A SURVEY OF CULTIVARS AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN AUSTRALIAN PERSIMMON ORCHARDS 1 R.J. Nissen, A. P. George, R. H. Broadley Queensland Horticulture Institute Maroochy Research Station PO Box 83, SCMC, Nambour, Q46 Australia R.J. Collins School of Natural and Rural Systems Management University of Queensland, Gatton Q4343 Australia Keywords: Australia, management practices, persimmon, astringent, training systems, pollination, salinity Abstract Three surveys were conducted to determine the most commonly used cultivars and management practices across Australia. The persimmon industry is established from the semi-tropical far north of Queensland to the cool temperate zones of Victoria, South Australia and Western Australia. Fruit from warmer regions mature four months earlier, giving a harvest spread from February to June inclusive. The majority of the Australian industry is based on the non-astringent cultivar Fuyu. Only 26% of Australian orchards are planted with pollinizers. Yield and fruit size vary within and between regions. Factors contributing to lower yields and smaller size grades are temperature, salinity, pollination, and training and management systems. The most common tree training system is the freestanding vase, followed by palmette, then V- and Tatura trellises. Ruakura trellis is the least used. Trellised trees produce higher yields of marketable fruit through increased planting density, improved light interception and a tree structure that stabilises against tree movement, significantly reducing fruit blemish. 1. Introduction This paper reports on three surveys across five Australian states since 1989. The first survey was conducted in 1989-9 (Collins, 1998), providing baseline information on tree numbers, growing climates, production areas, tree performance systems and fruit quality characteristics. The second was conducted by George and Nissen between 1998 and to obtain information on fertiliser and related management practices over a range of environments. The third survey conducted by Nissen and George in was used to develop a better understanding of industry size and distribution, production, and varieties used. All three surveys were based on questionnaires, either mailed or administered face to face by researchers. In 1989-199, 22 growers were surveyed while in 1998-, 17 growers were surveyed. In, 63 growers (approximately 24% of the industry) participated. These numbers are regarded as sufficient to accurately reflect the industry s commercial profile. 2. Profile of the Australian Persimmon Industry 2.1 Number of growers, trees planted, tree age and farm size 1 Paper presented to the Second International Conference on the Persimmon, Twin Waters Resort, Queensland, ; to be published in the proceedings of the Conference.
Estimates based on survey results indicate that the number of persimmon growers in Australia has doubled from 142 in 199, to 281 in. In 1989-9 the 22 growers surveyed grew a total of 49 trees of non-astringent varieties. In 1991 total plantings of both astringent and non-astringent varieties were 7 74 trees (Australian Bureau of Statistics). In, survey results showed that respondents grew 7 936 trees, estimated to be approximately % of the industry. The current industry size based on tree numbers from survey data and confirmed by yield and market throughput data is estimated to exceed 3 trees. Year survey results show average tree age to be.7 years and average area planted to persimmons to be 2.ha per farm. Average planting distance is 4.m between rows and 3.2m between trees (Table 1). Results also show that 6% of present plantings consist of young trees less than six years of age (Figure 1). 2.2 Training systems and varieties The early Australian persimmon industry from 19-196 was based on freestanding trees of astringent varieties planted at low densities. Today only 4% of plantings are freestanding. The rest are typically trellised palmette (Figure 2). The most widely planted variety in Australia is Fuyu (Figure 3), constituting 78% of total plantings, followed by Izu, Jiro, and Suruga, totalling %. All other astringent and non-astringent cultivars make up the remaining 2%. 2.3 Australian production Although Australian Bureau of Statistics data indicate that 7 tonnes of persimmons were produced in Australia in 1997, these figures significantly underestimate total production. Market data for Sydney and Brisbane in 1998 reveals that 4 tonnes and 368 tonnes respectively passed through these markets alone. An estimate of Australian production for, based on tree numbers and average yield, is 2 tonnes of predominantly nonastringent types. The survey indicated that, on average, persimmons contribute 24% of total farm income. The major crops grown in conjunction with persimmons are citrus, grapes, vegetables, stonefruit, avocado, apples and mango. Australia s harvest begins in the warmer semi-tropical regions of Queensland in late February and finishes by late June in the cool temperate regions of southern Australia. Fuyu starts maturing in Queensland in early March and ends in June in cooler southern regions (Table 2). 2.4 Yield The average yield for persimmons in Australia based on the survey was.8 tonnes per hectare for trees six years and older. On a state by state basis, yields were Queensland.4 tonnes per hectare, New South Wales 17.6 tonnes per hectare, Victoria.4 tonnes per hectare, South Australia 8.8 tonnes per hectare, and Western Australia. tonnes per hectare. South Australia s lower yields are associated with soil salinity problems. Leaf samples taken during the survey conducted by George and Nissen in 1998- exhibited consistently high leaf chloride concentrations from persimmon growing regions of South Australia. At leaf chloride concentration levels greater than.8% the average number of fruit per tree was severely reduced (Figure 4). The effects of salinity on fruit growth and marketable yield were also evident. George and Nissen identified a shift of two size grades larger for fruit growing in regions where salinity was not a limiting factor. Size grade refers to the number of fruit to make an approximate pack weight of 4kg.
In Queensland 9% of marketable yield is evenly distributed between size grades 16 and. In New South Wales 74% of yield is distributed between size grades 18 and (size grade representing 19%). In South Australia % of fruit are between size grades and 23 (Figure ). Marketable yield averages 6% of total yield. Blemish marks (wind rub, petal adherence marks, sunburn, spots and speckles) are the major contributing factors to reduced marketable fruit yield followed by calyx separation and cracking (George et al., 1996). The 1998- and surveys indicate that the palmette training system with an average tree density of 893 trees/ha produced on average.3 tonnes of marketable fruit per hectare. Free-standing trees with an average density of 1 trees / ha yielded 12 tonnes of marketable fruit per hectare (Figure 6). Trees trained to a V trellis or Tatura trellis system, with a tree age range of six to seven years, and an average tree density of 1193 trees / ha, yielded 22 tonnes of marketable fruit per hectare. Trellising improved marketable yield by reducing fruit blemish. 2. Affects of training systems on tree and fruit characteristics Fruit sugar levels varied with training systems. The average degrees Brix for free-standing trees was 16.4, palmette 19., and V-trellis systems 17.2. Trellising improves light interception by the tree canopy, enhances floral bud initiation and improves photosynthesis of inner leaves. Average shelf life (number of days at degrees C after harvest until soft ripe) for fruit from palmette systems was 14.6 days compared to freestanding trees where the shelf life was 11.6 days. Average total shoot extension across all sites was 6.6 cm, V- trellis 86.2 cm, and free-standing trees 39.3 cm. 2.6 Pollinizers The survey indicated that only 26% of orchards use pollinizers. For trees six years and older, the average yield of marketable fruit where pollinizers were used was.3 tonnes/ha compared with 16.7 tonnes / ha where pollinizers were not used. On average pollinizers increased marketable yield by 17.7%. Pollinated fruit were firmer (4.6kgf) than non-pollinated fruit (4.1kgf) and were also larger. In orchards without pollinizers, the median fruit size grade was, representing 16% of the total fruit marketed. In orchards where pollinizers were used, the median size grade was 16, representing % of the total fruit marketed (Figure ). 3. Conclusions The Australian Persimmon Industry has expanded significantly. Grower numbers have doubled and the number of trees planted has tripled over the last years. On average the size of farm plantings have remained constant with the exception of a few large plantings. About 78% of the Australian industry is now based on the non-astringent variety Fuyu. Total production is estimated to exceed 2 tonnes per year with an average yield of.8 tonnes/ha. Over half (%) the industry now utilises some form of trellising system to improve marketable fruit yield. Only 26% of the Australian orchards are planted with pollinizers, but their use improves yield by 17.7% and increases fruit size by two grades.
References George, A. P. Collins, R. J. and Mowat, A. D. 1996. Factors affecting blemishing of persimmon in New Zealand and Australia. Proceedings of the First International Persimmon Symposium. Acta Horticulturae, 436: 171-178. Collins, R. J. 1989. Developing the non-astringent persimmon industry as a new industry for Australia. PhD thesis. University of Queensland, Australia.
Table 1. Planting densities and tree age by states of Australia State Queensland New South Wales Survey year 1989/9 Victoria South Australia Western Australia Av. tree age 3.1 3. 3.6 1.8 3. Av. trees/ha 67 21 1389 Av. area of persimmon (ha) 1.4 44 1.8 1.3 2 Survey year Av. tree age.7 3.6 6.8 7.7 7.2 Av. trees/ha 716 9 69 737 964 Av. area of persimmon (ha) 2. 2.2 2.4 2. 1.4 Table 2. Fruit maturity periods for the major persimmon varieties planted across Australia. First Peak Last Queensland Izu late February mid March early mid April Fuyu early March early - mid April early mid May Jiro early March mid April early May Suruga mid April late April early May New South Wales Fuyu late April-early mid May early mid June May Jiro early May mid May late May South Australia Izu late March early April late April Fuyu mid April mid May late May-early June Suruga mid April late April early May late May early June Victoria Izu late April late April late April Fuyu late April mid May late-may - early June Suruga early June early June early June Western Australia Fuyu May June June
4 Percentage of total tree planted (%) 4 3 3-3 3-.9 6-8.9 9-11.9 12-4.9 + Tree age groups (years) Figure 1. Breakdown of plantings by tree age in Australia Ruakura Trellis Trellising System Types Tatura V Trellis Free Standing Palmette 3 3 4 4 Figure 2. Breakdown of trellising systems presently used in Australia. 9 8 Breakdown of Varieties Planted in Australia 7 6 4 3 Fuyu Izu Jiro Suruga Others Variety type Figure 2. Breakdown of varieties planted in Australia.
16 14 Fruit number per tree 1 8 6 4.2.4.6.8 1. 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Leaf chloride concentration (%) FIgure 4. Effects of leaf chloride levels on fruit number per tree Queensland New South Wales South Australia 12 13 14 16 18 23 28 3 Bulk Size Grades Figure. Fruit size grades in the three major growing states of Australia
6 Palmette Free Standing Yield per hectare (tonnes) 4 3 2 4 6 8 12 14 16 18 Tree age (years) Figure 6. Comparson of freestanding and palmette training systems Pollinizers No Pollinizers 12 13 14 16 18 23 28 3 Bulk Size Grades Figure 7. Size grade comparsons between sites across Australia Orchards with pollinizers and without pollinizers.