s. Revived interest, due in part to Louis IV s fondness for the plant, led to increased plantings in France. Asparagus was brought to the Americas by European immigrants and the first records of cultivation in America were in the New England states in the year 1770. The earliest recorded planting of asparagus in California was in 1852. Marketing was strictly local until 1900 when the first trainload of asparagus was sent east. By 1930, nearly 6,000 acres of asparagus had been planted in California. California and Washington are the two leading asparagus producing states in the U.S. accounting for 85% of U.S. production. Farmers in the two states produce 98 million pounds of asparagus with a value of $90 million on 34,000 acres. Michigan growers produce 25 million pounds of asparagus. California and Washington Asparagus is a perennial crop that should have a productive life of 15 or more years. Asparagus spears grow upward through the soil from underground crowns. The spears are cut by hand every 2-5 days. After two to three months, spear harvest ceases and the spears are allowed to grow into ferns with a thick canopy of feathery leaves. During the fern stage, the plant produces and stores energy for the following year s crop. In the spring, asparagus fields, including weeds and ferns are cleared to make room for new spears. The asparagus aphid feeds only on asparagus plants. It is native to Europe and the Mediterranean region. Asparagus aphids feed only on the ferns. They feed where the leaves join the stem. Damage from the asparagus aphid is primarily from a toxin that the aphids inject into the plant when feeding. The toxin causes growth abnormalities [3]. Within three to seven days after they begin to feed, the growth between stem nodes shortens. Heavily infested plants are easily noticed due to the large number of severely stunted bushy shoots around the base of the plants [1]. When mature plants are attacked,
there is extensive stunting and shriveling of shoots. In seedlings, an infestation causes dwarfing, shriveling, and often plant death. Male and female aphids mate in the fall and fertilized eggs are laid on the ferns and in the ground. Eggs hatch in the spring and develop into stem mothers: capable of asexually producing up to 55 live pregnant females. These females produce the next generation of pregnant female aphids. In the spring, some females have wings and disperse to new hosts [2]. Winged forms often occur in very large numbers that may appear as a large cloud [3]. With cool weather, males are produced. Because asparagus is a perennial, the important damage is the impact of the feeding on the subsequent year s growth. The distorted growth is unable to adequately nourish the plant s crown. Destruction or injury to the fern inhibits the synthesis of sugar and the translocation of the reserve material to the roots [4]. Crowns desiccate after one or two years feeding on the ferns by aphids [3]. The asparagus aphid was first found in the U.S. in New York and New Jersey in 1969 [4]. No natural enemies of the asparagus aphid were entered into the U.S. with the aphid. The aphid has not become a serious pest in eastern states because of the effective control provided by native predators, parasites and disease [15]. Thirty-one species of natural enemies have been found attacking the asparagus aphid in New Jersey and Delaware [15]. The asparagus aphid was discovered in Washington in 1979 and was abundant throughout all asparagus-growing areas in the state in 1980 [5]. In 1984 the asparagus aphid was first found in California and spread to most of the state s asparagus-producing areas [6]. Natural enemies that provide sufficient control in asparagus fields in the eastern U.S. and Europe did not control the pest in Washington or California [6]. In Washington, the aphid caused an estimated $10-12 million worth of damage to the asparagus crop in 1980 [7]. Stand losses averaged 35% [8]. A serious aphid infestation occurred in Riverside county during 1988 and 1989, destroying as much as 85% of the county s asparagus crop [9]. A number of farmers switched out of asparagus production following that incident and Riverside s production never fully recovered, remaining at 15% of the pre-infestation level [9]. The organophosphate insecticide disulfoton was found to be the most effective control with the longest residual activity in tests in the early 1980s [7]. Currently, it is estimated that 84% of Washington and 70% of California asparagus acreage is sprayed with one pound per acre of disulfoton for aphid control [10]. For California asparagus, it has recently been estimated that two applications are made for aphid control at a total cost of $41/A, which represents about 1% of the cost of growing the crop [14]. Chemical insecticides remain the most effective method for reducing aphid populations. A recent test measured aphids shaken onto an 8.5 inch by 11 inch foam board. 1861 aphids were counted from the untreated check while the best chemical treatment reduced the number to 5 [11]. A treatment approved for organic growers (Veggie Pharm) reduced the number to 176. Veggie Pharm is an oil pesticide which was applied at 12.5 gallons per acre at a cost of $300/A [12].
Since the asparagus aphid is widespread in Europe yet seldom reaches pest status, researchers believed that improved biological control could be possible with imported biological organisms. Research for alternative controls has included the release of an asparagus aphid parasite from Czechoslovakia: Trioxys brevicornis. However, in California tests, no more than 10% parasitism was measured [6]. In general most of the parasites have their greatest impact on heavy populations after the damage is done [3]. General predators, such as lady beetles, may feed on some asparagus aphids, but the aphid s rapid rate of reproduction overwhelms the predator s impact. A recent study from Washington State University (WSU) concluded that without an effective insecticide for asparagus aphid control a total collapse of the California and Washington asparagus industry would occur within one to two years [10]. The WSU study was cited by the USEPA in its recent decision to maintain disulfoton s registration for asparagus calling disulfoton a critical pest management tool for asparagus growers [13]. Due to the asparagus aphid, there is only one organic asparagus grower in Washington. They grow the asparagus conventionally at the beginning of the stand and treat for the aphid, then they go three years transition to organic. They have no good way to control the aphid. The stand of asparagus coasts out to death by asparagus aphid and any asparagus that is produced is sold as organic. Michigan The most economically devastating insect pests of Michigan asparagus are asparagus beetles and cutworms. Adults of the common and spotted asparagus beetles overwinter in crop residue and emerge in early spring to feed and lay eggs on growing spears, producing two or three generations per year. Eggs are extremely difficult to remove from the harvested spears and currently there is zero tolerance for egg-infested spears. Common asparagus beetles are a serious problem during the harvest in Michigan, because egglaying adults can appear on spears every two to three cuttings [10]. In addition, larvae and summer-generation adults feed on growing ferns and can cause severe defoliation, reducing plant vigor. Several cutworm species are pests of asparagus, damaging spears in the spring by their feeding. Some cutworms, such as the white cutworm and spotted cutworm, feed on the tips of spears. Dark-sided cutworms feed on the sides of emerging asparagus spears, causing crooked growth. Adult cutworms are highly migratory, moving in and out of asparagus fields on a nightly basis, so control measures must be directed at larvae [18]. There is zero tolerance for cutworm feeding with damaged spears rejected as unmarketable by both fresh and processing markets [19]. It is estimated that 3-5% of the Michigan crop is lost annually to cutworm damage, and individual fields may experience up to 80-90% damage [17]. Research has shown that insecticides can reduce the percent of cutworm-damaged spears by 90% (from 31% to 1-3%) [17].
In Michigan, insecticide treatment costs in asparagus totals $20/A which represents about 3% of the cost of growing the crop [16]. References 1. Peterson, Vanelle and Wyatt Cone, Asparagus Aphid, Washington State University, College of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Bulletin 0788, February 1981. 2. Boucher, T. Jude, Asparagus Aphid: Brachycorynella asparagi, University of Connecticut Integrated Pest Management, Available at http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/veg/htms/asparaphid.htm 3. Asparagus: European Asparagus Aphid, University of California Pest Management Guideline, University of California, Available at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/pmg/r7300111.html. 4. Capinera, John L., Damage to Asparagus Seedlings by Brachycolus asparagi, Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 67: 447-448, 1974. 5. Halfhill, J. Eric, Jerald A. Gefre, and G. Tamaki, Cultural Practices Inhibiting Overwintering Survival of Brachycolus asparagi Mordvilko (Homoptera: Aphididae), Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 77: 954-956, 1984. 6. Daane, Kent M. et al., Imported Parasite May Help Control European Asparagus Aphid, California Agriculture, 46: 12-14, 1992. 7. Aphid Threatens Western Asparagus, Agrichemical Age, page 12+17, December 1980. 8. Folwell, Raymond J. et al., Controlling Asparagus Aphids in Washington: Biological and Economic Considerations, Washington State University Research Bulletin XB1006, 1988. 9. Bertelsen, Diane et al., Asparagus: An Economic Assessment of the Feasibility of Providing Multiple-Peril Crop Insurance, USDA Economic Research Service, August 1994. 10. Eskelsen, Steve et al., Biologic & Economic Assessment of the Impact of Pesticide Use on Asparagus, Washington State University. 11. Fouche, Benny and Debra Boelk, Control of European Asparagus Aphid with Foliar Applied Insecticides, University of California Cooperative Extension. 12. New Ways to Control Asparagus Aphid Show Promise, Ag Alert, January 18, 2006.
13. US EPA, Asparagus Benefits Assessment for Disulfoton, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, September 2001. 14. Aegerter, B., K. M. Klonsky, R. L. De Moura, Sample Costs to Establish and Produce Asparagus, San Joaquin Valley- North, University of California Cooperative Extension, 2007. 15. Angalet, G. W. and N. A. Stevens, The Natural Enemies of Brachycolus asparagi in New Jersey and Delaware, Environmental Entomology, Vol. 6, pp. 97-100, 1977. 16. Harvest Year Asparagus, available at: http://www.web1.msue.edu/msue/imp/modae/visuals/581_17.jpg 17. Grafius, E., Effects of Spring and Fall Insecticide Applications on Cutworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Damage to Michigan Asparagus, Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 76: 554-557, June 1983. 18. Putnam, A. R., et al., Common Asparagus Pests, Cooperative Extension Service, Michigan State University, Extension Bulletin E-959, May 1983. 19. Pest Management in the Future: A Strategic Plan for the Michigan Asparagus Industry, Workshop Summary, March 15-16, 2000, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.