The Urban Book Series Series Advisory Editors Fatemeh Farnaz Arefian, University College London, London, UK Michael Batty, University College London, London, UK Simin Davoudi, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK Geoffrey DeVerteuil, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Andrew Kirby, Arizona State University, Phoenix, USA Karl Kropf, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK Karen Lucas, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Marco Maretto, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Fabian Neuhaus, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Vítor Oliveira, Porto University, Porto, Portugal Christopher Silver, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA Giuseppe Strappa, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Igor Vojnovic, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA Jeremy Whitehand, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Aims and Scope The Urban Book Series is a resource for urban studies and geography research worldwide. It provides a unique and innovative resource for the latest developments in the field, nurturing a comprehensive and encompassing publication venue for urban studies, urban geography, planning and regional development. The series publishes peer-reviewed volumes related to urbanization, sustainability, urban environments, sustainable urbanism, governance, globalization, urban and sustainable development, spatial and area studies, urban management, urban infrastructure, urban dynamics, green cities and urban landscapes. It also invites research which documents urbanization processes and urban dynamics on a national, regional and local level, welcoming case studies, as well as comparative and applied research. The series will appeal to urbanists, geographers, planners, engineers, architects, policy makers, and to all of those interested in a wide-ranging overview of contemporary urban studies and innovations in the field. It accepts monographs, edited volumes and textbooks. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14773
Eduardo Medeiros Editor Territorial Cohesion The Urban Dimension 123
Editor Eduardo Medeiros DINÂMIA CET-IUL Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL) Lisbon, Portugal ISSN 2365-757X ISSN 2365-7588 (electronic) The Urban Book Series ISBN 978-3-030-03385-9 ISBN 978-3-030-03386-6 (ebook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03386-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018960210 Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword As laid down in the EU Treaty since 2009, EU policies should promote Territorial Cohesion which, in turn, require a polycentric and balanced territorial development approach. As such, it goes without saying that this book covers a fundamental aspect of implementing Territorial Cohesion goal: the urban dimension and all its related policy elements. Moreover, the book content instils a needed scientific debate on the Territorial Cohesion concept, which is still largely unexplored in available literature, and especially the importance of several urban-related components (polycentrism, integrated territorial policy approaches and functional regions) to achieving the ultimate EU policy goal of Territorial Cohesion. In this regard, this book contains valuable insights, both from a theoretical and empirical standpoint, on the importance of implementing sound and balanced urban policies to achieving Territorial Cohesion goals. ESPON Programme has, since 2002, supported the work of an extended network of European researchers and experts to obtain new and substantial evidence on Europe s territorial trends, structures, perspectives and policy impacts. Since the start of ESPON programme, it has supported the elaboration of several studies aiming at identifying the main dimensions, components and indicators of Territorial Cohesion (INTERCO, KITKASP, SeGI, etc.). I am glad that the results of ESPON research continue to be relevant and useful for supporting the policy debate and development of publications on territorial cohesion, such as this book. In sum, the book content can be of great value for the academia and policymakers, as it further nurtures the debate around different interpretations of the Territorial Cohesion concept. I deeply recommend reading this book, which offers a novel and refreshed overview of the Territorial Cohesion concept, by identifying and debating urban-related elements, which are crucial to implementing Territorial Cohesion Policies. Luxembourg llona Raugze Director at ESPON EGTC v
Contents Part I Territorial Cohesion and the Urban Dimension 1 Debating the Urban Dimension of Territorial Cohesion... 3 Eduardo Medeiros 2 Civil Society in Urban Areas: A Partner for Territorial Cohesion?... 23 Oto Potluka and Martin Špaček 3 Territorial Cohesion: The Economy and Welfare of Cities... 39 Jacek Zaucha and Tomasz Komornicki Part II Territorial Cohesion and Urban Balanced Systems? 4 Polycentric Urban Systems and Territorial Cohesion... 69 Jiří Malý 5 Cross-Border Functional Regions and Innovation: Cases from Inner Scandinavian Regions... 91 Bjørnar Sæther, Bjørn Terje Andersen and Erik Hagen 6 Integrated Sustainable Urban Development Strategies in the European Union: Added Value and Challenges... 111 Arno van der Zwet and Martin Ferry Part III Territorial Cohesion and Urban Development Policies 7 The Urban Dimension of EU Cohesion Policy... 133 Giancarlo Cotella vii
viii Contents 8 Policy Cycle of the Urban Agenda for EU and Its Effects on Territorial Cohesion.... 153 Paulo Neto, Maria Manuel Serrano and Anabela Santos 9 Towards a European Geography of Future Perspectives: A Story of Urban Concentration... 173 Kai Böhme, Christian Lüer and Maria Toptsidou Index... 193
Editors and Contributors About the Editor Eduardo Medeiros is a Geography Professor and a Senior Research Integrated Fellow in DINÂMIA CET-IUL, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Portugal. He has a Ph.D. in Geography Regional and Urban Planning, and has more than 30 published papers in international journals, eight books and nine book chapters. His research interests are focused on Territorial Cooperation, Territorial Cohesion, Territorial Development and Territorial Impact Assessment. He is a DG REGIO (European Commission) expert, an URBACT expert, and a Horizon 2020 evaluator. He is also a Regional Studies Association fellow and belongs to its Cohesion Policy Research Network. He has coordinated several international policy evaluation projects and is a member of an ESPON project. He was invited as a project adviser and to write reports by DG REGIO. He was already invited to be a keynote speaker by several International Universities and EU institutions (European Commission and Committee of the Regions). He is part of the scientific and editorial committee of some journals and a peer reviewer of more than 20 international journals. Contributors Bjørn Terje Andersen Hedmark County Council, Hamar, Norway Kai Böhme Spatial Foresight, Heisdorf, Luxembourg Giancarlo Cotella Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy Martin Ferry European Policies Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland Erik Hagen Hedmark County Council, Hamar, Norway ix
x Editors and Contributors Tomasz Komornicki Department of Spatial Organization, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Christian Lüer Spatial Foresight, Heisdorf, Luxembourg Jiří Malý Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geonics, Brno, Czech Republic Eduardo Medeiros DINÂMIA-CET IUL - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Lisbon, Portugal Paulo Neto Department of Economics, University of Évora, Public Policy Monitoring Unit (UMPP), CICS.NOVA.UÉvora and CEFAGE-UÉ, Évora, Portugal Oto Potluka Centre for Philanthropy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Bjørnar Sæther Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Anabela Santos International Centre for Innovation, Technology and Education Studies (icite), Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium Maria Manuel Serrano Department of Sociology, University of Évora, Public Policy Monitoring Unit (UMPP), CICS.NOVA.UÉvora and SOCIUS-CSG/ ISEG-UL, Évora, Portugal Martin Špaček CETIP Network, Prague, Czech Republic Maria Toptsidou Spatial Foresight, Heisdorf, Luxembourg Arno van der Zwet University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland Jacek Zaucha Faculty of Economics, University of Gdańsk and Institute for Development, Gdańsk and Sopot, Poland
Introduction What is Territorial Cohesion? This question has been around both in academic and political arenas and meanders, since this European concept was introduced into the EU Policy Agenda, around the turn of the millennium, as a French policy rationale (Aménagement du territoire). The answer to this question varies from author to author. But one key aspect is consensual: Territorial Cohesion implies the need to achieve a more balanced and harmonious territory, as implied in the EU Treaties, since the Treaty of Rome (1957). However, it was only by 2009, with the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, that the former article 158º, now article 174º, clearly expresses that, in order to promote its overall harmonious development, the Union shall develop and pursue its actions leading to the strengthening of its economic, social and territorial cohesion. Indeed, whilst the EU policies main aims of promoting the twin community objective of economic and social cohesion have been around since the mid-1980s (Single European Act), the recognition of perennial and widening (due to successive accession of new Member States) territorial disparities has led to the inevitable inclusion of the Territorial Cohesion as an EU mainstream policy goal, alongside with the goals of promoting socio-economic cohesion. One can question, however, if this is not redundant policy rationale. In our view, it is, since the achievement of Territorial Cohesion, generically understood as a goal to achieving a more balanced and harmonious territory, requires both positive economic and social cohesion trends within a given territory. We also agree with the idea expressed in the Second EU Cohesion Report, which claimed that Territorial Cohesion goes beyond the notions of Social and Economic cohesion. For the most part, however, there is a widespread tendency to only add environmental policy concerns to the former two analytic dimensions (social and economic) when debating the concept of Territorial Cohesion, to complement its conceptual rationale. Territorial Cohesion remains an elusive concept, reflecting emerging axioms that have begun to permeate academic discourse in the past years. There is an increasing recognition that this concept should include other fundamental analytic dimensions, xi
xii Introduction such as the Territorial Governance/Cooperation and the Polycentrism. The latter was invoked by the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP 1999), as a vital goal of an EU spatial development policy: development of a balanced and polycentric urban system and a new urban-rural relationship. Since then, however, there has been a lack of a rich vein of theoretical reasoning devoted to debate the importance of this (urban polycentric system) and other aspects associated with the urban dimension of Territorial Cohesion policies. In this context, this book intends to fill this literature void, by shedding light on some fundamental urban policy components, which can contribute to achieving such policies. In more detail, this book has nine chapters and is organised into three separate parts, each composed of three chapters. In the first part Territorial Cohesion and the Urban Dimension Eduardo Medeiros (the Book Editor) which has dedicated a significant part of his academic research (since 2003) to the analysis of the Territorial Cohesion concept identifies and debates some crucial policy aspects associated with the urban dimension of Territorial Cohesion. In the following chapter, Oto Potluka and Martin Špaček highlight the importance of engaging the urban civil society as a means of promoting territorial integrated approaches to regional and urban development, to achieve Territorial Cohesion Policies. Subsequently, in the third chapter, Jacek Zaucha and Tomasz Komornicki examine how cities contribute to the urban dimension of territorial cohesion (polycentricity, territorial governance and the socio-economic growth), whilst debating the role of cities and Functional Urban Areas, as producers of well-being and prosperity in space. The second part of the book Territorial Cohesion and Urban Balanced Systems? starts with a chapter in which Jiří Malý sheds deeper light on the importance of the implementation of polycentric urban development, as a normative and ideological vision for a more balanced spatial development. In a complementary way, Bjørnar Sæther is responsible for Chap. 5 where, together with Erik Hagen and Bjørn Terje Andersen, he debates the importance of cross-border functional regions to archiving Territorial Cohesion Processes, in cross-border and transnational regions. Finally, this part of the book ends with a chapter written by Arno van der Zwet and Martin Ferry, dedicated to better understand the added value of Integrated Sustainable Urban Development Strategies to achieving Territorial Cohesion policy goals. Finally, the third and last part of the book Territorial Cohesion and Urban Development Policies starts with a chapter written by Giancarlo Cotella, which is mostly focused on the relation between the implementation of EU Cohesion Policies and Urban Agendas at the national scale, and their importance to follow a more cohesive spatial and urban planning path. Conversely, in the following chapter, Paulo Neto, Maria Manuel Serrano and Anabela Santos, set their attention on analysing how policies directed to cities and urban matters, and more specifically the Urban Agenda for the EU, have become more relevant over the past decades, in
Introduction xiii the European Union s public policy set. This book part ends with a final chapter, written by Kai Böhme, Christian Lüer and Maria Toptsidou, which alert to current urban growth trends in the European territory, which do not necessarily favour Territorial Cohesion policy goals. Eduardo Medeiros