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Becoming Europeans

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Becoming Europeans Cultural Identity and Cultural Policies Monica Sassatelli

Monica Sassatelli 2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-53742-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-35922-6 ISBN 978-0-230-25043-7 (ebook) DOI 10.1057/9780230250437 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09

To Maia: benvenuta, welcome

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Contents List of Figures List of Tables and Boxes List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Acknowledgements ix x xi xiii Introduction 1 1 Europeanization: from integration to identity, via culture 1 2 Researching Europeans: a note on method and available evidence 6 3 Plan of the book 11 Part I Making the Europeans: Cultural Identity and Cultural Policy 1 Imagined Europe: Narratives of European Cultural Identity 19 1.1 Europe as an idea and an institutional project 20 1.2 European cultural identity: a review 25 1.3 European cultural identity in official discourse 39 2 European Cultural Policies 46 2.1 Starting again with culture: EU cultural policies in the politics of integration 48 2.2 A Europe without dividing lines : the COE s think-tank role 58 2.3 Grassroots Europe 68 2.4 Concluding remarks 73 vii

viii Becoming Europeans Part II Being and Becoming: the European Capitals of Culture 3 A Simple Idea and a Vision: the ECOC Programme 79 3.1 A new cultural map of Europe 82 3.2 ECOC and culture-led urban regeneration 94 3.3 The European dimension 99 4 A Wealth of Urban Cultures : the European Cities of Culture in 2000 109 4.1 Building the European cultural space of 2000 110 4.2 Unity and diversity in practice: the European dimension of ECOCs 2000 120 4.3 Local content in a European frame: identities in the ECOCs 2000 129 4.4 Concluding remarks 137 Part III Europe as a Landscape: the European Landscape Convention 5 From Monuments to Landscapes: the European Landscape Convention 141 5.1 Europeanization s landscape 143 5.2 The ELC discursive and relational field 152 5.3 A social demand for landscape 163 6 Europe as a Landscape: Unity in Diversity in Practice 168 6.1 Landscapes of Europe, Europe as landscape 169 6.2 The unity of landscape as the experience of diversity 176 6.3 Towards a new cultural and spatial logic 184 6.4 Concluding remarks 190 Conclusion 193 Notes 201 Bibliography 214 Index 229

List of Figures 3.1 ECOCs 1985 2013 89 4.1 The official visual representation of the ECOCs 2000 112 6.1 The ELC in its field 181 6.2 Civilscape founding meeting, at Villa Careggi, Florence 183 ix

List of Tables and Boxes Tables 3.1 The programme European City/Capital of Culture (ECOC) 84 4.1 ECOCs 2000: Cities, themes and joint projects 115 5.1 Signatures and ratifications of the ELC 146 Boxes 3.1 An example of the EU s evolving cultural action: ECOC s policy 85 4.1 Everyday life in Bologna ECOC 2000: a field journal extract 128 5.1 The ELC s specific measures at national and European level 159 x

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations AECC CADSES CAP CDPATEP CEC CIVILSCAPE CLRAE COE COR DEFRA DGX EB EC ECOC ECSC EEC ENELC ESDP ETFCD EU EURATOM ELC GATT INGO IUCN LOTO NGO REKULA Association of European Cities of Culture in the year 2000 Central Adriatic Danubian South-Eastern European Space Common Agricultural Policy Steering Committee for Cultural Heritage and Landscape Commission of European Communities Network of NGOs for the European Landscape Convention Congress of Local and Regional Authorities Council of Europe Committee of the Regions Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs [UK] Directorate General Ten of the European Commission for Education and Culture Eurobarometer European Community European City/Capital of Culture European Coal and Steal Community European Economic Community European Network of Local and Regional Authorities for the Implementation of the European Landscape Convention European Spatial Development Perspective European Task Force on Culture and Development European Union European Community of Atomic Energy European Landscape Convention General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade International Non-governmental Organization International Union for Conservation of Nature Landscape Opportunities for Territorial Organization Non-governmental Organization Restructuring Cultural Landscapes xi

xii Becoming Europeans SURE TEU UNESCO UNISCAPE WCCD Successful Restoration and Rehabilitation Accompanying Infrastructural Interventions Treaty on the European Union United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation European Network of Universities for the Implementation of the European Landscape Convention World Commission of Culture and Development

Acknowledgements The work on which the book is based began over ten years ago as my PhD research on the European Cities of Culture programme; that first grant at the University of Parma, from the Italian MIUR (Ministry of Education, University and Research), is one I still wish to gratefully mention. The research on the European Landscape Convention could begin thanks to my postdoctoral Jean Monnet Fellowship at the European University Institute in Florence, where I also met many of the colleagues and friends that appear in the list below. The final phase of that project was instead partially funded by the Italian CNR (National Centre of Research, Programme Promozione Ricerca ) at the Istituto Cattaneo in Bologna. I wish here to acknowledge both. The last few months of writing up were spent in my new intellectual home, the Department of Sociology of the University of Sussex, a very welcoming and stimulating environment from which this book has also profited. Finally, the support and encouragement from Palgrave and in particular of Jill Lake and Christabel Scaife has given me the sometimes needed pressure and always welcome encouragement to complete what I had started. Many colleagues and friends have helped the completion of one or more of the various steps that have led to this book, whether it was discussing the book project or reading (sometimes more than once) one, several or all chapters, providing and discussing drafts of their own forthcoming works or inviting me to present and discuss mine at conferences and seminars, and surely in many other ways that the long term and multiple nature of this endeavour makes it now difficult to specify. Indeed, as I feel I could never be detailed and accurate enough in my thanks, I chose the easy way of simply making an alphabetical list, expressing in this undifferentiated way a gratitude that I hope to be able to demonstrate personally in the future. I wish to thank for their indispensable help: Cristiano Bee, Richard Bellamy, Franco Bianchini, J. Peter Burgess, Jasper Chalcraft, Maguelonne Dejeant-Pons, Gerard Delanty, Bruno De Witte, Graham Fairclough, Adrian Favell, Mauro Felicori, Alessandro Ferrara, Francesco Francioni, Jack Goody, Roberto Grandi, Cathleen Kantner, Judith Kapferer, Harlan Koff, Martin Kohli, Stefan Immerfall, Yudhishthir Raj Isar, Yves Luginbühl, Raffaele Milani, Giuliano Piazzi, Gianfranco Poggi, Marco Santoro, Roberta Sassatelli, xiii

xiv Becoming Europeans François Seguin, Yasemin Soysal, Bo Sträth, Anna Triandafyllidou, Peter Wagner, Helen Wallace. Finally, even more generally but certainly not less truly I wish to thank all my interviewees and the people I met during my fieldwork: without them this book really would not have been possible.