JANUARY 2014 - Volume - 3 Fruit and Nut Notes UC Cooperative Extension-Tehama County 1754 Walnut Street, Red Bluff, CA 96080 Phone (530) 527-3101 E-mail: rpbuchner@ucanr.edu Website: cetehama@ucanr.edu Richard P. Buchner UC Farm Advisor -Orchard Crops, Tehama County Director Prepared by Cindy McClain Office Manager/Ag Secretary SACRAMENTO VALLEY REGIONAL ALMOND NEWSLETTER IN THIS ISSUE: Pollination and Honey Bee Safety Orchard Sanitation: A Key Winter Practice in Almond Production Observations on Butte County Rootstock Trials Almond fungicide Efficacy, Treatment Timing & Suggested Programs South Sacramento Valley Almond Meeting, Colusa, Feb. 4 th Tehama Walnut Day, February 7th, Red Bluff Elks Lodge - 8AM Almond Institute / Walnut Day, Butte & Glenn Counties, Chico, Feb. 12th Tehama Prune Day, February 21st, Red Bluff Elks Lodge 8AM The SACARAMENTO VALLEY REGIONAL ALMOND NEWSLETTER is a collaborative effort of almond research specialists working together to provide Sacramento Valley growers and industry leaders the latest research and information effecting almond production in today s changing environment. This newsletter will be published quarterly, be sure to look for upcoming issues!
Pollination and Honey Bee Safety Joseph Connell, UCCE Farm Advisor, Butte County Always be aware of honey bees whenever they re in your orchard to pollinate your crop. After all, you re paying good money for the bees to do a critical job! Honey bees feed pollen to the larva so they need to have an active brood nest and be increasing in population to have a demand for pollen. When almond flowers shed their pollen in the morning, the bees are likely to collect nearly all of it by early in the afternoon. If you re spraying a fungicide, try to make the application in the late afternoon or at night to minimize the potential for pollen contamination. There has been some concern about the combination of fungicides with adjuvants that could potentially be more of a problem for bees than simply using the fungicide alone. It s worth pointing out that University disease control trials (which result in the fungicide efficacy tables printed in this newsletter) are generally conducted without adjuvants and with only the fungicide material used in the tank. Excellent disease control is obtained with several fungicides in these trials. If the weather remains dry and clear throughout bloom there may be minimal need to apply bloom fungicides. One application just ahead of full bloom should be adequate for good disease control under these conditions. Whenever your trees are blooming or bees are in the field there is no reason to apply any insecticide that could potentially be toxic to honey bees. In fact, making such a choice is rather foolish in my personal opinion. When we did research years ago that showed petal fall sprays could control peach twig borer (PTB) as well as dormant sprays, we were using and recommending the addition of Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) to the tank mix. BT sprays provided good control of PTB and this material is non-toxic to honey bees and their larvae. In-season sprays in May or at early hullsplit after the bees are gone is another effective alternative. You can go a long way toward protecting the health of honey bee colonies by avoiding contamination of pollen and pollen foragers and by staying away from using any products with potential toxicity to honey bees or their larvae while bees are in your orchard. This is good husbandry and it s in the interest of both the grower and the beekeeper. TEHAMA WALNUT DAY February 7, 2014-8 AM Red Bluff Elks Lodge 355 Gilmore Road, Red Bluff Register ON-LINE at http://cetehama.ucanr.edu Select: Orchard Crops" -- "Upcoming Meetings" Cost $ 15.00
Observations on Butte County Rootstock Trials Joseph Connell, UCCE Farm Advisor, Butte County Several rootstocks have been observed in various orchard situations with local growers in Butte County over the past ten years or so. The complete results of these trials can be found in past Annual Rootstock Project Reports to the Almond Board of California. The following article summarizes the most useful results and conclusions. Replants were planted in non-fumigated oak root fungus spots to gauge their compatibility with almond and survival when exposed to the fungus. Nonpareil on Empyrean 101 rootstock has been observed in two orchards since 2004. Nine trees of Nonpareil on Krymsk 86 were replanted in oak root fungus spots in commercial orchards in spring 2010 and ten trees on another rootstock were similarly planted in 2012. Nonpareil on Empyrean 101 rootstock is similar in size and vigor to nearby trees on Marianna 2624. Although growing in an oak root fungus spot since 2004, none of these trees succumbed to Armillaria mellea. However, four out of seven Empyrean 101 rooted trees are leaning compared to trees on Marianna 2624 so poor anchorage precludes the use of this rootstock for almonds. Nine Nonpareil trees on Krymsk 86 planted in spring 2010 in three different oak root fungus spots have established and grown well. In spring 2013 (4 th leaf), all nine trees continue to be healthy while a Lovell rooted replant of similar age in one of the fungus spots died. Ten Nonpareil trees on, another rootstock being screened for potential Armillaria resistance, were planted in an oak root fungus affected orchard in 2012. All trees established well and have so far remained healthy. In a replant disease fumigation trial planted in 2004, 20 single tree replicates of Krymsk 86, Lovell, Marianna 2624, and Ishtara rootstocks were planted in both fumigated and non - fumigated tree sites. By 2011, Krymsk 86 trunk circumference was largest while Lovell benefited most from fumigation. After eight years, 47 percent of the Ishtara trees and 8 percent of the Lovell rooted trees were leaning. There were no leaning trees on the Krymsk 86 rootstock. Both Ishtara and the Krymsk 86 rootstocks had 5 percent of the trees missing while Lovell rootstock had 10 percent missing. Ishtara has been killed by oak root fungus in other fields and poor anchorage made this rootstock unacceptable for almonds. Another replicated rootstock trial was planted in March 2010 following the removal of a previous Lovell peach rooted orchard containing some plum rooted replants. Nonpareil trees on Rootpac-R, Atlas, Krymsk 86, and Empyrean 1 rootstocks are compared to trees on the standard rootstocks Nickels and Lovell. Four of the six rootstocks established well in the first growing season with no tree losses. Atlas suffered 10% mortality at planting and Nickels lost 16% of the new trees. After the third growing season, trees on the Empyrean 1 rootstock were largest in trunk circumference and those growing on Krymsk 86 were the smallest. 4th leaf Nonpareil yields were heaviest in trees on Empyrean 1 rootstock and lightest on Rootpac -R and Krymsk 86 rootstocks. Other rootstocks produced intermediate yields. Mortality and anchorage will be noted as opportunities arise.
Almond Fungicide Efficacy Chart
Orchard Sanitation: A Key Winter Practice in Almond Production Franz Niederholzer, UC Farm Advisor, Colusa/Sutter/Yuba Counties It s time to complete the time consuming, relatively expensive, and essential practice of mummy counting and, when necessary, sanitation in California almond orchards. We have had a very dry winter and the natural decomposition of mummy nuts may be reduced if the winter remains dry. While an article on almond orchard sanitation is a review for most growers, the topic is so important that the UC Farm Advisors in the Sacramento Valley feel this is worth emphasizing. What s the problem? Navel orangeworm (NOW) is the key pest in almond production. Kernel damage from NOW feeding directly reduces grower income. Nuts damaged by NOW feeding are at high risk of aflatoxin infection. Aflatoxin contamination is a major issue in food safety and European Union (EU) markets. What s the solution? A NOW management program in almond orchards in the Sacramento Valley should include 1) winter orchard sanitation, 2) early harvest, and 3) a hull split spray if necessary. Not all three steps are needed in every year. Why sanitize? NOW population overwinters in almond orchards as larvae in mummy nuts. The adults emerge, mate, lay eggs on mummies, and larvae must feed on mummy nuts until hull split of the new crop in the summer. Removal and destruction of mummy nuts in the winter provides two important steps in NOW management: 1. Directly destroys overwintering NOW in mummy nuts. 2. Reduces or eliminates food and oviposition sites (mummy nuts) for the first generation of NOW during the spring/early summer. A carefully sanitized almond orchard starts the season with a low NOW population and low food supply for any remaining NOW moths or those entering from nearby. Why an integrated approach? Combining all three parts of an integrated NOW control program delivers the best pest control results. Sanitation reduces overwintering populations and NOW food source in the spring, but can t protect splitting nuts in the summer from the few remaining NOW or those flying in from outside the orchard. NOW populations that move in at hull split can build rapidly on high quality food (new crop nuts). Hull split spraying provides only partial NOW control (50% in many experiments) due to the difficulty of 1) controlling a pest with sprays when egg laying occurs over a period of time and 2) getting good spray coverage -- especially in the tree tops. Early harvest requires longer drying time on the orchard floor, something some growers especially those with micro-irrigation -- have moved away from to get water back into the orchard as quickly as possible, but, it is a key component of a good NOW control program and it is much better than harvesting later and getting caught by rain.
How to sanitize? Here is a check list of practices that make up a complete sanitation program. Count mummies in the dormant tree canopies before January 15, looking at 20 or more trees per block. If the average count is more than two mummies per tree, plan on poling or shaking the orchard to remove mummies from the trees before the end of January. Get mummies out of the trees by February 1. Since buds are already swelling in many orchards this January, the sooner the better for shaking or poling if you haven t already done this. Blow or rake all mummies on the orchard floor into the middles and destroy them (mow or disc) by March 15. This step is especially important in this dry winter, where nuts on many orchard floors aren t exposed to the usual moist conditions that rot nuts and reduce NOW survival. What does the dry winter so far mean to NOW sanitation? As of mid-january, 2014, this winter looks a bit like the winter of 2012, where there were cold temperatures but not a lot of rain. 2012 was a high NOW damage year in many orchards around the state. This winter, it might be important to check mummy numbers in the trees, even if you have not had much of a history of mummy survival and NOW pressure. Won t the cold weather in early December reduce NOW numbers? In early, 2012, Dr. Frank Zalom, professor of entomology at UC Davis, told me that growers should not count on cold weather to reduce NOW numbers to a level that eliminated the need for sanitation, especially in a dry winter. He was right about NOW in 2012. This history makes me think that NOW is likely to have survived the early December, 2013 cold just fine. Bottom line: Winter sanitation should be especially important for NOW management this year. Don t miss the opportunity! Tehama Prune Day Friday - February 21, 2014 Red Bluff Elks Lodge 355 Gilmore Road Register ON-LINE at http://cetehama.ucanr.edu Select: Orchard Crops" -- "Upcoming Meetings" Cost $ 15.00
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