Invasive Species Management: Work Plans in Priority Areas

Invasive Species Management: Work Plans in Priority Areas

Prepared by: Carleigh Pope Science Horizons Ecological Monitoring Intern for The rare Charitable Research Reserve January 2014 Photo Credits (Clockwise from top left): Common Barberry, Carleigh Pope; Mossy Stonecrop, Lauren Cymbaly Autumn Olive, Lauren Cymbaly Multiflora Rose, Carleigh Pope Flowering Rush, Lauren Cymbaly 1

Table of Contents Introduction... 5 Invasive Species at rare Charitable Research Reserve... 5 Priority Species... 6 Priority Areas... 7 Trail System: Indian Woods & the Thompson Tract... 9 Indian Woods & Thomspon Tract Trails - Year One: Large-scale Removal... 10 Indian Woods & Thomspon Tract Trails - Year 2: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 11 Indian Woods & Thomspon Tract Trails - Year 3: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 12 Indian Woods & Thomspon Tract Trails - Year 4: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 12 Indian Woods & Thomspon Tract Trails - Year 5: Evaluate Success and Refine Strategies for Future Management... 13 Trail System: Cliffs & Alvars... 15 Cliffs & Alvars Trail System - Year 1: Large-Scale Removal... 16 Cliffs & Alvars Trail System - Year 2: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 18 Cliffs & Alvars Trail System - Year 3: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 19 Cliffs & Alvars Trail System - Year 4: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 20 Cliffs & Alvars Trail System - Year 5: Evaluate Success and Refine Strategies for Future Management... 20 Eastern Indian Woods... 22 Eastern Indian Woods - Year 1: Large-Scale Removal... 23 Eastern Indian Woods - Year 2: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 24 Eastern Indian Woods - Year 3: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 25 Eastern Indian Woods - Year 4: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 26 Eastern Indian Woods - Year 5: Evaluate Success and Refine Strategies for Future Management... 26 Hogsback Hedgerows... 28 Hogsback Hedgerows - Year 1: Large-Scale Removal... 29 Hogsback Hedgerows - Year 2: Follow-up & Reinforcement... 30 Hogsback Hedgerows - Year 3: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 31 Hogsback Hedgerows - Year 4: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 32 Hogsback Hedgerows - Year 5: Evaluate Success and Refine Strategies for Future Management... 32 2

Blair Flats Wetland... 34 Blair Flats Wetland - Year 1: Large-scale Removal... 35 Blair Flats Wetland - Year 2: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 36 Blair Flats Wetland - Year 3: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 37 Blair Flats Wetland - Year 4: Follow-Up & Reinforcement... 38 Blair Flats Wetland - Year 5: Evaluate Success and Refine Strategies for Future Management... 38 Work Plan Outline... 40 Create Public and Staff Awareness of Invasive Species at rare and Within the Community... 40 Invasive Species Removal Techniques and Recommended Native Species... 41 Autumn Olive (Eleaganus umbellata)... 41 Common Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) and Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii)... 41 Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) and Glossy Buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula)... 41 Common Reed (Phragmites australis)... 42 Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus)... 42 Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera)... 43 Honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.)... 43 Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula)... 43 Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora)... 44 Norway Maple (Acer planatoides)... 44 Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)... 44 Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea)... 45 White Mulberry (Morus alba)... 45 Invasive Alien Plant Species Disposal Techniques... 46 Pulling/Digging... 46 Girdling... 46 Seed Head Clipping... 46 Vinegar Injection... 47 Propane Torch Application... 47 Desiccation and Burning... 47 Continued Monitoring of Invasive Alien Plant Species... 47 Evaluation of Successes and Identification of Opportunities... 48 3

Literature Cited... 49 Appendix A: Maps... 52 Appendix B: Recommended Equipment and Suppliers List... 56 4

Introduction Invasive species are currently listed as the second most significant threat to biodiversity loss and cause substantial impacts to the economy and human health (Environment Canada, 2013). Communities that become infested with invasive species often suffer the loss of intricate ecological linkages, the effects of which can be irreversible (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2012; Anderson et al., 2013). Unfortunately, the very nature of invasive species can make them exceptionally difficult to eradicate (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2012). Invasive species become superior competitors to native species because of their ability to better capitalize on available nutrients and widely proliferate (Invasive Species Research Institute, 2013). Invasive species also often lack the natural controls that would otherwise limit them from becoming dominant within the community. Left unchallenged, invasive plant species can quickly out-compete native plant species and create negative impacts to native wildlife as well as altering soil and water dynamics within a community (Anderson et al., 2013). Certain invasive species pose a greater threat to the ecological integrity of the habitats they invade than others based upon how aggressive they become, and their means of reproduction (Urban Forest Associates, 2002). The Invasive Exotic Species Ranking for Southern Ontario from the Society of Ecological Restoration (SER) describes four categories of invasive species, with Category 1 representing the most aggressive invaders (Anderson et al., 2013). The ranking of each species is essential in developing a management strategy suited to the varying aggressiveness of invasive species in Ontario (Anderson et al., 2013) which can in turn limit the impact of a widespread invasion of an aggressive invader. Although categorizing invasive species by the severity of their impact on the invaded habitats aids in formulating a suitable strategy, management of any invasive species is imperative to preserving the ecological integrity of natural habitats (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2011) The most effective way to limit the spread of invasive species is prevention (Anderson et al., 2013; Invasive Species Research Institute, 2013), which is a core strategy of the Ontario Invasive Species Strategic Plan (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2012). Prevention entails the identification of vectors of invasion, which can be broadly defined into two categories: natural (i.e. wind, water, animals etc.) and human-made (i.e. forestry, recreation, travel etc.) (Anderson et al., 2013). Of these two categories, the latter offers more opportunities for preventative strategies which can be implemented through legislation and education. Even with the most fastidious prevention strategies, invasive plant species can still become established at which point a management strategy is required. Removal of an invasive species from an area is only one component of a multi-faceted strategic plan that incorporates restoring native plant communities and education with diligent follow-up. In order to have the highest chance of successful eradication of an invasive species, areas absent of invasive species and those of ecological significance should be protected first, with subsequent management efforts focussing on areas with gradually increasing severity of infestation (Anderson et al., 2013). Invasive Species at rare Charitable Research Reserve At the rare Charitable Research Reserve, invasive plant species have been observed through the diverse array of habitats on the property. One of the key vectors of invasion is 5

through recreational use of the trails on the property. Seeds and other plant materials can be transported via hiking shoes, clothing, and pets to new areas within the property as well as outside the borders of rare. For this reason, use of rare property for recreational purposes must continue to be restricted exclusively to the existing trail system and limiting areas where pets are permitted. Removal efforts are to be focussed within or immediately adjacent to areas of ecological significance. These areas are described in detail in the section Priority Areas. The opportunity for invasive species research should also be recognized at the rare Charitable Research Reserve. As one of the core values of rare, the research potential for some of the invasive species on the property could greatly contribute to the growing body of knowledge about invasive species. Currently, such research is being conducted on the interactions between the invasive alien plant species Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and the native Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis). Results from invasive alien research may provide valuable insights into the ecology of invaders and improve best management practices. Invasive plant species at rare have been documented and thoroughly researched previously within the Invasive Alien Plant Species Prioritization and Management Strategy for rare Charitable Research Reserve by Lauren Cymbaly in 2008. Some invasive species were also mapped within the Invasive Alien Plant Species Found in the Carolinian Zone: Inventory and Management Options for rare Charitable Research Reserve by Lauren Cymbaly in 2007. These documents provide details on species descriptions and recommended methods of removal, and should be consulted for supplementary information to the work plans provided below. Priority Species The species included in the work plans were designated priority species based upon a formula that incorporated both the invasive potential and the existing establishment on rare property. Invasive potential rankings were taken from the Invasive Exotic Species Ranking for Southern Ontario and ranged from Category 1 (very aggressive invaders) to Category 5 (suspected invaders) (Urban Forest Associates Inc., 2002). Extent of establishment on rare property was quantitatively categorized by assigning a value from 1-3 to the size of infestations reported in 2007. Species that were found in small and confined populations were assigned a value of 1, sporadic infestations were assigned a value of 2, and widespread infestations were assigned a value of 3. The sum of these two categories was calculated for each species and those with an end-product of 4 or less were considered first priority species. Some species whose sum was equal to or less than 4 are not included explicitly in the invasive alien plant species work plans because they were not observed within the priority areas (i.e. Common Periwinkle). In the future, these species could be included in further work plans that extend to other areas of the property. Some additional species were added to these work plans because they are problematic and/or listed as noxious weeds within the Region of Waterloo (i.e. Buckthorns, Barberries). 6

Table 1.1 First and additional Priority Species for Invasive Alien Plant Species Management First Priority Species Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Autumn Olive (Eleagnus umbellatus) Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora) Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria) Mossy Stonecrop (Sedum acre) Common Periwinkle (Vinca minor) White Mulberry (Morus alba) Additional Priority Species Norway Maple (Acer planatoides) Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) Glossy Buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula) Non-native Bush Honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) Common Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) The above list is by no means exhaustive, and other invasive alien plant species may be added to future work plans as degrees of infestations fluctuate. The successful management of the above species may also provide valuable insights as to best management practices for rare and could enhance future management strategies for subsequent priority species. Priority Areas The work plans in this document are designed to meet the unique challenges of the five priority areas at rare: the trail systems in Indian Woods & the Thompson Tract, and Cliffs & Alvars; the eastern perimeter of Indian Woods; the hedgerows near the Hogsback forest; and the Blair Flats wetland. Each of these areas have different rates of usage (i.e. traffic) and ecological sensitivity, making tailored work plans to suit each of them integral to the successful management of invasive alien plant species. Control strategies are colour coded to reflect their priority: yellow indicates top priority, followed by green, then blue. The priority areas identified in this document were selected by rare staff as areas of significant ecological value based upon the categories of protection listed in the Environmental Management Plan for rare (EMP). The four levels of protection are: Very High, High, Moderate, and Low (EMP Draft, 2011). The five areas listed for the following work plans are either listed as or adjacent to Very High Priority Protection areas within the EMP for rare and as such, should be the primary focus for invasive alien plant species removal. Below is a brief description of the five priority areas followed by the tailored work plans for each area. Each work plan consists of three main categories of management strategies: education and outreach; removal, disposal and native species planting; and evaluation. These three components are consistent with the Goals and Objectives Ontario s Invasive Species Strategic Plan (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2012) which embodies the four general principles of Prevention, Detection, Response, and Management and Adaptation. The recommendations presented are intended to be flexible and dynamic as time and resources are subject to change. All recorded invasive alien plant species were within ten metres of the observer. 7

FIGURE 1 MAP OF rare DEPICTING THE PRIORITY AREAS FOR THE INVASIVE ALIEN PLANT SPECIES WORK PLANS 8

Trail System: Indian Woods & the Thompson Tract The Thompson Tract is a 93 acre parcel of land purchased by rare in 2010 on the western edge of the property. It is immediately adjacent to Indian Woods, which is an old-growth remnant forest, and as such, is regarded as a Very High Priority area in rare s Environmental Management Plan (EMP Draft, 2011). The two trail systems traverse the variety of habitats found within, including old growth forest, mixed deciduous hardwood forest, and naturalized plantation ecosites, are known as the Grand Allée and Maple Lane. The forest is co-dominated by Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) and American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) which is a composition typical of late successional hardwood forests (Takahasi & Lechowicz, 2008).. Unlike the trails within the Cliffs & Alvars forest, trails within the Indian Woods & Thompson Tract are open and maintained year round, and are therefore subject to a greater degree of traffic. This may also pose a challenge for large-scale removal efforts as parts of the trails may need to be sectioned off to facilitate invasive alien plant species removal and native species restoration. The only first priority species observed in the Indian Woods & Thompson Tract trail system is Autumn Olive along Maple Lane. This invasive alien plant species is capable of reproducing prolifically and can effectively displace native vegetation (Nature Conservancy, 2013). It also has the ability to influence edaphic conditions by increasing soil nitrogen, which in turn creates a more favorable habitat for itself and other invasive species (Missouri Department of Conservation, n.d.) Because of its very limited and sporadic establishment on rare property, it is imperative that this aggressive invader be removed as soon as possible. Swift removal of Autumn Olive will prevent its widespread establishment, and reduce the level of management required for its eradication. Additional priority species in this area of the property are Barberries, Buckthorns, Norway Maple, and non-native bush Honeysuckles. In the following work plan, primary efforts should be made towards eradicating the Autumn Olive individuals within this priority area, followed by Norway Maple management, due to their limited and sporadic establishments. In the case of more extensively established species, removal efforts and management could be tailored to be incremental over the course of the five year plan (i.e. first year: 50% removal, second year: additional 25% removal, third year: remaining 25% removal). 9

Indian Woods & Thomspon Tract Trails - Year One: Large-scale Removal Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Create staff/public awareness of invasive species in the community Make identification of invasive species more clear, and suggest alternatives Autumn olive control Informative staff meeting; rare event for public Pull/Dig individuals prior to fruit ripening when soil is moist, ensuring to remove the entire root system. Plant: Common Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius); Gray Dogwood (Corus foemina ssp. racemosa); Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica) 2 weeks in early March; should be prior to work on IAS management 1-2 days in early April Norway Maple control Pulling seedlings; Girdling larger individuals 1-2 days in July 1-2 days in April, following removal Barberry control Pull small plants prior to fruit development and leave roots exposed to dry out completely; Cut larger plants down to the stump prior to fruit development and apply direct flame from propane torch for 20 seconds, twice yearly Pulling: 1-2 weeks in April Burning: 1-2 weeks in late April or May, moist soil is preferred; follow up treatment in September Invasive species Removal Honeysuckle control Buckthorn control Plant: Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa); Bayberry (Morella (syn. Myrica) pensylvanica) Pull young seedlings when soil is moist, especially effective in early spring because Lonicera is one of the first to leaf out; At least 50% removal in first year Plant: Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago); Common Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius); Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica); Should be berry-bearing species to replace food for wildlife Pull small plants prior to fruit development and leave roots exposed to dry out completely; Girdle large individuals in July to be removed in later years; At least 50% removal in first year Plant: Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana); Black Chokeberry (Photinia melanocarpa); Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) 1-2 weeks following pulling 1-2 weeks in April 1-2 weeks following pulling Pulling: 1-2 weeks in April, Girdling 1-2 weeks in July 1-2 weeks in April following pulling Invasive species disposal Small Individuals: Barberry, Honeysuckle, Norway Maple, Buckthorn, Autumn Olive Large Individuals: Buckthorn, dried Barberry, Honeysuckle, Autumn Olive Roots left to dry out completely without touching ground in the designated location for this priority area Pile branches and burn in the designated location for this priority area 1-3 weeks following removal 1 day after individuals have been pulled Monitor spread of invasive species Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities 10

Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Indian Woods & Thomspon Tract Trails - Year 2: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of previous year Enhance management techniques Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Internet and literature review Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt 1 week in March Autumn Olive control Pull seedlings as they appear, prior to fruit development 1-2 days April or May Follow-up invasive species removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous year Invasive species disposal Norway Maple control Barberry control Pull seedlings as they appear and revisit girdled individuals; remove any 'bridging' tissues Pull small shrubs as they appear, repeat propane treatment to cut stumps as necessary 1-2 days in April 1-3 days in April Honeysuckle control Pull seedlings as they appear; Remove additional 25% 1-2 weeks in April Buckthorn control Pull small shrubs as they appear, revisit girdled individuals and remove any 'bridging' tissues; Remove additional 25% 1-2 weeks throughout growing season, pulling should be done in the spring See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for recommended removal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timeline Continued promotion of native species Ascertain success of native species establishment from Year 1 restoration efforts Revisit planted native species; add mulch, prune etc. 1 week in May Monitor spread of invasive species Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November 11

Indian Woods & Thomspon Tract Trails - Year 3: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of previous years Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Internet and literature review 1 week in March Follow-up invasive species removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous year Invasive species disposal Continued promotion of native species Monitor spread of invasive species Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Autumn Olive, Norway Maple, Barberry control See Year 1 for removal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timeline Honeysuckle control Pull seedlings as they appear; Remove remaining 25% 1-2 weeks in April Buckthorn control Pull small shrubs as they appear, revisit girdled individuals and remove any 'bridging' tissues; Remove remaining 25% 1-2 weeks throughout growing season, pulling should be done in the spring See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for recommended removal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timeline Ascertain success of native species establishment from Year 1 restoration efforts Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Refine management approaches for the next year Revisit planted native species; add mulch, prune etc. Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 week in May 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities 1 day in October/November Indian Woods & Thomspon Tract Trails - Year 4: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of previous years Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Internet and literature review 1 week in March 12

Follow-up invasive species removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous year Invasive species disposal Continued promotion of native species See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for recommended removal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timeline See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for recommended disposal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timeline Ascertain success of native species establishment from Year 1 restoration efforts Revisit planted native species; add mulch, prune etc. 1 week in May Monitor spread of invasive species Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Refine management approaches for the next year Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities 1 day in October/November Indian Woods & Thomspon Tract Trails - Year 5: Evaluate Success and Refine Strategies for Future Management Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Ascertain the updated populations of invasive species mapped in 2013 Monitor spread of invasive species and follow-up removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous years Continued promotion of native species Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Create updated maps of target species to allow comparison between 2013 establishment and year 5 establishment Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Ascertain success of native species establishment from Year 1 restoration efforts Refine management approaches for the next year Collection of GPS way points and spatial analysis Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment Revisit planted native species; add mulch, prune etc. Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 40 hours; Spatial analysis could be conducted after growing season 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities 1 week in May 1 day in October/November Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Internet and literature review 1 week in March 13

Create an updated work plan for the trails in Indian Woods & the Thompson Tract based upon lessons learned from the original invasive plant species management initiative Compile information gathered from the past five years of work and synthesize a new report for the next five years 40-50 hours in November or December 14

Trail System: Cliffs & Alvars The Cliffs & Alvars represents the largest forest stand on rare property and houses the greatest length of trails which traverse an array of unique habitats including mixed deciduous forests, meadow-covered alvars, and shallow marshes (EMP Draft, 2011). Many of the habitats within the Cliffs & Alvars forest are listed as Very High Priority areas for protection within the Environmental Management Plan for rare (e.g. limestone cliffs and outcrops, provincially significant wetlands, and EMAN plots). Trail use traffic represents a significant vector of invasion and will pose a real challenge for effective invasive alien plant species management. Any longterm invasive species management plan that extends beyond the five year scope of the following work plan should include a strategy for limiting invasions from trail use. The first priority species within the Cliffs & Alvars forest observed in 2007 and/or 2013 are Autumn Olive and Mossy Stonecrop. These two species appear to be in small and confined establishments and should therefore be the primary focus of the following work plan. Additional species within the work plan include Buckthorns, Barberries, non-native bush Honeysuckles, Flowering Rush, Norway Maple, and Himalayan Balsam. Depending on the severity of invasion for these species, their removal and management could be done incrementally (see Trail System Indian Woods for suggested timeline). The abundance of these invasive alien plant species within the matrix of public trails complicates removal and restoration efforts and may require incremental initiatives to limit inconvenient trail closures and/or project interference. 15

Cliffs & Alvars Trail System - Year 1: Large-Scale Removal Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Create staff/public awareness of invasive species in the community Make identification of invasive species more clear, and suggest alternatives specific to the targeted species in this priority area Informative staff meeting; rare event for public 2 weeks in early March; should be prior to work on IAS management Invasive Species Removal Autumn Olive control Mossy Stonecrop control Norway Maple control Barberry control Pull/Dig individuals prior to fruit ripening when soil is moist, ensuring to remove the entire root system. Plant: Common Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius); Gray Dogwood (Corus foemina ssp. racemosa); Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica) Carefully excavate by hand establishments of Mossy stonecrop, ensuring all pieces are removed Plant: Woodland Stonecrop(Sedum ternatum) Girdling larger individuals and pulling seedlings Plant: Hackberry (Celtis occidentaliis) in areas with moderate shade; Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) in rich soils; Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum), and Freeman Maples (Acer x. freemanii) Pull small plants prior to fruit development and leave roots exposed to dry out completely; Cut larger plants down to the stump prior to fruit development and apply direct flame from propane torch for 20 seconds, twice yearly; At least 50% removal in first year Plant: Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa); Bayberry (Morella (syn. Myrica) pensylvanica) 1-2 days in early April 1-2 days in April, following removal 1 day in June 1 day in June (immediately following S.acre removal) 1 day in July 1 day following pulling Pulling: 1-2 weeks in April Burning: 1-2 weeks in late April or May, moist soil is preferred; follow up treatment in September 1-2 weeks following pulling 16

Buckthorn control Pull small plants prior to fruit development and leave roots exposed to dry out completely; Girdle large individuals in July to be removed in later years; At least 50% removal in first year Pulling: 1-2 weeks in April when soil is moist; Girdling: July Plant: Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana); Black Chokeberry (Photinia melanocarpa); Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) 1-2 weeks following pulling Himalayan Balsam control Hand-pulling of individuals in April/May starting upstream and moving downstream. Must be replanted with native species to prevent stream bank erosion. 1-3 days in May, dependent upon size of establishment Invasive Species Destruction/Disposal Honeysuckle control Flowering Rush control Small Individuals: Barberry, Honeysuckle, Norway Maple, Buckthorn, Autumn Olive Large Individuals: Buckthorn, dried Barberry, Honeysuckle, Autumn Olive Fleshy Stemmed Individuals: Himalayan Balsam, Flowering Rush Plant: Joe Pye Weed (Eutrochium spp.) Pull young seedlings when soil is moist, especially effective in early spring b/c Lonicera is one of the first to leaf out; At least 50% removal in first year Plant: Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago); Common Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius); Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica); Should be berry-bearing species to replace food for wildlife Cutting stems below the water level and removing cut portions. Populations should be mapped prior to action, Flowering Rush can be confused for other native sedges Roots left to dry out completely without touching ground in the designated location for this priority area Pile branches and burn Solarize cut tissues in contractor-grade plastic bags, seal, then place in the sun Should be planted immediately after removal of Himalayan Balsam; 1-3 days 1-2 weeks in April 1-2 weeks following pulling 1 day each: May, June, & July 1-3 weeks following removal 1 day after individuals have been pulled 2-3 weeks following removal Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November 17

Cliffs & Alvars Trail System - Year 2: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of previous year Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Internet and literature review 1 week in March Follow-up invasive species removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous year Invasive Species Destruction/Disposal Autumn Olive control Mossy Stonecrop control Norway Maple control Barberry control Buckthorn control Honeysuckle control Himalayan Balsam control Flowering Rush control Pull seedlings as they appear, prior to fruit development Carefully excavate by hand new growth ensuring to remove all root fragments Pull seedlings as they appear and revisit girdled individuals; remove any 'bridging' tissues Pull small shrubs as they appear, repeat propane treatment to cut stumps as necessary; Remove additional 25% Pull small shrubs as they appear, revisit girdled individuals and remove any 'bridging' tissues; Remove additional 25% Pull seedlings as they appear; Follow-up lopping and pruning of branches; Remove additional 25% Pull new individuals as they appear, starting upstream and moving downstream Depending on the success of Year 1, cutting stems below the waterline or potentially raking to remove plants entirely 1-2 days April or May 1 day in June 1-2 days in April 1-3 days in April 1-2 weeks throughout growing season, pulling should be done in the spring 1-2 weeks in April, pulling should be done in the spring 1-2 days in May 2-3 days in May See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for disposal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timelines 18

Continued promotion of native species Ascertain success of native species establishment from Year 1 restoration efforts Revisit planted native species; add mulch, prune etc. 1 week in May Monitor spread of invasive species Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Cliffs & Alvars Trail System - Year 3: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of previous years Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Internet and literature review 1 week in March Autumn Olive, Mossy Stonecrop, Himalayan Balsam, Flowering Rush, Norway Maple See Year 1 for recommended removal See previous years for suggested timelines Follow-up invasive species removal focusing on the targeted locations from previous years Barberry control Buckthorn control Pull small shrubs as they appear, repeat propane treatment to cut stumps as necessary; Remove remaining 25% Pull small shrubs as they appear, revisit girdled individuals and remove any 'bridging' tissues; Remove remaining 25% 1-3 days in April 1-2 weeks throughout growing season, pulling should be done in the spring Honeysuckle control Pull seedlings as they appear; Follow-up lopping and pruning of branches; Remove remaining 25% 1-2 weeks in April, pulling should be done in the spring Invasive Species Destruction/Disposal See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for disposal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timelines 19

Monitor spread of invasive species Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Cliffs & Alvars Trail System - Year 4: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of previous years Enhance management techniques Follow-up invasive species removal focusing on the targeted locations from previous years Invasive Species Destruction/Disposal Continued promotion of native species Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Reinforce control efforts In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Internet and literature review See previous years for species specific techniques of management Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt 1 week in March See previous years for suggested timelines See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for disposal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timelines Ascertain success of native species establishment from Year 1 restoration efforts Revisit planted native species; add mulch, prune etc. 1 week in May Monitor spread of invasive species Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Cliffs & Alvars Trail System - Year 5: Evaluate Success and Refine Strategies for Future Management 20

Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Ascertain the updated populations of invasive species mapped in 2013 Monitor spread of invasive species and follow-up removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous years Continued promotion of native species Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Enhance management techniques Create updated maps of target species to allow comparison between 2013 establishment and year 5 establishment Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Ascertain success of native species establishment from Year 1 restoration efforts Refine management approaches for the next year Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Create an updated work plan for the trails in Cliffs & Alvars based upon lessons learned from the original invasive plant species management initiative Collection of GPS way points and spatial analysis Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment Revisit planted native species; add mulch, prune etc. Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided Internet and literature review Compile information gathered from the past five years of work and synthesize a new report for the next five years 40 hours; Spatial analysis could be conducted after growing season 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities 1 week in May 1 day in October/November 1 week in March 40-50 hours in November or December 21

Eastern Indian Woods The eastern edge of Indian Woods is a relatively small priority area of rare property that was previously used for agricultural purposes. The area was taken out of agricultural production in 2007 and left to return to a naturalized meadow state. The eastern edge of Indian Woods is a significant area for protection because it is the interface between the meadow and the oldgrowth forest habitats. As such, invasive alien plant species control here will be a preventative measure towards limiting infestations within Indian Woods. With recent changes to land ownership in this area of the property, focus on this area is within the immediate border and interior edge of Indian Woods. The only first priority species observed in this area is White Mulberry, and primary removal and management efforts should focus on removing individuals from this area. White Mulberry has been identified as an aggressive invasive alien species of special concern due to its ability to readily hybridize with the endangered Red Mulberry (Morus rubra) (Swearingen et al., 2010). The fruit of White Mulberry is an attractive food source for wildlife, which can contribute to its widespread distribution and proliferation (Ohio State University, n.d.). Within this priority area, only one White Mulberry individual was observed and as a result, this first priority species can effectively be eradicated if removed as soon as possible. Other species observed in eastern Indian Woods include Buckthorns, Barberries, and Honeysuckles. It is important to note that some Honeysuckle species are native to this area and should not be removed. Flyhoneysuckle (Lonicera canadensis) and Bush Honeysuckle (Diervilla lonicera) are two examples of native Honeysuckle species (Sarver et al., 2008). These can be readily distinguished from invasive Honeysuckles by their solid pith, and/or fruit colouration. For the purposes of these work plans, Honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) refer to only invasive species. The recommended removal strategies for this priority area require mechanical control methods to be used, which will be made easier by the site s accessibility. Eastern Indian Woods is a portion of the rare property that is not open for public use, enabling removal and restoration efforts to take place unimpeded. Because this area is relatively smaller than the other priority areas listed in this document, it may be possible to conduct large-scale removal and control of all individuals in the first year rather than incrementally, as was recommended for the trail systems work plans for Indian Woods and Cliffs & Alvars. 22

Eastern Indian Woods - Year 1: Large-Scale Removal Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Create staff/public awareness of invasive species in the community Invasive Species Management Make identification of invasive species more clear, and suggest alternatives White Mulberry control Honeysuckle control Buckthorn control Informative staff meeting; rare event for public Pull/Dig individuals prior to fruit ripening when soil is moist, ensuring to remove the entire root system. Plant: Red Maple (Acer rubrum); Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) Pull young seedlings when soil is moist, especially effective in early spring because Lonicera is one of the first to leaf out; Remove at least 50% Plant: Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago); Common Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius); Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica)should be berry-bearing shrubs to replace food sources for wildlife. Pull small plants prior to fruit development and leave roots exposed to dry out completely; Girdle large individuals in July to be removed in later years; Remove at least 50% Plant: Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana); Black Chokeberry (Photinia melanocarpa); Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) 2 weeks in early March; should be prior to work on IAS management 1-2 days in April, while ground is still moist 1-2 days in April, following removal 1-2 weeks in April 1-2 weeks following pulling Pulling: 1-2 weeks in April when soil is moist; Girdling: July 1-2 weeks following pulling Barberry control Pull small plants prior to fruit development and leave roots exposed to dry out completely; Cut larger plants down to the stump prior to fruit development and apply direct flame from propane torch for 20 seconds, twice yearly Pulling: 1-2 weeks in April Burning: 1-2 weeks in late April or May, moist soil is preferred; follow up treatment in September Plant: Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa); Bayberry (Morella (syn. Myrica) pensylvanica) 1-2 weeks following pulling Invasive Species Disposal Small Individuals: Barberry, Honeysuckle, Buckthorn Large Individuals: Buckthorn, dried Barberry, Honeysuckle Roots left to dry out completely without touching ground in a designated spot for this priority area Pile branches and burn 1-3 weeks following removal 1 day after individuals have been pulled 23

Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Eastern Indian Woods - Year 2: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of Year 1 Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Internet and literature review 1 week in March White Mulberry Control Pull seedlings as they appear 1-2 days in April, while ground is still moist Follow-up invasive species management Buckthorn control Honeysuckle control Pull small shrubs as they appear, revisit girdled individuals and remove any 'bridging' tissues; Remove additional 25% Pull seedlings as they appear; Follow-up lopping and pruning of branches; Remove additional 25% 1-2 weeks throughout growing season, pulling should be done in the spring 1-2 weeks in April, pulling should be done in the spring Barberry control Pull small shrubs as they appear, repeat propane treatment to cut stumps as necessary 1-3 days in April Continued promotion of native species Facilitate the proliferation of native species appropriate to this habitat Planting (see Year 1 for suggested species); mulching where appropriate 2 weeks in May Monitor spread of invasive species Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November 24

Eastern Indian Woods - Year 3: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success previous years Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Internet and literature review 1 week in March White Mulberry Control Pull seedlings as they appear 1-2 days in April, while ground is still moist Follow-up invasive species management Buckthorn control Honeysuckle control Pull small shrubs as they appear, revisit girdled individuals and remove any 'bridging' tissues; Remove remaining 25% Pull seedlings as they appear; Follow-up lopping and pruning of branches; Remove remaining 25% 1-2 weeks throughout growing season, pulling should be done in the spring 1-2 weeks in April, pulling should be done in the spring Barberry control Pull small shrubs as they appear, repeat propane treatment to cut stumps as necessary 1-3 days in April Continued promotion of native species Facilitate the proliferation of native species appropriate to this habitat Planting (see Year 1 for suggested species); mulching where appropriate 2 weeks in May Monitor spread of invasive species Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November 25

Eastern Indian Woods - Year 4: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success previous years Enhance management techniques Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Internet and literature review Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt 1 week in March Follow-up invasive species management See Year 1 target species See Year 1 for recommended removal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timeline Invasive Species Destruction/Disposal See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for disposal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timelines Continued promotion of native species Facilitate the proliferation of native species appropriate to this habitat Planting (see Year 1 for suggested species); mulching where appropriate 2 weeks in May Monitor spread of invasive species Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Eastern Indian Woods - Year 5: Evaluate Success and Refine Strategies for Future Management Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Ascertain the updated populations of invasive species mapped in 2013 Create updated maps using GIS software Collection of GPS way points and spatial analysis 40 hours; Spatial analysis could be conducted after growing season Monitor spread of invasive species and follow-up removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous years Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities Continued promotion of native species Ascertain success of native species establishment from Year 1 restoration efforts Revisit planted native species; add mulch, prune etc. 1 week in May 26

Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Create an updated work plan for eastern Indian Woods based upon lessons learned from the original invasive plant species management initiative Internet and literature review Compile information gathered from the past five years of work and synthesize a new report for the next five years 1 week in March 40-50 hours in November or December 27

Hogsback Hedgerows The Hogsback is a forest-wetland complex located in the southeastern portion of the rare property. The forest houses a diverse array of species and is currently not open for public use unlike the Cliffs and Alvars forest and Indian Woods. Hedgerows are found north of the forest and follow its perimeter north to Blair Road. The southern limb of the hedgerows is bordered by a field currently in agricultural production whereas the remaining northern perimeter is adjacent to an area taken out of agricultural production in 2003 and 2004. Similar to the eastern Indian Woods priority area listed above, the hedgerows represent the interface between areas currently and/or recently in agricultural production and the Very High Priority Protection area of the Hogsback forest (EMP Draft, 2011). Monitoring invasion in the hedgerows can help prevent future invasives reaching the forest interior. Despite its lower ranking in priority, hedgerows remain ecologically significant because they provide valuable habitat and corridors for wildlife and as such are a priority for invasive species removal and restoration. This goal will be challenging due to the interaction between agricultural activities and the hedgerows, as the former can create favorable conditions for invasion (i.e. higher supply of nutrients). Three of the first priority species listed in Table 1.1 can be observed within the Hogsback hedgerows: White Mulberry, Multiflora Rose, and Common Reed. The isolated establishment of these species within this priority area makes their eradication more likely if management strategies are followed diligently. One major concern for removal and restoration efforts is the accessibility of the site. The limited entrances to the hedgerows could require longer estimated timelines for effective invasive alien plant species management because of the time spent to reach the site. 28

Hogsback Hedgerows - Year 1: Large-Scale Removal Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Create staff/public awareness of invasive species in the community Make identification of invasive species more clear, and suggest alternatives Informative staff meeting; rare event for public 2 weeks in early March; should be prior to work on IAS management White Mulberry control Pull/Dig individuals prior to fruit ripening when soil is moist, ensuring to remove the entire root system. 1-2 days in April, while ground is still moist Plant: Red Maple (Acer rubrum); Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) 1-2 days in April, following removal Multiflora Rose control Pull/Dig individuals prior to fruit ripening when soil is moist, ensuring to remove the entire root system. Plant: Common Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis); Flowering raspberry (Rubus odoratus) 1 day in May 1 day following pulling Invasive Species Removal Common Reed control Seed head cutting Cane cutting 1-2 days in June 1-2 days in early July Vinegar rhizomal injection 1 day in July Buckthorn control Pull small plants prior to fruit development and leave roots exposed to dry out completely; Girdle large individuals in July to be removed in later years; Remove at least 50% Plant: Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana); Black Chokeberry (Photinia melanocarpa); Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) Pulling: 1-3 weeks in April when soil is moist; Girdling: July 1-3 weeks following pulling Honeysuckle control Pull young seedlings when soil is moist, especially effective in early spring because Lonicera is one of the first to leaf out 1-3 weeks in April 29

Plant: Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago); Common Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius); Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica) Should be berry-bearing shrubs to replace food source for wildlife. 1-3 weeks following pulling Barberry control Pull small plants prior to fruit development and leave roots exposed to dry out completely; Cut larger plants down to the stump prior to fruit development and apply direct flame from propane torch for 20 seconds, twice yearly Pulling: 1-2 weeks in April Burning: 1-2 weeks in late April or May, moist soil is preferred; follow up treatment in September Plant: Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa); Bayberry (Morella (syn. Myrica) pensylvanica) 1-2 weeks following pulling Invasive Species Disposal Small Individuals: Barberry, Honeysuckle, Buckthorn, Multiflora Rose Large Individuals: Buckthorn, dried Barberry, Honeysuckle, Multiflora Rose Roots left to dry out completely without touching ground in a designated spot for this priority area Pile branches and burn 1-3 weeks following removal 1 day after individuals have been pulled Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Hogsback Hedgerows - Year 2: Follow-up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of Year 1 Enhance management techniques Follow-up invasive species removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous year Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Internet and literature review Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt 1 week in March White Mulberry Pull seedlings as they appear 1-2 days in April Multiflora Rose control Cut back new growth as necessary 1 day in May Common Reed control Reinforce Year 1 removal strategies See Year 1 for timeline Barberry control Pull small shrubs as they appear, repeat propane treatment to cut stumps as necessary 1-5 days in April 30

Continued promotion of native species Invasive Species Disposal Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Buckthorn control Honeysuckle control Facilitate the proliferation of native species appropriate to this habitat Pull small shrubs as they appear, revisit girdled individuals and remove any 'bridging' tissues; Remove additional 25% Pull seedlings as they appear; Follow-up lopping and pruning of branches; Remove additional 25% Planting (see Year 1 for suggested species); mulching where appropriate 1-3 weeks throughout growing season, pulling should be done in the spring 1-3 weeks in April, pulling should be done in the spring 2 weeks in May See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for disposal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timelines Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Hogsback Hedgerows - Year 3: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of previous years Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Internet and literature review 1 week in March Follow-up invasive species removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous year White Mulberry, Multiflora Rose, Common Reed, Barberry control Buckthorn control Honeysuckle control See Year 1 for management approaches Pull small shrubs as they appear, revisit girdled individuals and remove any 'bridging' tissues; Remove remaining 25% Pull seedlings as they appear; Follow-up lopping and pruning of branches; Remove remaining 25% See Year 1 for suggested timelines 1-2 weeks throughout growing season, pulling should be done in the spring 1-2 weeks in April, pulling should be done in the spring Continued promotion of native species Facilitate the proliferation of native species appropriate to this habitat Planting (see Year 1 for suggested species); mulching where appropriate 2 weeks in May Invasive Species Disposal See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for disposal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timelines 31

Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Hogsback Hedgerows - Year 4: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of previous years Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt Enhance management techniques Follow-up invasive species removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous year Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Internet and literature review 1 week in March See Year 1 target species See Year 1 for management approaches See Year 1 for suggested timelines Continued promotion of native species Facilitate the proliferation of native species appropriate to this habitat Planting (see Year 1 for suggested species); mulching where appropriate 2 weeks in May Invasive Species Disposal Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for disposal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timelines Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Hogsback Hedgerows - Year 5: Evaluate Success and Refine Strategies for Future Management Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Ascertain the updated populations of invasive species mapped in 2013 Create updated maps using GIS software Collection of GPS way points and spatial analysis 40 hours; Spatial analysis could be conducted after growing season 32

Monitor spread of invasive species and follow-up removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous years Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities Continued promotion of native species Ascertain success of native species establishment from Year 1 restoration efforts Revisit planted native species; add mulch, prune etc. 1 week in May Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Create an updated work plan for the Hogsback hedgerows based upon lessons learned from the original invasive plant species management initiative Internet and literature review Compile information gathered from the past five years of work and synthesize a new report for the next five years 1 week in March 40-50 hours in November or December 33

Blair Flats Wetland The Blair Flats wetland is a relatively newly formed hydrological feature on rare property that was previously in agricultural production. The area was removed from production incrementally beginning in 2004. Situated just north of Blair Road, the Blair Flats wetland supports an array of wetland vegetation and provides valuable habitat for migratory birds and waterfowl. The western half of the Blair Flats wetland is part of a long-term restoration project by Andrew MacDougall (University of Guelph), which may play a role in management strategies of this priority area in the future. The only first priority species observed in the Blair Flats wetland is Common Reed, the infestations of which were observed to be substantially dense. The effective management of Common Reed is complicated by the sensitivity of the habitat and will have to be addressed in a manner different to that recommended for the Common Reed infestation in the Hogsback hedgerows. Indeed, the high ecological value of the Blair Flats wetland is the principal challenge in invasive alien plant species management. In addition to Common Reed, Purple Loosestrife and Reed Canarygrass are also infesting this priority area. The complex of invasive alien plant species can only be addressed through adaptive management that spans several years. This may be accommodated by a prescribed burn followed by diligent follow-up management strategies (i.e. soil nutrient amendments, seed head cutting, native plant restoration etc.). The Blair Flats wetland will likely be the most challenging as well as the most costly priority area for invasive alien plant species management. 34

Blair Flats Wetland - Year 1: Large-scale Removal Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Create staff/public awareness of invasive species in the community Make identification of invasive species more clear, and suggest alternatives Common Reed control Informative staff meeting; rare event for public Seed head Clipping, Mowing of dense stands containing dead stalks, then prescribed burning of stands; Remove at least 50% Plant: Common Cattail (Typha latifolia); River Bulrush (Scripys fluviatilis); Hardstem Bulrush (Scripus acutus) 2 weeks in early March; should be prior to work on IAS management Clipping: 3 days in July, Mowing: 1 week in July, Prescribed Burning: 1-2 Days in July (Can only occur after stands have been mowed) Up to 2 days following prescribed burning; Other removal strategies should be followed with mulch application and/or barriers to limit regrowth Pulling of isolated populations; Potential for prescribed burns in future Pulling: Once in May, June, and July each; Burns: End of May Reed Canarygrass Control Plant: Blue joint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), Tussock sedge (Carex stricta), Switch grass (Panicum virgatum); Promotion of native species through sawdust application 1-2 days following each pulling session Invasive Species Removal Purple Loosestrife control Flower head cutting, mechanical excavation for older individuals Plant: Blazing star (Liatris spicata), Blue Iris/Blue Flag (Iris versicolor), Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata), Joe-Pye Weed (Eutochium spp.) Two weeks straddling June and July 1-2 Days following each puling session Flowering Rush control Flower head cutting; Hand digging; Plant: Northern Blueflag Iris (Iris versicolor); Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata); Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata) Flower head cutting/digging: 3 days each June, July, August Up to 2 days following each removal session Hand pulling or mowing Late one week in June Leafy Spurge control Plant: Canada Bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis), Fowl Manna Grass (Glyceria striata), Rice Cute Grass (Leersia oryzoides), Fowl Meadow Grass (Poa palustris), Prairie Cord Grass (Spartina pectinata) Up to 2 days following each removal session 35

Invasive Species Disposal/Destruction Fleshy plant tissues Seed heads All cut parts of invasive alien plant species are to be bagged in contractor-grade plastic bags and left in the sun to rot (solarisation) All seed head clippings must be bagged and left to rot 3-5 weeks in late summer, or immediately after each removal effort 3-5 weeks in late summer, or immediately after each removal effort Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Blair Flats Wetland - Year 2: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of Year 1 Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Internet and literature review 1 week in March Common Reed removal Seed head cutting and incineration of seed head cuttings; Remove additional 25% Two weeks in July Reinforcement of species management Reed Canarygrass removal Twice annual mowing Early April and early October Purple Loosestrife removal Flowering Rush removal Flower head cutting, mechanical excavation for older individuals Flower head cutting; Hand digging Two weeks straddling June and July Flower head cutting: 3 days each June, July, August Leafy Spurge removal Hand pulling or mowing Late one week in June Ascertain planted native species establishment success and continue reclamation Continue promotion of native species in area Native planting 2-3 days following each removal initiative Invasive Species Disposal/Destruction See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for recommended disposal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timelines 36

Monitor spread of invasive species Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Refine management approaches for the next year Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities 1 day in October/November Blair Flats Wetland - Year 3: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of previous years Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Internet and literature review 1 week in March Reinforcement of species management (where applicable) Common Reed removal Reed Canarygrass, Purple Loosestrife, Flowering Rush, and Leafy Spurge control Seed head cutting and incineration of seed head cuttings; Remove remaining 25% See Year 1 for recommended removal techniques Two weeks in July See Year 1 for suggested timeline Ascertain planted native species establishment success and continue reclamation Continue promotion of native species in area Native planting 2-3 days following each removal initiative Invasive Species Disposal/Destruction See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for recommended disposal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timelines Monitor spread of invasive species Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November 37

Blair Flats Wetland - Year 4: Follow-Up & Reinforcement Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Evaluate success of previous years Determine subsequent effort for invasive species removal and promotion of native species In-field verification: checking regrowth of removed species, success of planted native species Throughout year, beginning in April after snow melt Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Internet and literature review 1 week in March Follow-up invasive species removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous year See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for recommended removal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timelines Invasive Species Disposal/Destruction See Year 1 for target species See Year 1 for recommended disposal techniques See Year 1 for suggested timelines Ascertain planted native species establishment success and continue reclamation Continue promotion of native species in area Native planting (See Year 1 for suggested species) 2-3 days following each removal initiative Monitor spread of invasive species Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Blair Flats Wetland - Year 5: Evaluate Success and Refine Strategies for Future Management Goals Objectives Activities Timeline Ascertain the updated populations of invasive species mapped in 2013 Create updated maps using GIS software Collection of GPS way points and spatial analysis 40 hours; Spatial analysis could be conducted after growing season 38

Monitor spread of invasive species and follow-up removal focusing on the targeted locations from the previous years Determine if invasive species (priority or otherwise) are spreading on the property Quick site visit along the trails to locate any new areas of establishment 1-2 days throughout growing season, should be done in conjunction with other removal/planting activities Continued promotion of native species Ascertain success of native species establishment from Year 1 restoration efforts Revisit planted native species; add mulch, prune etc. 1 week in May Evaluate successes and opportunities for improvement Refine management approaches for the next year Staff meeting to discuss how the work plan was carried out and what should be done next year, and what should be avoided 1 day in October/November Enhance management techniques Glean information on control techniques for target species and refine approach to invasive species management Create an updated work plan for the Blair Flats Wetland based upon lessons learned from the original invasive plant species management initiative Internet and literature review Compile information gathered from the past five years of work and synthesize a new report for the next five years 1 week in March 40-50 hours in November or December 39

Work Plan Outline The work plans laid out in this document are designed to be quick reference material for future invasive plant species removal initiatives. The work plans have been created following a Goals, Objectives, Activities, Timeline format for the first five years. Activities include both the recommended method of removal and the suggested follow-up native planting for active restoration of the area. Timelines are based upon the extent of invasions documented from in field observations in the fall of 2013 and may be subject to change as populations increase or decrease before the start of a removal initiative. In all of the work plans, the first year is primarily focussed on large-scale removal of invasive plant species within the designated priority area. Necessary efforts will no doubt vary with severity of invasion in terms of the area species cover and the density of individuals. Subsequent years focus upon reinforcing the removal strategies taken in year one in addition to the promotion of native species establishment through active restoration. It is imperative that removal of invasive species not be done unless restoration efforts (i.e. native plantings) will take place immediately afterwards. If restoration does not occur immediately after, there is a greater risk for invasive species infestations to become even more severe, as disturbance can encourage further growth. The scope of the work plans is five years, a duration which should yield some noticeable results if follow-up removal initiatives are practiced diligently. In some cases, further management efforts will be required, but strategies should be re-examined and refined at the five year mark regardless. Below is a brief description and justification of the goals and activities listed in the invasive alien plant species work plans for the rare Charitable Research Reserve. Create Public and Staff Awareness of Invasive Species at rare and Within the Community As outlined in the Invasive Species Strategic Plan for Ontario, creating public awareness about invasive species is essential in preventing new introductions and limiting damages incurred from existing invaders (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2012). For this reason, each work plan for each identified priority area begins with information sessions given to rare staff and the public that will provide tools for species identification and removal/management strategies. Information regarding native alternatives will also be provided to limit the spread of invasive ornamentals or garden escapees. By providing this resource to both staff and the community, rare can begin to limit vectors of invasion within the community, as well as potentially source volunteers for subsequent work plan activities (i.e. invasive alien plant species removal and native species planting). 40

Invasive Species Removal Techniques and Recommended Native Species Autumn Olive (Eleaganus umbellata) As of fall 2013, Autumn Olive has been documented on rare property along the trail systems in the Cliffs and Alvars forest and in Indian Woods. There is potential it may exist in other areas of the property that are suitable to its establishment. Autumn Olive is listed as a Category 1 Invasive Exotic Species in Southern Ontario and should therefore be removed from rare property as soon as possible (Urban Forest Associates, 2002). The recommended removal technique for Autumn Olive is pulling and/or digging up individuals, ensuring to remove the entire root system (Nature Conservancy, 2013). Smaller individuals can be hand-pulled, preferably in the spring while soil moisture is adequate (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 2012a).Following removal, soil is to be tamped down to limit disturbance and the area s susceptibility to further invasions. Recommended Native Plantings: Common Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius) Gray Dogwood (Cornus foemina ssp. racemosa) Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica) Common Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) and Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) Common Barberry is found extensively throughout the rare property and will be a challenging species to control. Japanese Barberry is still established sporadically within Indian Woods, Cliffs & Alvars and the Hogsback. In the case of smaller individuals, Barberry shrubs can be pulled and/or dug out, ensuring that the entire root system is removed to prevent resprouting (NRCS, n.d.; Derickx & Antunes, 2013).For larger shrubs, it is recommended that individuals be cut down to the stump, and direct flame from a propane torch be applied to the cut surface for at least 20 seconds (Derickx & Antunes, 2013). Propane treatments should be done when soil is moist so that the risk of unintended fires is limited (Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 2012b). See Map A.1 for 2013 distribution. Recommended Native Plantings: Chokeberry (Anonia melancarpa) Bayberry (Morella (syn. Myrica) pensylvanica) Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) and Glossy Buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula) Common Buckthorn and Glossy Buckthorn are both widely established at rare and will be potentially the most challenging invasive alien species to manage. Common Buckthorn is listed as a noxious weed in Waterloo Region and landowners can be required to destroy Buckthorn individuals. Failure to do so if instructed by the Regional Weed Inspector can potentially result in fines or required remuneration for expenses incurred during removal. The key to achieving lasting control of Buckthorn infestations is diligent repetition of management strategies over several years because of its potential to re-sprout, and persistent seed bank (Derickx & Antunes, 2013). Due to its extensive establishment on rare property, it is 41

recommended that removal efforts be focused on female trees (fruit bearing trees) so that the seed bank can begin to be reduced (Derickx & Antunes, 2013). For smaller individuals, handpulling may be sufficient to reduce infestations, as long as it is repeated for several years (Gale, 2000). Hand-pulling should be conducted in April when soil moisture is high enough to facilitate easier removal of root systems (Gale, 2000). Larger individuals should be girdled below the lowest living branch at a width of 2-3 centimetres to prevent any bridging tissues (Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, n.d). The effects of girdling could be enhanced with the direct application of flame to the exposed cambium and is best performed in June or July (Upper Thames River Conservation Authority, n.d.). See Map A.4 for 2013 distribution. Recommended Native Plantings: Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) Black Chokeberry (Photinia malanocarpa) Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Common Reed is one of the most problematic invasive alien plant species in North America (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2011). As of 2013, Common Reed infestations at rare are sporadic, though dense. Invasions were recorded in Blair Flats wetland and in the hedgerows north of the Hogsback forest. The ecological impacts of Common Reed make its management challenging and requires a suite of strategies for effective control. Herbicides are not recommended for control of Common Reed on rare property because of its high natural value. For Common Reed infestations in the Hogsback hedgerows, it is recommended that seed heads be clipped and bagged for later disposal. Stems should also be cut just before the end of July (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2011), followed by vinegar injections into visible rhizomes, prior to the end of July (Gilbert & Letrouneau, n.d.). Because of the challenging nature of Common Reed control, these management efforts must be repeated diligently for several years. The Common Reed infestations in Blair Flats wetland are more extensive than those found in the Hogsback hedgerows. Control of these establishments could be carried out through the same method mentioned above, or could be done through a controlled burn, which may be conducted in association with ongoing research projects. In this instance, stems should be mowed prior to burning to reduce fire hazard (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2011). Mowing should be done early in the season, followed by burning (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 2011). See Map A.3 for 2013 distribution. Recommended Native Plantings: Common Cattail (Typha latfolia) River Bulrush (Scripys fluviatilis) Hardstem Bulrush (Scripus acutus) Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus) Flowering Rush is a problematic aquatic invader because of its ability to reproduce vegetatively through rhizome fragments, making its eradication difficult (Jacobs et al., 2011). Although it was not mapped in 2013, maps produced in 2007 indicate that infestations can be found on the northern and southern banks of the Grand River. The recommended management strategies for this invasive alien plant species is to cut stems below the water surface at least 3 42

times during the growing season, ensuring to remove and dispose of all cut pieces (Minnesota Sea Grant, 2009). Since cutting will not kill the plant, although it can be effective in decreasing its abundance (Minnesota Sea Grant, 2009), it is strongly recommended that native species be planted. Flowering Rush has been found to be less effective in invading habitats with a wealth of native species diversity (Jacobs et al., 2011). Recommended Native Plantings: Northern Blueflag Iris (Iris versicolor) Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata) Blue Vervain (Verbena hastate) Himalayan Balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) Himalayan Balsam is a riparian/aquatic invader that as of 2007 has been documented to have invaded the northern bank of the Grand River, south of Preston Flats. Himalayan Balsam has the potential to form dense monocultures during the growing season and develops a shallow root system that provides little shoreline stability once the plants have died. Fortunately, this allows the plants to be hand-pulled relatively easily but requires native vegetation to be planted immediately to limit soil erosion (Clements et al., 2007). Hand pulling of Himalayan Balsam should occur in April and/or May prior to seed production (Derickx & Antunes, 2013) and should be done starting with upstream infestations moving downstream (Clements et al., 2007). Recommended Native Plantings: Spotted Joe-Pye Weed (Eutrochium spp.) Honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) Non-native invasive bush honeysuckles are problematic to birds and other wildlife because of the low nutrient content of their fruit. Furthermore, nesting birds have less protection in non-native bush honeysuckles. The invasive bush honeysuckles are widely established on rare property and will be a challenge to eradicate completely. Due to the widespread invasion on the property, control efforts may need to be enforced incrementally. It is recommended that smaller individuals be pulled during April, when soil moisture is adequate enough for root system to be pulled (Sarver et al., 2008). Larger individuals should be trimmed and dug out, however this will have to be repeated for several years to be effective (Anderson & Tassie, 2013). Fortunately, the shallow root systems of non-native bush honeysuckles facilitate easier pulling (Ellsworth Land Management, n.d.). See Map A.3 for 2013 distribution. Recommended Native Plantings: Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago) Common Ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius) Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica) Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Leafy Spurge has been documented along the banks of the Grand River by Cymbaly 2007. It is a problematic invasive alien plant species that can successfully outcompete native species for resources in a variety of habitats (Leafy Spurge Stakeholders Group, 2007). Successful control of Leafy Spurge requires a combination of approaches. For the smaller 43

infestations on rare property, hand-pulling is recommended as a method of preventing seed production (Leafy Spurge Stakeholders Group, 2007). Due to its proximity to the open water of the Grand River, herbicides are not recommended. Native species planting should also take place to reduce the dominance of Leafy Spurge in this habitat. There is potential for biological control methods to be implemented because Leafy Spurge infestations respond well to flea beetles of the Aphthona genera (Leafy Spurge Stakeholders Group, 2007; Butler & Wacker, 2010). Recommended Native Plantings: Canada Bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis) Fowl Manna Grass (Glyceria striata) Rice Cut Grass (Leersia oryzoides) Fowl Meadow Grass (Poa palustris) Prairie Cord Grass (Spartina pectinata) Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora) Multiflora Rose has been found on rare property north of the Hogsback forest in the hedgerows. Its adaptability to variable light and edaphic conditions (Missouri Department of Conservation, 2013) makes its removal both challenging and necessary. It is recommended that the canes of Multiflora Rose be cut to reduce risk of injury during excavation (Hayley & Tassie, 2013). This should be done during the Spring when soil moisture facilitates easier root system removal when pulling, and before June when the fruit ripens. See Map A.2 for 2013 distribution. Recommended Native Plantings: Common Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis) Flowering Raspberry (Rubus odoratus) Norway Maple (Acer planatoides) Norway Maple trees are scattered throughout the forests of rare and should be removed as soon as possible to diminish the risk of a widespread invasion. As of 2013, Norway Maple trees have been sighted in the Cliffs and Alvars forest as well as Indian Woods, though it is likely they exists elsewhere on the property. Norway Maple has been known to dominate forest canopies, and can often outcompete native species because it enjoys a longer growing season (Derickx & Antunes, 2013). Young Norway Maple seedlings can be hand-pulled in the spring, while the soil is moist to allow roots to be removed (Sarver et al., 2008). Larger individuals that cannot be hand-pulled should be girdled in the spring time at diameter at breast height (dbh), or 1.3 metres from the base of the tree (Sarver et al., 2008). See Map A.2 for 2013 distribution. Recommended Native Plantings: Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum) Freeman Maple (Acer var. freemanii) Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) Purple Loosestrife was not mapped in 2007 or 2013 but has been recognized as a widespread problematic invader because of its distinctive colouring easily visible during flowering. It 44

has been observed primarily in the Blair Flats wetland area but also exists sporadically within low-lying, wet areas of the property (i.e. roadside ditches) and was observed in the immediate vicinity of North House. The recommended management strategy for Purple Loosestrife listed within the Blair Flats wetland work plan above prescribes seed head cutting and mechanical excavation; however, this may be subject to change depending on the extent of establishment. In the case of very high density invasions within the Blair Flats wetland, biological control (i.e. Galerucella spp. beetles) should be used to reduce the abundance of Purple Loosestrife. It is strongly recommended that Purple Loosestrife infestations be better quantified prior to initiating the work plan for Blair Flats wetland; an activity that could be performed while carrying out the work plan provided for another priority area. Recommended Native Plantings: Northern Blue Flag Iris (Iris versicolor) Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata) Spotted Joe-Pye Weed (Eupatorium maculatum) Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata) Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) Reed Canarygrass is a problematic invasive alien plant species that is capable of dominating a range of habitats (Tu, 2004) and has been found in the Blair Flats wetland area. The extent of invasion is small and therefore control measures have a greater chance of success if enacted as soon as possible. It is recommended that seed heads be clipped and disposed of appropriately before June when seeds mature. Individuals can also be excavated as long as the entire root systems are removed from the soil (Tu, 2004). Due to its location in Blair Flats wetland, there is a possibility that management through prescribed burns be conducted in conjunction with other ongoing research projects. Recommended Native Plantings: Blue Joint Grass (Calamagrostis Canadensis) Tussock Sedge (Carex stricta) Switch Grass (Panicum virgatum) White Mulberry (Morus alba) White Mulberry individuals are located very sporadically on rare property but are a top priority for removal because of the threat this species poses to the endangered Red Mulberry (Morus rubra) by hybridization (Swearingen et al., 2010). Its attractive fruit facilitates wide distribution and proliferation by wildlife (Ohio State University, n.d.). The recommended method for removing White Mulberry is pulling and digging smaller individuals, ensuring that the roots are completely removed from the soil (Swearingen et al., 2008). For larger trees, individuals can be cut and have their stumps ground, or alternatively they can be girdled (Swearingen et al., 2008). Control measures should be implemented in the spring while soil is moist, and prior to seed production. See Map A.2 for 2013 distribution. Recommended Native Plantings: Red Maple (Acer rubrum) 45

Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) Invasive Alien Plant Species Disposal Techniques Pulling/Digging This technique of invasive alien plant species removal is fairly labor intensive, but is recommended for several species because of its limited impact on non-target species. There are several specialized tools available to facilitate pulling of invasive alien plant species (i.e. weed-wrenches) and these are listed in the proposed equipment list in Appendix B. This approach is advantageous because it requires little to no expertise, and can be performed by a group of volunteers and/or rare staff. Recommended for: Autumn Olive Common Barberry & Japanese Barberry Common Buckthorn & Glossy Buckthorn White Mulberry Himalayan Balsam Leafy Spurge Girdling Girdling is recommended for woody stemmed invasive alien plants that are too large to be pulled or wrenched from the ground. A strip of bark is to be removed from the tree with a girdling tool either below the lowest living branch (i.e. Buckthorn) or at 1.3 metres from the base of the tree (i.e. Norway Maple). The incision must be deep enough to sever the cambium of the tree so that the flow of nutrients between the belowground and aboveground portions of the tree is interrupted. The girdled tree might have to be revisited in subsequent years to remove any bridging tissues that may form and close the wound. The tree should die within 2-3 years. Recommended for: Norway Maple Common Buckthorn & Glossy Buckthorn White Mulberry Seed Head Clipping Seed head clipping is recommended for the two target invasive alien species of grasses/reeds included in this management strategy. Seed heads should be carefully clipped and placed into a plastic bag to undergo solarisation as a strategy for reducing seed production and species proliferation. Recommended for: Common Reed Reed Canarygrass 46

Vinegar Injection This removal technique is only recommended for use on smaller Common Reed infestations and is based upon the findings of Gilbert & Letourneau (n.d.). This method is advantageous for the natural habitats of rare because it is a targeted approach and poses little risk to the surrounding habitat. Following cane removal in July, vinegar (5-25% acetic acid) should be injected directly into rhizomes visible at the surface using a syringe. If this method proves unsuccessful in reducing plant density of Common Reed infestations, then herbicide injection may be considered as a feasible option, although this should be considered only after other non-chemical options have been exhausted. Recommended for: Common Reed Propane Torch Application This method of control is recommended for Common and Japanese Barberry species following cutting of the shrubs to their stumps (Derickx & Antunes, 2013). It is considered a favourable option because of the speed with which it can be performed and the extent of infestation of Barberries on rare property. Recommended for: Common Barberry & Japanese Barberry Desiccation and Burning For the species listed below, all individuals that have been pulled or excavated from the soil must be given an adequate amount of time to dry out, with the roots exposed and away from the ground to prevent re-sprouting (University of New Hampshire, 2010). Once completely dried, plants can be chipped, if plant does not reproduce vegetatively, or burned (University of New Hampshire, 2010). Recommended for: Autumn Olive Common Barberry & Japanese Barberry Common Buckthorn & Glossy Buckthorn Honeysuckles Norway Maple White Mulberry Multiflora Rose Continued Monitoring of Invasive Alien Plant Species It is imperative that ongoing monitoring take place throughout the process of invasive alien plant species management so that effective solutions can be identified and repeated, and ineffective approaches can be avoided. Since mapping is only recommended once every five years, annual monitoring of fluctuating levels of infestation will allow for a simple quantification of subsequent management efforts. Ongoing monitoring also provides an opportunity to identify new problematic invaders as current first priority invasive alien plant species are removed thus providing an available niche for exploitation. This process ties strongly into the final stage of each year for all the work plans: evaluation of successes and identification of opportunities. 47

Evaluation of Successes and Identification of Opportunities One of the most important stages in the work plans provided in this document is the process of evaluating successes and identifying opportunities to better refine invasive alien plants species management strategies. As activities are conducted throughout a particular work plan, it is important to maintain a flexible and dynamic approach such that processes can be streamlined and obstacles can be avoided. Evaluation of successes and identification of opportunities is recommended to take place following the management strategies of each year, but feedback needs to be welcomed throughout the project. Input from volunteers as well as staff will enable the work plans to be the most effective at managing invasive alien plant species at rare. 48

Literature Cited Anderson, H., Gagnon, R., Forsyth, F., Krick, R., Bales, G., Weisz, E., MacDonald, F. (2013) A Landowner s Guide to Managing and Controlling Invasive Plants in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, The Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters, MNR Invading Species Awareness Program, Ontario Invasive Plant Council, and Credit Valley Conservation. Canada Anderson, H., Tassie, D. (2013) Literature review of existing control measures for selected invasive plant species affecting species at risk. Ontario Invasive Plant Council, Peterborough, ON. Butler, J.L., Wacker, S.D. (2010) Lack of Native Vegetation Recovery Following Biological Control of Leafy Spurge. Rangeland Ecology & Management. 63:553-563 Clements, David R., Feenstra, Kathleen R., Jones, Karen, Staniforth, Richard. (2007) The Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada. 9. Impatiens glandulifera Royle Canadian Journal of Plant Science Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (2011). Invasive Species Management Plant Working Document. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Derickx, L.M., Antunes, P. M. (2013) A Guide to the Identification and Control of Exotic Invasive Species in Ontario s Hardwood Forest s. Invasive Species Research Institute. Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada. Ellsworth Land Management, LLC (n.d.)the Northeastern Area Invasive Forest Plant Species Project: Guide to the Invasive Plant Control Demonstration Plots. Ellsworth Land Management, Somerville, MA Environment Canada (2013) Why are Invasive Alien Species a Problem?. Environment Canada. Retrieved January 14, 2014. From https://www.ec.gc.ca/eeeias/default.asp?lang=en&n=4612ac81-1 Gale (2000). Control of the Invasive Exotic Rhamnus cathartica in Temperate North American Forests. Restoration and Reclamation Review Gilbert, J.M., Letourneau, F. (n.d.) Phragmites australis: A major invasive threat to Great Lakes coastal habitats. Retrieved January 6, 2014. From http://lakehuron.ca/uploads/pdf/p.australis-a-major-threat-to-gl-habitats-lhcccworkshop.pdf Jacobs, J., Mangold, J., Parkinson, H., Dupuis, V., Rice, P. (2011) Ecology and Management of Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus L.). United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. 49

Leafy Spurge Stakeholders Group (n.d.). Integrated Pest Management Leafy Spurge Prevention and Control. Leafy Spurge Stakeholders Group. Invasive Species Council of Manitoba Leafy Spurge Stakeholders Group (2007). Best Management Practices for Industry: Top Invasive Plant Concerns for Rights-of-Way. Leafy Spurge Stakeholders Group. Invasive Species Council of Manitoba Michigan Department of Natural Resources (2012a) Invasive Species Best Control Practices: Autumn Olive. Retrieved January 3 2014. From http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/invasivespecies/autumnolivebcp.pdf Michigan Department of Natural Resources. (2012b) Invasive Species Best Control Practices: Japanese barberry. Retrieved January 2, 2014. From http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/invasivespecies/japanesebarberrybcp.pdf Minnesota Sea Grant (2009) Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus).minnesota Sea Grant. Retrieved January 3 2014. From http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/ais/floweringrush Missouri Department of Conservation (2013). Multiflora Rose Control. Retrieved January 6, 2013. From http://mdc.mo.gov/your-property/problem-plants-and-animals/invasiveplants/multiflora-rose-control Missouri Department of Conservation. (n.d) Autumn Olive. Missouri Department of Conservation. Retrieved January 20, 2014. From http://mdc.mo.gov/sites/default/files/resources /2010/08/9674_6620.pdf Natural Resources Conservation Service (n.d.) Brush Management Invasive Plant Control: Barberries Berbis sp. Conservation Practice Job Sheet. Retrieved January 3 2014. From http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/internet/fse_documents/nrcs144p2_015219.pdf Nature Conservancy (2013). Journey with Nature: Autumn Olive. The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved Jaunary 3 2014. From http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/regions/northamerica/unitedstates /indiana/journeywithnature/autumn-olive.xmls Ohio State University (n.d.) White Mulberry (Morus alba). Ohio Perennial & Biennial Weed Guide. Retrieved January 6, 2014. From http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/weedguide /singlerecord.asp?id=200 Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (2011a). Invasive Phragmites Best Management Practices, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Peterborough, Ontario. Version 2011. 15p Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (2011b). State of Ontario`s Protected Areas Report. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Retrieved January 10 2014. From http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca /stdprodconsume/groups/lr/@mnr/@sorr/documents/document/stdprod_085564.pdf 50

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (2012). Ontario Invasive Species Strategic Plan. Toronto. Queen s Printer for Ontario. 58 pp. Sarver, M., Treher, A., Wilson, L., Naczi, R., Kuehn, F.B. (2008) Mistaken Identity? Invasive Plants and their Native Look-alikes. Delaware Department of Agriculture. Retrieved January 6, 2014. From http://www.nybg.org/files/scientists/rnaczi/mistaken_identity_final.pdf Swearingen, J., B. Slattery, K. Reshetiloff, and S. Zwicker. (2010) Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, 4 th ed. National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 168 pp. Szafoni, Bob. (2013) Vegetation Management Guideline: Autumn Olive (Eleaganus umbellata Thunb.). Illinois Natural History Survey Prairie Research Institute. Retrieved January 2 2014. From http://wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/research/vmg/autolive Takahasi, K., Lechowicz, M.J. (2008). Do Interspecific Differences in Saplin Growth Traits Contribute to the Co-dominance of Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia?. Annals of Botany. 101:103-109 Tu, Mandy. (2004) Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) Control & Management in the Pacific Northwest. The Nature Conservancy, Oregon Field Office University of New Hampshire (2010). Methods for Disposing Non-Native Invasive Plants. University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension. Upper Thames River Conservation Authority (n.d.) Buckthorn Control Methods. Retrieved January 3 2014. From http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/invasive_species/images/buckthorn_factsheet.pdf Urban Forest Associates. (2002) Invasive Exotic Species Ranking for Southern Ontario. Retrieved January 3 2014. From http://serontario.org/pdfs/exotics.pdf 51

Appendix A: Maps Map A.1. 2013 Distribution of Common Barberry (Berberis vulgaris) and Japanese Barberry (Berberis thunbergii) 52

Map A.2. 2013 Distribution of Multiflora Rose (Rosa multiflora), White Mulberry (Morus alba), Autumn Olive (Eleaganus umbellata), and Norway Maple (Acer planatoides). 53

Map A.3. 2013 Distribution of Common Reed (Phragmites australis ssp. australis) and Honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) 54