Gaze Interaction and Applications of Eye Tracking: Advances in Assistive Technologies Paivi Majaranta Hirotaka Aoki Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Mick Donegan The ACE Centre, UK Dan Witzner Hansen IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark John Paulin Hansen IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark Aulikki Hyrskykari Kari-Jouko Raiha Medical Information Science Reference
Table of Contents Foreword viii Preface x Acknowledgment xv i i Section 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction to Gaze Interaction 1 Pdivi Majaranta, MickDonegan, ACE Centre, UK Chapter 2 Eye Anatomy, Eye Movements and Vision 10 Chapter 3 Basics of Camera-Based Gaze Tracking 21 Pdivi Majaranta, Section 2 User Involvement Chapter 4 Features of Gaze Control Systems 28
Chapter 5 A Model for Gaze Control Assessments and Evaluation Eva Holmqvist, DART, Sweden Margret Buchholz, DART, Sweden Chapter 6 The Impact of Gaze Controlled Technology on Quality of Life Valentino Pasian, ALS Centre, Hospital San Giovani Battista, Italy Fiihio Corno, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Isabella Signorile, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Laura Farinetli, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Chapter 7 Participatory Design: The Story ofjayne and Other Complex Cases Section 3 Gaze Interaction and Interface Design Issues Chapter 8 Communication and Text Entry by Gaze Pciivi Majaranta, Chapter 9 Computer Control by Gaze Henrik Skovsgaard, IT University ofcopenhagen, Denmark Kari-Jouko Raihci, University oftampere, Finland Martin Tall, Duke University, NC, USA Chapter 10 Beyond Communication and Control: Environmental Control and Mobility by Gaze 1 Richard Bales, De Montfort University, UK Emiliano Castellina, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Fulvio Corno, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Petr Novak, Czech Technical University, Czech Republic Olga Stepdnkovd, Czech Technical University Czech Republic Section 4 Attentive and Gaze-Aware Interfaces Chapter 11 Eye Movements and Attention Fiona Mulvey, IT University ofcopenhagen, Denmark Michael Fleubner, Technische Universitdt Dresden, Germany
Chapter 12 Brain-Computer Interfaces and Visual Activity 153 Carmen Vidaurre, Berlin Institute oftechnology, Germany Andrea Kiibler, Universitat Wurzbwg, Germany Michael Tangermann, Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany Klaus-Robert Muller, Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany Jose del R. Milldn, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland Chapter 13 Gaze-Aware Systems and Attentive Applications 175 Howell Istance, De Montfort University, UK Aulikki Hyrskykari, University oftampere, Finland Section 5 Methods and Measures Chapter 14 Methods and Measures: An Introduction 197 John Paulin Hansen, IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark Hirotaka Aoki, Tokyo Institute oftechnology, Japan Chapter 15 Evaluating Eye Tracking Systems for Computer Input 205 /. Scott MacKenzie, York University, Canada Chapter 16 Gaze Data Analysis: Methods, Tools, Visualisations 226 OlegSpakov, University oftampere, Finland Chapter 17 Usability Evaluation of Gaze Interaction 255 Henna Heikkila, University oftampere, Finland Saila Ovaska, University oftampere, Finland Chapter 18 A Client-Focused Methodology for Gaze Control Assessment, Implementation Lorna Gill, ACE Centre, UK Lisa Ellis (Oosthuizen), Tobii Technology, Sweden and Evaluation 279
Section 6 Building an Eye Tracker Chapter 19 Introduction to Eye and Gaze Trackers 288 Arantxa Villaniteva, Public University ofnavarre, Spain Diako Mardanbegi, IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark Chapter 20 Image Analysis 296 Detlev Droege, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Chapter 21 Gaze Estimation 310 Arantxa Villanueva, Public University of Navarre, Spain Rafael Cabeza, Public University of Navarre, Spain Javier SanAgustin, IT Un iversity of Copenhagen, Denmark Chapter 22 Eye Tracker Hardware Design 326 Gintautas Daunys, Siauliai University, Lithuania Chapter 23 Safety Issues and Infrared Light 336 Arantxa Villanueva, Public University ofnavarre, Spain David Sliney, CIE International Commission on Illumination, USA Robert Lange, Technical University of Dresden, Germany Michael Donegan, ACE Centre, UK Chapter 24 Discussion and Future Directions for Eye Tracker Development 359 Diako Mardanbegi, IT University ofcopenhagen, Denmark
Section 7 Future Directions Chapter 25 Conclusion and a Look, to the Future 365 Paivi Majarcmta, John Paulin Hansen, IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark Aulikki Hyrskykari, Hirotaka Aoki, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Kari-Joitko Rdihd, Additional Reading 377 About the Contributors 387 Index 394