Evaluation in Planning

Evaluation in Planning

The GeoJournal Library Volume 47 Managing Editors: Herman van der Wusten, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Olga Gritsai, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Former Series Editor: Wolf Tietze, Helmstedt, Germany Editorial Board: Paul Claval, France R. G. Crane, U.S.A. Yehuda Gradus, Israel Risto Laulajainen, Sweden Gerd U.ittig, Germany Walther Manshard, Germany Osamu Nishikawa, Japan Peter Tyson, South Africa The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

Evaluation in Planning Facing the Challenge of Complexity edited by NATHANIEL LICHFIELD Dalia and Nathaniel Lichfield Associates, London, U.K. ANGELA BARBANENTE School of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy DINOBORRI Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Polytechnic of Bari, Bari, Italy ABDUL KHAKEE Department of Political Science, Ume;l University, Umed, Sweden and ANNA PRAT Dalia and Nathaniel Lichfield Associates, London, U.K. SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-5070-0 ISBN 978-94-017-1495-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1495-2 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1998 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Contributors vii ix Introduction Trends in planning evaluation: A British perspective N. Lichfield PART I EMERGING ISSUES FOR EVALUATION THEORY Introduction 19 A. Khakee Conservation of cultural and natural heritage. Evaluation for 25 good governance and democratic control L. Fusco Girard Economics and ecological sustainability. An actor-network 51 approach to evaluation P. Soderbaum Dealing with environmental conflicts in evaluation. 73 Cognitive complexity and scale problems A. Barbanente, D. Borri, S. Concilio, S. Macchi, E, Scandurra The communicative tum in planning and evaluation 97 A. Khakee The communicative ideology and ex ante planning evaluation 113 H. Voogd Regulation through the development plan: an evaluation 127 A. D. Hull PART II PERSPECTIVES IN EVALUATION METHODS Introduction A. Barbanente Integrated planning and environmental impact assessment D. Lichfield 145 151

VI Sustainability indicators in urban planning evaluation. A new classification system based on multimodal thinking P.L. Lombardi Cultural heritage and the urban revitalisation: a meta-analytic approach to urban sustainability F. Bizzarro and P. Nijkamp Evaluation and equity in economic policies for environmental planning ML. Clemente, G. Maciocco, G. Marchi, F. Pace, F. Selicato, C. Torre On the evaluation of "wicked problems". Guidelines for integrating qualitative and quantitative factors in environmental policy analysis H. Glasser Evaluation in the digital age M Batty 177 193 213 229 251 PART III LINKING PRACTICE TO THEORY Introduction D. Borri Linking ex ante and ex post evaluation in British town planning N. Lichfield and A. Prat Evaluation in Israeli spatial planning. Theory vs. practice E.R. Alexander Developments in transport appraisal in Britain C. Nash Managing uncertainty in the evaluation process: A legal perspective D. Millichap Towards the economic evaluation of British land use planning J. T. Corkindale 275 283 299 311 329 343 Conclusions E.R. Alexander 355 Index 375

PREFACE This book is the result of a three day workshop on "Evaluation in theory and practice in spatial planning" held in Ramsey Hall, University College London, in September 1996. Some 30 people from 8 different countries attended and 20 papers were presented. The majority of them now form the basis for this book. This occasion was the third on the topic, the two preceding having taken place in Umea in June 1992 and in Bari in 1994. Following these three meetings, we can now say that this small, industrious, international family really enjoy meeting up from time to time at each others places, in the presence of older members and new children, each one presenting his/her own recent experiences. It particularly enjoys exchanging views and arguing about the current state and the future of evaluation in spatial planning (all families have their vices... ). It is also pleasing to see these experiences and discussions resulting in a book for those who could not attend and for the broader clan in the field. Not long time ago, but ages in the accelerated academic time scale, evaluation in planning established its own role and distinct features as an instrument for helping the decision-making process. Now this role and these features are exposed to major challenges. First, the evolution of planning theory has lead to the conception of new planning paradigms, based on theories of complexity and communicative rationality. Second, the planning systems themselves all over Europe and the world seeks to adapt to major political changes and the opening of national boundaries. Central and local relations are changing. It is also frequently held that we may be moving from a democratic model based on representation to one based on participation. Doubtless, whatever our views, the need to make evaluation experiences shareable and communicable between and within countries has increased. This workshop is evidence. Third, evaluation is also challenged by the need to make experiences in different sectoral fields of intervention interchangeable. Above all, the emergence of the environmental and conservation questions poses a series of new problems. How can evaluation in planning adapt to these changes? The papers in this volume discuss from different viewpoints these open questions. We believe the volume reflects its collective nature in being heterogenous in approach but homogenous in focus. To present this variety with some order, the volume has being structured in three parts, following an introduction related to the host country. The papers in the first part discuss some relevant theoretical issues. In the second part, methodological questions which incorporate new developments in the field are offered. Finally, in the third part, practical experiences in evaluation in different countries complete the picture. Unfortunately, because of space, we have not attempted to reproduce the lively discussion that has taken place during the workshop. Instead, each contributor reflected vii

viii it in the redrafting of its paper. The three sectional introduction will guide the reader in the endeavour. Finally, special thanks are due to the institutions that made all this possible: the Bartlett School of Planning, at University College London, for the accommodation, the Politecnico di Bari for financial help, Dalia & Nathaniel Lichfield Associates for both financial help and organisation and to Petra van Steenbergen at Kluwer for her assistance and patience. In conclusion, we are happy to say that plans are in progress to carry on this pleasant family tradition in a fourth workshop. The Editors Nathaniel Lichfield is an urban and regional planner, specialising in planning and development economics, including in plan and project evaluation. He is Past President of the Royal Town Planning Institute and Professor Emeritus of the Economics of Environmental Planning, University of London. Following posts in local and central government, he founded in 1962 Nathaniel Lichfield and Partners. Left in 1992 to form Dalia and Nathaniel Lichfield Associates. Throughout his career, he has combined practice and academia and published extensively in both fields. Angela Barbanente studied Urban Planning at the University of Venice. She is researcher at the Bari Polytechnic, School of Engineering for Environment. She has also worked as researcher at the National Research Council (Bari) and as Professor of Territorial Planning (University of Basilicata) and Planning Theory and Urban Planning (Bari Polytechnic). She is author of books and articles on urban rehabilitation, evaluation in spatial planning and development control. Dino Borri is a civil engineer and professor of Urban Planning Techniques at Bari Polytechnic. He is currently the head of the post-graduate school of Urban and Regional planing and the President offondazione Astengo, Istituto Nazionale di Urbanistica, Roma. He has written several books and articles on the application of Artificial Intelligence to spatial planning. Abdul Khakee has a PhD in Economics and one in Geography. He is currently Professor of Urban Planning at the Department of Political Science at UmeA University. He has been visiting researcher at the University of Delaware, university of Melbourne, Bari Polytechnic and University of Lisbon. He is the author of several books and journal articles on development planning, planning theory, local government and cultural economics. Anna Prat studied planning and architecture at Turin Polytechnic and regional and urban planning at the London School of Economics. In Italy, she co-founded a non-profit community participation association. She has worked as research assistant at Dalia and Nathaniel Lichfield Associates, London, specialising in evaluation in planning. She is currently working as urban and economic planner at ARUP Economics and Planning, London.

CONTRIBUTORS Alexander E.R., Faculty of Spatial Science, Public Policy Program, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel. Barbanente A., Polytechnic of Bari, 2nd School of Engineering, Institute of Engineering for Environment and Territory, Viale del Turismo 8, 74100 Taranto, Italy. Batty M., Centre For Advanced Spatial Analysis (CASA), University College London, l-19 Torrington Place, London WClE 6BT United Kingdom. Bizzarro F., University of Napoli "Federico II", Department of Conservation of Architectural and Environmental Goods, Via Cesare Battisti 15, 80134 Napoli, Italy. Borri D., Polytechnic of Bari, Department of Architecture and Town Planning, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy. Clemente M.L., University of Cagliari, Department Engineering of Territory, Piazza d'armi, 16, 09123 Cagliari, Italy. Concilio G., PhD in "Evaluation Methods for Integrated Conservation of Architectural, Urban and Environmental Heritage", University of Napoli "Federico II", Via Cesare Battisti 15, 80134 Napoli, Italy. Corkindale J. 55 Poplar Grove, New Malden Surrey KT3DN United Kingdom. Fusco Girard L., University of Napoli "Federico II", Department of Conservation of Architectural and Environmental Goods, Via Cesare Battisti 15, 80134 Napoli, Italy. Glasser H., Foundation for Deep Ecology, 1555 Pacific Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94109, United States. Hull A., University of Newcastle, Department of Town and Country Planning, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom. Khakee A., Department of Political Science, Umea University, 901 87 Umelt, Sweden. Lichfield D., Dalia & Nathaniel Lichfield Associates, 13 Chalcot Gardens, England's Lane, London NW3 4YB, United Kingdom. Lichfield N., Dalia & Nathaniel Lichfield Associates, 13 Chalcot Gardens, England's Lane, London NW3 4YB, United Kingdom. Lombardi P.L., School of Architecture, Department of Socio-Economic Analysis, Santa Croce 1957, 30135 Venezia, Italy. Macchi S., University of Rome "La Sapienza", Department of Architecture and Town Planning, Via Eudossiana, 18,00184 Roma. Maciocco G., University of Cagliari, Department Engineering of Territory, Piazza d'armi, 16, 09123 Cagliari, Italy. Marchi G., University ofcagliari, Department Engineering of Territory, Piazza d'armi, 16, 09123 Cagliari, Italy. Millichap D., Linlaters & Paines, Mitre House, 160 Aldergate Street, EC1A 4LP London, United Kingdom. ix

X Nash C., University of Leeds, Institute for Transport Studies, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom. Nijkamp P., Faculty of Economics and Econometrics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Pace F., PhD in "Evaluation Methods in Urban Planning and Architecture Design", University of Reggio Calabria, Salita Melissari - Feo di Vito, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy. Prat A., Dalia & Nathaniel Lichfield Associates, 13 Chalcot Gardens, England's Lane, London NW3 4YB, United Kingdom. Scandurra E., University of Rome "La Sapienza", Department of Architecture and Town Planning, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Roma. Selicato F., Polytechnic of Bari, Department of Architecture and Town Planning, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy. Siiderbaum P., Department of Economics, Malardalens Hogskola, PO Box 883, Viisteras, Sweden. Torre C., PhD in "Evaluation Methods for Integrated Conservation of Architectural, Urban and Environmental Heritage", University of Napoli "Federico II", Via Cesare Battisti 15, 80134 Napoli, Italy. Voogd H., Faculty of Spatial Science, University ofgroningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.