MATK-MEDS D O S A G E S A N D S O L U T I O N S UB Braunschweig 84 2748-638-3
CONTENTS Directions to the Student ix [. ; ', ' SECTION ONE. I Refresher Math CHAPTER 1 Relative Value, Addition and Subtraction of Decimals...2 Relative Value of Decimals 2 Addition and Subtraction of Decimals 5 Summary 7 Summary Self Test 7 CHAPTER 2 Multiplication and Division of Decimals... w Multiplication of Decimals 10 Division of Decimals 12 Elimination of Decimal Points 12 Reduction of Fractions 13 Reduction of Numbers Ending in Zero 14 Division of Decimals and Expressing to the Nearest Tenth 15 Expressing to the Nearest Hundredth 16 Summary 17 Summary Self Test 18 CHAPTER 3 Math of Common Fractions...20 Relative Value of Common Fractions 20 Multiplication of Common Fractions 22 Division of Common Fractions 23 Summary 25 Summary Self Test 25 CHAPTER 4 Solving Equations to Determine the Value of X...28 Whole Number Equations 28 Decimal Fractions 30 Common Fractions 31 Summary 33 Summary Self Test 33 CHAPTERS Introduction to Ratio and Proportion...36 Ratios 36 Ratio and Proportion Expressed Using Colons 38 Use of Ratio and Proportion in Dosage Calculation 40 Ratio and Proportion Expressed as a Fraction 43 Use of Ratio and Proportion in Dosage Calculation 45 Summary 48 Summary Self Test 48 CHAPTER 6 Equivalents in Decimals, Fractions, Ratios and Percents...57 Definition of Ratio Strengths 51 Definition of Percentage Strengths 52 Converting Between Ratios and Common Fractions 54 Changing Ratios, Common Fractions and Decimals to Percent 54 Converting Percent to Decimals, Common Fractions, and Ratios 56 Changing Decimals to Common Fractions and Ratios 58 Changing Ratios and Common Fractions to Decimal Equivalents 59 Summary 60 Summary Self Test 60
XI SECTION TWO Systems of Drug Measure CHAPTER 7 Metric International (SI) System...64 Basic Units of Metric Measure 64 Metric Prefixes 65 Metric Abbreviations 65 Variations of Si/Metric Abbreviations 66 Metric Notation Rules 67 Conversion Between Metric/SI Units 68 Summary 70 Summary Self Test 71 CHAPTER 8 Apothecary and Household Systems...73 Apothecary and Household Measures 73 Apothecary and Household Notations 74 Apothecary/Household/Metric Conversions 76 The Apothecary/Metric Conversion Clock 77 Discrepancies in Equivalents 78 Calculating Equivalents Mathematically 79 Apothecary Dosage Calculations 79 Summary 81 Summary Self Test 81 SECTION THREE Reading Medication Labels and Syringe Calibrations CHAPTER 9 Reading Oral Medication Labels..84 Reading Tablet and Capsule Labels 85 Calculating Simple Dosages 88 Reading Oral Solution Labels 91 Measurement of Oral Solutions 93 Summary 94 Summary Self Test 95 CHAPTER 10 Hypodermic Syringe Measurement... 101 Standard 3 cc Syringe 101 Tuberculin Syringe 105 Tubex and Carpuject Cartridges 107 5, 6, 10 and 12 cc Syringes no Syringes 20 cc and Larger 113 Summary 115 Summary Self Test 115 CHAPTER 11 Reading Parenteral Medication Labels.779 Reading Solution Labels 120 Percent and Ratio Solutions 121 Solutions Measured in Units (U) 123 Solutions Measured as Milliequivalents (meq) 124 Summary 126 Summary Self Test 126
Xll CHAPTER 12 Reconstitution of Powdered Drugs... 738 Reconstitution of a Single Strength Solution 138 Reconstitution of a Multiple Strength Solution 140 Reconstitution from Package Insert Directions 142 Summary 144 Summary Self Test 144 ; '1'v: rv;; Calculating,. :.".' % Medication Dosages CHAPTER 13 Dosage Calculation Using Ratio and Proportion...752 Parenteral Dosage Calculation 152 Summary 155 Summary Self Test 155 CHAPTER 14 Dosage Calculation Using the Formula Method...762 Formula Method of Dosage Calculation 162 Summary 166 Summary Self Test 166 CHAPTER 15 Measuring Insulin Dosages...769 Types of Insulin 169 Insulin Syringes 171 Lo-Dose Syringes 172 1 cc Capacity Syringes 173 Combining Insulin Dosages 175 Summary 177 Summary Self Test 177 ; SECTION FIVE ;', I \. Medication ; Administration Systems CHAPTER 16 Medication Administration Records... 785 Medication Record 1 Veteran Administration Hospitals 184 Medication Record 2 Toronto Hospital 187 Medication Record 3 Lionville Systems 189 Medication Record 4 University of California Medical Center 191 Summary 191 CHAPTER 17 Medication Card Administration.792 Reading Medication Cards 192 Summary 193 Summary Self Test 193
Xlll SECTION SIX Dosage Determination by Body Weight and BSA CHAPTER 18 Pediatric and Adult Dosages Based on Body Weight...798 Converting lb to kg 199 Converting kg to lb 199 Calculating Dosages from Drug Label Information 200 Calculating Dosages from Drug Literature 203 Summary 206 Summary Self Test 207 CHAPTER 19 Pediatric and Adult Dosages Based on Body Surface Area..273 Calculating BSA from kg and cm 213 Calculating BSA from lb and in 215 Dosage Calculation Based on BSA 216 Determining Accuracy of Orders Based on BSA^ 216 Calculation of BSA Using a Nomogram 218 Use of the West Nomogram 219 Summary 221 Summary Self Test 221 SECTION SEVEN Basic IV Therapy and Calculations CHAPTER 20 Introduction to IV Therapy...226 Primary Line 226 Secondary Line 228 Volume Controlled Burettes 230 Indwelling Infusion Ports 231 Electronic Infusion Devices (EID's) 232 Electronic Rate Controllers 232 Electronic Volumetric pumps 233 Syringe Pumps 234 Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Devices 235 Introduction to IV Fluids 236 Calculating Percentages in IV Fluids 237 IV Medication Guidelines or Protocols 238 Summary 239 Summary Self Test 240 CHAPTER 21 IV Flow Rate Calculation...243 IV Tubing Calibration 243 Formula Method of Flow Rate Calculation 245 Division Factor Method of Flow Rate Calculation 247 Regulating Flow Rate 249 Summary 251 Summary Self Test 252
XIV CHAPTER 22 Calculating Total Infusion Times..256 Basic Infusion Time Formula 256 Calculating from gtt/min and Set Calibration Using Ratio and Proportion 258 Calculating from gtt/min and Set Calibration Using a Formula 261 Labeling Solution Bags with Infusion Time 262 Summary 263 Summary Self Test 264 CHAPTER 23 Pediatric Oral and Parenteral Medications.270 Oral Medications 270 IM and s.c. Medications 272 Summary 272 Summary Self Test 273 CHAPTER 24 Pediatric Intravenous Medications...278 Methods of IV Medication Administration 279 Medication Administration via Burette 280 Comparing IV Dosages Ordered with Protocols 283 Summary 286 Summary Self Test 286 I ; SECTION NSNE ' " ; : ;, : Heparin and Critical Care Calculations CHAPTER 25 Calculating Heparin Infusions...292 Calculating Hourly Dosage 293 Calculating Hourly Dosages from Set Calibration and Flow Rate 295 Calculating Heparin Flow Rates 298 Summary 299 Summary Self Test 299 CHAPTER 26 Critical Care IV Calculations...303 Calculating Flow Rate from Dosage Ordered 304 Calculating Flow Rate from Dosage per kg 305 Calculating Dosage from Flow Rate 307 Titration of Infusions 309 Summary 314 Summary Self Test 315 Index 319