TEACHING LEARNING MATERIALS

Contents A. Introduction B. Tools & Applications C. Basic Mathematics D. Measurements & Calculations E. Tools and Instruments F. Different types of plumbing equipment and details G. Occupational Health & Safety 2

INTRODUCTION The residential plumbing system is often taken for granted, but it is an important part of the structure. Home plumbing jobs can seem daunting, but often, they re easier than they first appear. With a little plumbing knowledge, one can earn handful of money in a minimum time of work and hassle when it comes to keeping things flowing. In home plumbing, different types of plumbing operation which includes complex world of drains, pipes and stopcocks! We ll take a look at some of the different components and how they work together providing you with more confidence and some vital foundation knowledge. A complete plumbing system provides an adequate supply of water and removes waste. There are three principal parts: 1. Water supply system. 2. Water and waste removal system. 3. Plumbing fixtures. 3

ROLE OF A PLUMBER 1. Install, repair and maintain plumbing systems and components 2. Maintain all building codes, installation requirements 3. Detecting and repairing leaks in both water and wastewater systems 4. Replacing old plumbing or renovation 5. Installing and repairing plumbing fixtures 6. Installing water filters and appliances 7. Perform other related duties as when required 4

IMPORTANCE OF A PLUMBER & HIS SERVICES 1. Various plumbing services performed includes repairing or replacing all kinds of leaks, toilets, faucets, water heaters, drain and sewer pipes, garbage disposals, fresh water pipes, re-circulating pumps, gas lines. 2. Also plumbing work done in kitchen sinks, mainline sewer stoppages and sewer repair. 3. Do you have a leakage somewhere in your home or a clogged drain? Then you probably need the help of a plumber. 4. A plumber is a person who installs or repairs piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment such as water heaters and boilers. They clean plumbing fixtures, clear heavy blockage, repair leaky taps and tanks, install new faucets etc. Scope of Plumbing 1. Plumbing (from the Latin plumbum for lead, as pipes were once made from lead) is the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for drinking water systems and the drainage of waste. 2. The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed economy due to the need for clean water, and proper collection and transport of wastes. 3. Plumbing also refers to a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution of potable water and the removal of waterborne wastes. 4. Plumbing is usually distinguished from water and sewage systems, in that a plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems serve a group of buildings or a city. 5

TOOLS PIPE WRENCH SHIFTING SPANNER BASIN WRENCH 6

SLIP JOINT PLIERS CAULKING GUN TAP WASHERS This is called as Sink Augur A sink auger will give you the ability to clear clogged drains in sinks, showers and bath tubs. This is called Adjustable Wrench This wrench is also adjustable, and is designed to be used on hex nut fittings. Channel Lock Pliers: These pliers are adjustable to fit pipes and fittings, and are also available in a range of sizes. Teflon (PTFE) Tape This special tape is designed for plumbing use, to lubricate threaded pipe fittings, which facilitates a better seal. 7

Pipe Cutting Tool This tool will cut through metal pipe by revolving it around the pipe and tightening the cutting wheel to increase the depth of the cut until cutting is complete. Hexa blade with frame This tool will help to cut all types of pipes. GENERAL NOTES 1. Keeping THE set of tools handy can mean big savings as even minor plumbing works can be costly if a proper tool is not available 2. Once you have a reasonable set of tools, you will need a tool box or bag to keep them in. No one likes to spend an hour or more tracking down the tools that are needed for a simple repair job; keeping your tools clean and stored in a single container will make your work easier and more efficient. 3. The time is the key factor in achieving the desired productivity and the time should not be wasted only in search of tools to execute a particular item of work. So the arrangement of all the available tools to be kept handy and to be utilised at the moment immediately. 8

The various applications of plumbing services includes: 1. Pipes jointing 2. Traps fixing 3. P traps repairs and fixing 4. Fixing and installation of showers, taps, waste pipes etc. 5. Fixing of pipe lines for Homes and other buildings 6. Fitting and fixing of all types of cocks and valves 7. Fitting and fixing of flushing cisterns 8. Fixing of water meters and ferrules 9. Water Pressure checking APPLICATIONS 9

Leaking Pipes and Fittings Having knowledge of your plumbing system; how it works and where the various components are located; will prepare you for one of the most common types of plumbing problems: leaking pipes. Leaking pipes can be easy to fix if you have two basic pieces of information. Which specific pipe is leaking? Where is the leak located? If the leak is in an easily accessible area you will likely easily determine the exact location. Leaks can be caused by any one of a number of underlying issues. Deterioration or corrosion of fittings or pipe Freezing of water in pipes can cause them to burst Movement places stress on fittings, causing them to lose their seals -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- For replacing sections of PVC or PEX, there are special slip fit coupler fittings that can be used without the need for glue or PVC solvent weld compound. The pressure rating for threaded PVC pipe fittings is not as high as solvent welded fittings, but they are more than adequate for temporary fixes or lower pressure systems. For a permanent, high quality PVC seal an appropriate solvent weld should be used. 10

Solvent welded fittings for PVC are similar to sweat fittings for copper, but the connections are sealed with a primer and glue. Check with your local hardware store to find out what type of solvent weld you The detail procedure of joining of PVC pipes with solvent : Cut the pipe of required length & clean the end Chamfer the cut edge on the pipe for easy entry Mark the depth of insertion on the pipe end Roughen the pipe insertion surface (Externally) & socket of the fitting (Internally) by using emery paper Apply a thin of Super Fit C-PVC Pipe Adhesive on the roughened surface with a brush Avoid excess solvent cement. Insert the pipe end inside socket fitting fully and turn through 90 deg, for about 3 minutes Cure the joint for 24 hrs. For a proper and permanent joint Features : High adhesive quality Superior duty performance 11

Requirements of a Plumber The Plumbers must have finger dexterity, good eye-hand coordination and spatial perception to work neatly and accurately. meeting to the quality standards. They must also have the ability to understand drawings and be able to take measurements at the site to execute the works at different sites. Buildings are frequently erected, altered and repaired. For this reason there will always be a demand for competent qualified plumbers. Inspection chambers 12

SPECIFIC UNITS AND ITS EQUIVALENT MEASUREMENTS Unit Equivalent 1 cm 10 mm 10 cm 100 mm 1 m 100 cm 10 m 1000 cm 1 m 1000 mm 10 m 10000 mm 1 inch 2.54 cm 1 feet 30.48 cm 1 km 1000 m 40 mm SAMPLE 1 cm = 10 mm 4 cm 13

Area Calculation SQUARE with side a Perimeter = S+S+S+S = 4xS Area = S 2 RECTANGLE with side w and length l Perimeter: P = 2w + 2l Area: A = l w Triangles: Perimeter: P = a + b + c Area: A = (1/2) a h Circumference of circle = d A O B Area of the circle when its radius is given = r 2 Area of the circle when its diameter is given = d 2 /4. This formula is commonly used in problems where the diameter is given and we have to determine the circumference or area. 14

METHODS OF MEASUREMENT 1. There are numerous makes and models of tape measures. 2. They vary in blade width and length. 3. The retractable type with a pocket clip is the most common. Calipers A caliper is a device used to measure the distance between two opposing sides of an object. A caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-facing points. The tips of the caliper are adjusted to fit across the points to be measured, the caliper is then removed and the distance read by measuring between the tips with a measuring tool, such as a ruler. 15

Water storage and supply Water Supply and Distribution presumes that adequate infrastructure requires for the supply of water at suitable pressure for all requirements. However it is common knowledge that uninterrupted piped potable water supply at adequate pressure is not prevalent in India. The purpose of this preamble is to outline the criteria for determining capacities of storage tanks Water Storage Tanks If the distribution system proposed is by gravity from an elevated tank, the combined capacity of the low level and high level tanks should be adequate for the duration of anticipated disruption in supply. The tank partitions will have to be based on structural considerations, different qualities of water to be stored, and water requirements for fire fighting. Storage tank compartments containing potable and non-potable water should have adequate sanitary separation. Water storage tanks shall be constructed of impervious materials, protected against contamination and provided with locked, water-tight covers. Any overflow or ventilation openings shall be down-facing and provided with a corrosion-resistant screening of not less than No. 24 mesh to prevent the entry of insects and vermin. Water storage tanks shall not have direct connections to sewers. 16

Valves and Chambers Water meter Control valves Service valves Zoning Valve chambers A water meter is a device used to measure the volume of water usage. In many developed countries water meters are used at each residential and commercial building in a public water supply system. Water meters can also be used at the water source, well, or throughout a water system to determine flow through that portion of the system. Control valves: Shut off or regulate rate of flow. Made from cast bronze, brass, malleable iron, cast iron, thermoset plastic, and thermoplastic. Gate Valves Metal disc (gate) and vertical valve seat machined to form valve. Unobstructed flow, Not for regulating rate of flow, For main supply lines and pump lines. Valve Chambers Ball Valves Made from brass or plastic. Open and close in one-quarter turn. Little resistance to flow. 17

PLUMBING FIXTURES & FITTINGS Fixtures: Indian & European Water Closets (floor or wall mounted), Urinals, Washbasins, Sinks. Sealant joints etc. Appliances: Hot water Boilers, Geysers, etc. A Plumbing fixture is a receptacle device that is supplied with water or any type of liquid waste and discharges the waste through the drainage pipes to the drainage system to which it is connected directly or indirectly. EUROPEAN W C INDIAN W C WASH BASINS 18

PLUMBING FIXTURES & FITTINGS Fittings: Flushing cisterns, Dual flush tank, Flush valves, Showers, Mixers, Pillar tap, Sink cock, Bib-taps and Ablution faucets; Waste connections and traps; Floor drains. Types of fittings: full turn (fullway/screwdown/compression), half turn, quarter turn, single lever, diverter, etc. The different types of fittings that are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect each straight pipe to get a different flow or properties. The main components that are in use are Elbows, Tees, Cross junctions, Caps, Plugs, Nipples, Closet flange, Clean Outs, Trap primers, Combo Tee, Sanitary Tees. Double Sanitary tees. Wye Fittings etc. 19

Standard Dimensions of Plumbing Fixtures and Fittings Particularly there are no standard heights and dimensions for most plumbing fixtures and fittings. The standard heights and other dimensions are not given in any codes and standards and these are specified in many architecture and engineering text books. The Architects while designing the plumbing fixtures and fittings they will indicate the exact dimensions that are suitable to use. The following examples are given for some of the sanitary fittings giving the normal dimensions along with the sectional details. Wash Basins Water closets (European) Water closets (Indian) 20

Urinals Sinks Faucets 21

Flushing Cisterns The cisterns will function when the handle out side is pressed to flush the toilet and a lever inside the cistern will operate. The lever opens the flapper valve that allows the cistern to empty the stored water into the toilet beneath. Water flows from the cistern through holes in the rim of the water closet so it washes the bowl as well as flushing the contents away. There's enough water flowing down from the cistern to flush the toilet around the S-bend (S-trap). Some water will remain at the bottom of the toilet, which will help to prevent the gases coming from the out let and for hygiene purpose. After the water drains out in to the bowl, the floater falls downward unlocking the ball cock lever. The water from the inlet valve works like a faucet and the water flows into the cistern and after filling of the tank the float will reach to the top locking the faucet locked and water inlet is closed. Floor Drains 22

Geysers 23

Bib taps and other bath fittings 24

Installation of Fixture Vents The venting system, or plumbing vents, consists of a number of pipes leading from waste pipes to the outdoors, usually through the roof. Vents provide a means to release sewer gases outside instead of inside the house. Vents also admit oxygen to the waste system to allow aerobic sewage digestion, and to discourage noxious anaerobic decomposition. Vents provide a way to equalize the pressure on both sides of a trap, thereby allowing the trap to hold the water which is needed to maintain effectiveness of the trap, and avoiding "trap suck out" which otherwise might occur. All plumbing waste fixtures use traps to prevent sewer gases from leaking into the house. Through traps, all fixtures are connected to waste lines, which in turn take the waste to a "soil stack", or "soil vent pipe". At the building drain system's lowest point, the drain-waste vent is attached, and rises (usually inside a wall) to and out of the roof. Waste exits from the building through the building's main drain and flows through a sewage line, which leads to a septic system or a public sewer. Cesspits are generally prohibited in developed areas. 25

Fixing of Sewerage Pipes and drainage The fixing of drainage and sewerage pipes is a very important task for plumbers. The drainage plays key role as it needs proper attention and laying of pipes to the gradient and to keep the inert gases to come out properly and to mix in air. There are a number of fittings are available and the following are the details. A domestic wastewater overflow is an overflow of wastewater (black water or greywater) onto a person s property (i.e. within the land boundary of a persons place of residence) or into a person s home. A domestic wastewater overflow may occur on a sewered property (a property which is connected to the sewerage main) or on lots with onsite sewerage disposal e.g. septic tanks and leach drains. Note: Blackwater is water that originates from the toilet and is therefore contaminated with faeces and/or urine. Greywater is water that essentially originates from bathrooms, kitchens, or laundries Typical Drainage System Components of a residential drainage system 26

Groove cutting in walls (Jarry cutting) The groove cutting in walls and floors of a building or road work is preciously required and the plumber is needed to draw the accurate plan on the wall for Groove cutting (Jarry cutting) on the wall and on the floor where ever required. The line of cutting of grooves should be exactly to the plumb and the vertical and horizontal lines are to be exactly matching to the layout of the pipes that are required to be placed. While executing the work the tradesmen has to take proper safety requirements such as hand gloves, Nose mask, Hlemet, Goggles and Safety shoes for proper handling of the equipment. The electrical safety has also needed to be followed carefully. 27

Traps The trap most commonly used with plumbing fixtures is the P-trap. The P- trap gets its name because of its general shape-that of the letter P. Traps are required because they prevent sewer gases from entering a building and causing serious illness or death. The term Trap Seal refers to the water being held in the bent portion of a fixture trap. The trap seal forms a seal against the passage of sewer gases through the trap and into the building. Building (House) traps shall be provided with a cleanout and a relief vent or fresh air intake on the inlet side of the trap. Relief vents or fresh air intake shall be carried above grade and shall be terminated in a screened outlet located outside the building. The size of the relief vent or fresh aid intake shall not be less than one-half the diameter of the drain to which the relief vent or air intake connects. 28

Cleanouts A plumbing cleanout is a cleanout fitting with a removable plug that is found in a roughed in waste system. It is designed to help keep clear any type of debris that could cause any type of stoppage in the water drain lines. Cleanouts are usually placed at the connection point between the sewer lines and the drain lines where the base is located of a vertical stack and at all places were the pipe direction changes at 90 degrees. 29

Plumbing Symbols Plumbing Fixture Schedule

OH&S Occupational Health & Safety 1. Workplace Safety 2. First-Aid

Day 01 53

Day 02 54

Day 03 55

Day 04 56

Day 05 57

01 58

02 59

03 60

04 61

05 62

06 63

06 64

07 65

08 66

01 67

02 68

01 03 69

04 70

05 71

06 72

07 73

08 74

Notes 01: 75

Notes 02: 76

Notes 03 77

Notes 04 78

Notes 05 79

Notes 06 80

Notes 07 81

Notes 08 82

Notes 09 83

Notes 10 84