TAGETES ERECTUS L. A POTENTIAL RESOLUTION FOR MANAGEMENT OF PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS L.

Pk. J. Bot., 43(2): 885-894, 11. TAGETES ERECTUS L. A POTENTIAL RESOLUTION FOR MANAGEMENT OF PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS L. SHAZIA SHAFIQUE *, RUKHSANA BAJWA AND SOBIYA SHAFIQUE Institute of Plnt Pthology, University of the Punj, Quid-e-Azm Cmpus, Lhore, Pkistn * Corresponding uthor E-mil: shzishfique@hotmil.om Astrt The present study provides n insight of use of Tgetes eretus s it ontins heriidl onstituents for the mngement of Prthenium weed. Heriidl effets of queous shoot, root, flower nd soil extrts of llelopthi ornmentl plnt viz. T. eretus L., ws evluted ginst germintion nd growth of noxious lien weed Prthenium hysterophorus L. Aqueous extrts of 2, 4, 6, 8 nd 1% (on fresh weight ses) otined from eril prts nd rhizospheri soil of T. eretus inhiited germintion nd seedling growth of P. hysterophorus in iossys onduted in Petri pltes. In folir spry iossy, queous extrts of eril plnt prts of 1% w/v (on dry weight ses) onentrtions were spryed on one- nd two-weeks old pot grown Prthenium seedlings. Two susequent sprys were rried out t 5 dys intervls eh. These extrts on pot plnts resulted in redued shoot nd root length nd iomss. In residue inorportion iossy, rushed shoots of T. eretus were inorported in the soil t 1, 2, 3 nd 4% w/w ses. Prthenium seeds were sown one week fter residue inorportion nd plnts were hrvested dys fter sowing. Inorportion of 1 4% residues signifintly redued germintion y 25-88%. Residues t ll the onentrtions signifintly suppressed plnt iomss y 9-97%. Introdution Prthenium hysterophorus is n invsive lien weed in Pkistn. It is ntive to tropil Ameri nd hs eome widespred in North Ameri, South Ameri, the Crien, nd mny prts of Afri, Austrli nd Asi (Nvie et l., 1996; Jvid et l., 6). The weed hs een spreding in Pkistn for out lst yers. It hs now eome mjor wstelnd weed nd rpidly repling the ntive flor in rin fed res of the provine Punj nd is lso spreding in North Western Frontier Provine nd Kshmir (Jvid & Anjum, 5). Fst growth rte, high reprodutive potentil, dptive nture nd interferene y llelopthy (Kohli & Rni, 1994) re the mjor ontriuting ftors for rpid spred nd suessful estlishment of this weed in ny eosystem. Allelopthy is so fr n untpped resoure for weed ontrol in rops yet it shows onsiderle promise in weed mngement. Chemil weed ontrol hs een proved to e effiient nd eonomil in ontrolling weeds, ut weeds n nd do develop resistne to pestiides/heriides eing used to ontrol them, mking them less effetive (Trnel & Wright, 2; De Prdo & Frno, 4). Therefore, the development of iopestiides hs een foused s vitl pest ontrol strtegy in reent yers. One soure of potentil new heriides is nturl produts produed y plnts. Mny plnt speies re known to hve heriidl effets on other plnt speies (Mrís et l., 4; Vsilkoglou et l., 5; Dhim et l., 6; Jvid et l., 8). Tgetes eretus (mrigold) is ommonly used ornmentl plnt, ut its ttrtive looms re not the only enefit of plnting this rop. Mrigolds relese hemil sustne with pungent odor tht hs een proven sientifilly useful for inhiiting ttks from root-knot nemtodes, vine weevils nd vrious other insets, fungi, teri nd viruses. Mrigolds hve een seeded etween eds of solneous plnts in Indi for hundreds of yers for

886 SHAZIA SHAFIQUE ET AL., nemtode nd inset pest mngement (Khn et l., 1971). A hemil relesed y mrigold roots lled α-terthienyl hs drwn muh ttention for its nemtiidl hrteristis. Essentil oil of mrigold ws found to hve % inhiitory effet ginst Grm-positive teri nd 95% inhiitory effet ginst fungi (Hethelyi et l., 1986). Thiophenes, one of severl ompound lsses found in mrigold, show signifint ntivirl pilities (Soule, 1993). The present reserh work ws, therefore, designed to study i) the effet of queous extrt of different prts of T. eretus on germintion nd seedling growth of P. hysterophorus nd ii) the effet of extrt spry nd residul inorportion of T. eretus on growth nd yield of pot grown P. hysterophorus plnts. This informtion is prerequisite for the development of iologil weed ontrol methods. Mterils nd Methods Seletion of plnt mteril: T. eretus, ommonly ultivted in Punj, Pkistn, ws seleted in the present study. Plnt mterils (root, shoot, flower) nd rhizospheri soil of this plnt ws olleted from the nursery of University of the Punj, Lhore, Pkistn in Deemer, 8. Mterils were dried to onstnt weight in n eletri oven t C. The dried mterils were ut into nd threshed to smll piees. These mterils were stored in polythene gs. Extrt preprtion: The hopped mterils were soked in pproprite quntities of distilled wter to 1% w/v extrts. Mterils were left for 48 hours t 25 C. Afterwrds, extrts were filtered through muslin loth followed y Whtmn filter pper No. 1 nd pproprite quntities of distilled wter were dded to stok solutions to get 2, 4, 6, 8 & 1% (w/v) onentrtions of different extrts. Likewise, for the preprtion of rhizospheri soil suspension, 1 g of soil ws soked in distilled wter to mke 1% w/v soil suspension nd fter 48 hours the dilutions were mde s desried ove. In order to mke ontrol for soil suspension, 1 g of non-rhizospheri soil ws dded to sterilized distilled wter to mke the finl volume ml. Lortory iossys: The effet of different onentrtions of 2 1% of extrts ws studied on germintion nd erly seedling growth of Prthenium. Ten seeds of Prthenium were pled in 9 m dimeter Petri plte lined with Whtmn No. 1 filter ppers moistened with 3 ml of respetive onentrtion of eh extrt. The ontrol tretments reeived the sme quntities of distilled wter. Eh tretment ws replited thrie. Pltes were inuted t 25 C under 12 h light periods dily. After 7 dys, seed germintion, seedling root/shoot length nd fresh iomss were determined. Folir spry iossys: Prthenium seeds were sown in pots of 15 m dimeter nd 15 m deep eh ontining g of soil. Initilly 1 seeds were sown in eh pot whih were thinned to 5 uniform seedlings t the time of hrvest. Aqueous extrts of 1% (w/v) of threshed shoot, root nd flower mterils of test plnt were prepred y soking the mterils in sterilized distilled wter for 48 hours followed y filtrtion through muslin loth nd filter pper. The freshly prepred extrts were spryed on the surfe of 1-week nd 2-week old Prthenium plnts with hnd spryer. Two susequent sprys were similrly rried out with 5 dys intervls eh. Control plnts were similrly spryed with wter. Plnts were hrvested dys fter sowing. Dt regrding length nd fresh iomss of oth root nd shoot were reorded.

TAGETES ERECTUS FOR MANAGEMENT OF PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS 887 Residue inorportion pot trils: Crushed shoot mterils of the test plnt ws thoroughly mixed in pot soil t 1, 2, 3 nd 4% (w/w) on dry weight ses. Eh pot ws of 15 m dimeter, 15 m deep nd ontined g dry soil. After mixing the mterils pots were irrigted with tp wter nd left for 7 dys for deomposition of mterils nd relese of llelohemils. After tht Prthenium seeds were sown in eh pot t 1 seeds per pot. Pots were pled in open sunlight. Pots were irrigted with tp wter dily to keep the soil moisture level t field pity. Plnts were hrvested 4 weeks fter sowing nd dt regrding shoot nd root length nd iomss were reorded. Sttistil nlysis: Dt regrding germintion, root length, shoot length nd plnt fresh nd dry weight were sujeted to nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) followed y Dunn s Multiple Rnge Test to delinete men differenes (Steel & Torrie, 198) using omputer softwre SPSS nd COSTAT. Results Lortory iossys: Anlysis of vrine shows tht the effet of plnt extrt type (E) ws insignifint while tht of extrt onentrtion (C) ws highly signifint (p.1) for germintion of Prthenium seeds. Similrly, the intertive effets of E C were lso insignifint for germintion (Tle 1). All the onentrtions of ll queous extrt types signifintly redued the germintion. Prtiulrly, the higher onentrtions of 8 nd 1% signifintly suppressed seed germintion (Fig. 1A). Anlysis of vrine revels tht the effet of E nd C s well s their intertion ws signifint for shoot length (Tle 1). Shoot length ws signifintly redued y ll the onentrtions of ll queous extrts. Different onentrtions of flower nd root extrts redued shoot length y 37 53 nd 47 53%, respetively. In ontrst to tht, shoot extrt of T. eretus exhiited omprtively less redution in shoot length (26-47%) (Fig. 1B). Soil suspension extrt of different onentrtions lso mrkedly redued the shoot length. Effet of 1% extrt onentrtion ws mximum s 5% redution in shoot length ws evidened (Fig. 1B). The effet of E s well s its intertion i.e., E C ws insignifint for root length wheres the employed onentrtions hd signifint (p.1) effet on root length (Tle 1). Root length ws found to e more sensitive to extrts s ompred to the shoot length. All the extrt onentrtions of ll extrt types signifintly redued the root length. Shoot extrts were more toxi thn the root extrts. Different onentrtions of shoot nd root extrts redued the root length y 12 66% nd 7 56% while the flower nd soil extrts redued root length up to 19 63% nd 68%, respetively (Fig. 1C). Tle 1. Anlysis of vrine for the effet of different onentrtions of queous shoot, root, flower nd rhizospheri soil extrts of Tgetes eretus on germintion nd seedling growth of Prthenium. Trit df Men squres Germintion Shoot length Root length Plnt fresh wt. Tretments 23 138 ** 32.56 ** 318 ** 5.1 ** Extrt type (E) 3 94 ns 46 ** 172 ns 2.18 * Conentrtion (C) 5 4617 ** 115 ** 1183 **.42 ** E C 15 34 ns 2.53 * 58 ns.58 ns Error 48 47.98 92.42 Totl 72 *, **, Signifint t p.1 nd.1, respetively; ns: Non-signifint.

888 SHAZIA SHAFIQUE ET AL., 1 % 2% 4% 6% 8% 1% (A) Germintion (%) 8 -d d-g g-i k -d -e f-h h-j i-k e-h g-i i-k k -f e-h h-j j Shoot Extrt Root Extrt Flow er Extrt Soil Suspension 25 Shoot Length (mm) 15 1 5 -f -d e-g d-g e-g e-g gh -e -f g g e-g fg (B) g hi i Root Length (mm) 45 35 3 25 15 1 5 12 Shoot Extrt Root Extrt Flower Extrt Soil Suspension g fg gh ij d e e ef e ef gh fg g-i gh h-j (C) Shoot Extrt Root Extrt Flower Extrt Soil Suspension j Plnt Fresh Weight (mg) 1 8 6 4 2 -e -f d-g e-g gh - -d -e e-g g -e -f d-g h (D) -f d-g gh f-h h Shoot Extrt Root Extrt Flower Extrt Soil Suspension Fig. 1. Effet of different onentrtions of plnt prts of Tgetes eretus on germintion nd seedling growth of Prthenium in lortory iossys. Vertil rs show stndrd errors of mens of three replites. Vlues with different letters t their top show signifint differene (p.5) s determined y Dunn s Multiple Rnge Test.

TAGETES ERECTUS FOR MANAGEMENT OF PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS 889 The effet of E nd C ws signifint for plnt fresh weight while tht of E C ws insignifint (Tle 1). The highest onentrtion of ll extrt types signifintly redued plnt iomss up to % (Fig. 1D). Folir spry iossys: Dt regrding the effet of folir spry of queous shoot, root nd flower extrts of T. eretus on shoot nd root growth of one- nd two-weeks old Prthenium plnts is presented in Fig. 2 nd 3. All the shoot, root nd flower extrts signifintly suppressed shoot s well s root length of one- nd two-week old Prthenium plnts (Fig. 2 A&B). All the employed extrt types signifintly redued the shoot nd root fresh s well s dry iomss of Prthenium (Fig. 2C-F). Both one- nd two-weeks old plnts were suseptile to folir spry of the extrts, however, the tretment to one-week old plnts ws found to e more effetive s ompred to twoweek old plnts for the ontrol of this weed (Fig. 3). Residue inorportion pot trils: Dt regrding the effet of 1-4% lef residul inorportion on germintion nd plnt growth is presented in Figs. 4 & 5. All the residue inorportion tretments hd signifint nd pronouned effet on germintion nd growth of the test plnt. The germintion of Prthenium ws suppressed y 25 88%. All the onentrtions of residue inorportion suppressed the shoot length. Mximum inhiitory effet ws notied y 4% residul tretment where out 68% suppression in shoot length ws reorded (Fig. 4B). Effet of different onentrtions of residue inorportion on root length ws vrile. Lower onentrtions of 1 nd 2% mrkedly redued the root length y 41 nd 54%, respetively. In ontrst to tht, higher onentrtion of 3% residue inorportion enhned the root length it s ompred to lower onentrtions ut this ws still redued s ompred to ontrol y 47% (Fig. 4C). All the onentrtions of 1 4% residue inorportion exhiited signifint redution in plnt iomss (Fig. 4D-G). However, the higher onentrtions of 4% signifintly redued the plnt fresh nd dry iomss y 9-97%, respetively. Disussion All queous extrts of T. eretus were found to e highly toxi to germinting Prthenium s ll extrts signifintly redued the germintion of Prthenium seeds. Effet of different extrts of test llelopthi plnt speies on shoot nd root length nd seedling iomss of Prthenium ws lso signifint in lortory iossys. The inhiitory potentil of the extrts ws inresed y inrese in onentrtion. Likewise vrious studies to evlute the heriidl potentil of llelopthi grsses (Anjum et l., 5; Jvid et l., 5) nd trees (Shfique et l., 5) ginst Prthenium, rried out y our reserh group, hve provided very enourging results. All the pplied extrts signifintly suppressed the seedling growth of the test weed in folir spry pot trils. One-week old plnts were found to e more suseptile s ompred to two-week old plnts whih were omprtively less effetive. T. eretus is known to hve Thiophenes, one of severl ompound lsses found in mrigold, show signifint ntimiroil pilities (Soule, 1993) whih might e use of growth inhiition of Prthenium. Likewise, Mrigold roots relese the hemil lph-terthienyl, one of the most toxi nturlly ourring ompounds found to dte (Gommers & Bkker, 1988). This ompound is nemtiidl, insetiidl, ntivirl nd ytotoxi (Arnson et l., 1989; Mrles et l., 1992).The presene of lph-terthienyl inhiits the hthing of nemtode eggs (Siddiqui & Alm, 1988). The redution in the growth rte of Prthenium ould e ttriuted to the presene of suh ompounds in different extrts. Reently Ko et l., (5) hve reported the inhiitory effets of husk extrts of seven rie vrieties

89 SHAZIA SHAFIQUE ET AL., Control Shoot Extrt Root Extrt Flow er Extrt Control Shoot Extrt Root Extrt Flow er Extrt Shoot length (mm) 5 3 1 A R o o t len g th (m m ) 15 5 B Shoot fresh wt. ( m g) 25 15 5 C Shoot dry w t. ( m g) 5 3 1 D Root fresh wt. ( m g) 25 15 5 d E Root dry w t. ( m g) 7 5 3 1 F Fig. 2. Effet of folir spry of queous shoot, root nd flower extrts of Tgetes eretus on shoot nd root growth of prthenium. Vertil rs show stndrd error of mens of three replites. Vlues with different letters show signifint differene (p.5) s determined y Dunn's Multiple Rnge Test. 1-week old nd 2-weeks mens tht folir spry ws strted fter one nd two weeks of germintion, respetively.

TAGETES ERECTUS FOR MANAGEMENT OF PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS 891 Fig. 3. Effet of folir spry of 1% queous shoot, root nd flower extrts of Tgetes eretus on growth of prthenium in pot trils. on growth of rnyrd grss (Ehinohlo rusglli (L.) Beuv.). Similr dverse effets of wter extrts of different Brssi spp., on germintion nd growth of ut lef ground-herry weed (Physlis ngult L.) hve een reported y Uremis et l. (5). All the residue inorportion tretments (1-4%) hd signifint nd pronouned effet on germintion nd growth of the test plnt y suppressing out 25 88% of germintion. Adul-Rehmn & Hi (1989) found tht deomposing rop residues of lflf (Medigo stiv L.) redued the germintion of ldy grss (Impert ylindri (L.) Beuv.) y 52%. Reently Jvid et l. (8) exploited the llelopthi properties of rie for Prthenium mngement. All residue inorportion tretments (.5-1.5%) signifintly delined the seedling iomss of trget weed. The present study onludes tht T. eretus extrts hve signifint heriidl effets on the germintion nd growth of Prthenium. Crop residues ould e spred on wstelnds, resulting in the lehing of llelohemils tht would redue the seed germintion nd onsequently the popultion of Prthenium.

892 SHAZIA SHAFIQUE ET AL., Germintion (%) Control 1% 2% 3% 4% 1 8 d A Shoot length (mm) 5 3 1 d B C D Root length (mm) 15 5 Shoot fresh wt. (mg) 15 5 Shoot dry wt. (mg) 7 5 3 1 E Root fresh wt. (mg) 25 15 5 F G Root dry wt. (mg) 5 3 1 Fig. 4. Effet of lef residue (LR) inorportion of Tgetes eretus on germintion nd plnt growth of prthenium in pot trils. Vertil rs show stndrd errors of mens of three replites. Vlues with different letters t their top show signifint differene (p.5) s determined y Dunn s Multiple Rnge Test.

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894 SHAZIA SHAFIQUE ET AL., Shfique, S., R. Bjw, A. Jvid nd S. Shfique. 5. Biologil Control of Prthenium Iv: Suppressive ility of queous lef extrts of some llelopthi trees ginst germintion nd erly seedling growth of Prthenium hysterophorus L. Pk. J. Weed Si. Res., 11(1-2): 75-79. Siddiqui, M.A. nd M.M. Alm. 1988. Toxiity of different plnt prts of Tgetes luid to plnt prsiti nemtodes. Ind. J. Nemtol., 18: 181-185. Soule, J. 1993. Tgetes minut: A potentil new her from South Ameri. In: New Crops. (Eds.): J. Jnik nd J. E. Simon. Wiley, NY. 649-654. Steel, R.G.D. nd J.H. Torrie. 198. Prinipiles nd Proedures of Sttistis. MGrw Hill Book Co., In, New York, USA. Trnel, P.J. nd T.R. Wright. 2. Resistne of weeds to ALS-inhiiting heriides: Wht hve we lerned? Weed Siene, 5: 7-712. Uremis, I., M. Arsln nd A. Uludg. 5. Allelopthi effets of some Brssi speies on germintion nd growth of utlef ground herry (Physlis ngult L.). J. Biol. Si., 5: 661-665. Vsilkoglou, I., K. Dhim nd I. Eleftherohorinos. 5. Allelopthi potentil of ermudgrss nd johnsongrss nd their interferene with otton nd orn. Agro. J., 97: 33-313. (Reeived for pulition April 9)