American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (5): -5, ISSN -79 IDOSI Publications, Evaluation Barley Germination in NaCl + CaCl Solution, Natural Saline Water and Saline Soil Khosro Mohammadi and Mokhtar Eskandari Department of Agronomy, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Abstract: Salinity stress negatively impacts agricultural yield throughout the world affecting production whether it is for subsistence or economic gain. Our objection in this study was to investigate the effect of salinity on barley germination. In this study barley (Hordeum vulgare) was carried out in three different experiments in complete randomize design through 3 treatments and 3 replicates. The salinity levels in all experiments were consisted of control (.5 ds m ), 5, 7, 9,, 3, 5, 7, 9,, 3, 5 and 7dS m. Germination in NaCl + CaCl solution, natural saline water and saline soil were studied. The results indicated that the increased salinity, decreased number of both percentage and rate of germination. These were further reduction in natural saline water than the NaCl + CaCl solution. In higher salinities, the germination rate was decreased, while the required time for germination was increased. The seeds could germinate in all salinity - treatments in the NaCl + CaCl solution, but germination was successful until 3 ds m in soil and consequently germinated seed decrease rapidly to the degree that in treatment 3 ds m no seed was germinate. Soil inhabits water absorption by the seeds more than solutions and this is due to the matrix potential of soil beside the osmotic potential. Key words: Barley Germination Salinity Tolerance INTRODUCTION salt tolerance of plants, it is important to recognize that the results can be affected by the composition of the salts In semi arid and arid region, irrigation has a main role used in salinizing the plant growth medium. Many to gain economic production. The main factor in irrigation agronomic experiments with plants growing in soils have assessment is recognition of plant interaction to water. been salinized by adding NaCl and CaCl at a : molar Irrigation water has dissolved salt, thus salinity must be ratio. investigated. In long term without amendatory operation Germination is complicate phenomenon comprising dissolved salt accumulate in soil and lead to reduction in physiological and biochemical variation due to embryo yield and finally soil damaging. Thus recognizing plant activation. Salinity as a non live stress makes many reaction to salinity is one of main factor in assessing hardships for seed in germination period. Salinity irrigation management. Salinity can be disastrous because decrease water availability for the seed by taking down it causes many direct and indirect harmful effects, inhibits osmotic potential and in second stage cause to toxicity seed germination, induces physiological dysfunction and and change in enzyme activity []. Saline soils have many often kills nonhalophytes even at low concentrations and dissolved salts including cation and anion. The most limits agricultural development []. In principle, much of + + + + - prevailing cation and anion are Na, Ca, Mg, K, Cl and the soil salinity could be reduced by installing drainage - So. Plant growth and development in saline soil is systems and leaching the soil profile with adequate scanty due to high osmotic pressure that finally cause to quality water. In practice, however, these amelioration reduction in water availability [3]. Also direct toxicity methods may be too expensive or not possible and there resulted from abundant presence of this ions have a are many cases where it always will be necessary to grow preventive effect on plant and at last this interaction put crops that have some salt tolerance. When evaluating the some limitation for plant growth [3]. The main growth Corresponding Author: Khosro Mohammadi, Department of Agronomy, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran. Tel: +9 9 7533.
Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (5): -5, stages in plant are germination, vegetative and stages, cultivars response to salinity was different. Barley reproductive. Plant sensitivity to salinity during different (Hordeum vulgar) is one of the most tolerant plants to growing stage is varying. Mast plants are resistant to salinity stress that is widely grown in semiarid and arid salinity during germination but in plantlet outburst stage regions. Barley resistance to salinity, drought and heat is sensitive and salinity damages those []. Primary signs stress is more than wheat and endures in unfavorable of salinity are delaying in germination, plantlet appearance environmental condition better than wheat. Barley and bud enfeeblement. Damaging in this sensitive stage strength and rate of germination is more than wheat but in may decrease plant congestion and lead to reduction in seedling stage wheat is more resistance than barley []. yield significantly. Usually with increasing plant age, their The objective of this study was to investigate the effect resistance to salinity increase [3]. of soil salinity on germination of barley seeds and One of the most effective ways to facing with salinity comparison with germination in without soil (in vitro) is identifying enduring plant to salinity. Resistance to medium. salinity is varying among different species of plant, also among different variety of one species [5-7]. Furthermore MATERIALS AND METHODS plant endurance to salinity may be differing upon the culture medium, type of salinity and plant growth stage. Most previous experiments to study effect of salinity When plant is exposure to salinity by NaCl, water and ion stress on germination of different plant use artificial saline transport processes may be affected and disturb plant water with NaCl and CaCl combination. Ionic compound nutrient situation and ionic balance [] or disordered of artificial and natural saline water are different hence we physiological process [9, ]. The salt tolerance of two expect dissimilar response of plant to this solutions. Thus greenhouse bell-pepper hybrids was studied during in vitro experiments conducted in two different parts with germination, seedling growth and vegetative growth in artificial and natural saline water. Germination in Petri dish hydroponics culture []. Salinities up to 5mM delayed can not show real condition of field because plant seeds germination but did not reduce the final germination in soil must encounter both osmotic potential of saline percentage. Seedling growth was reduced significantly water and matrix potential of soil particle, therefore third with salinities higher than mm NaCl. Plants growth experiment was conducted in shallow pots with 5cm parameter such as plant height, total leaf area and dry diameter and cm deep contain soil. Artificial saline water weight were significantly reduced at salinities higher than with same equivalent combination from NaCl and CaCl 5 mm NaCl in both hybrids. was used. Natural saline water prepared from Haoz Soltan The effect of increasing concentration of different Lake in Ghom province, Iran. Electrical conductivity (EC) salts in solution and soil extract solution of comparable of this water was 3dS m. Table shows chemical osmotic potentials on germination of Suaeda salsa seeds analysis of natural saline water. Saline soil prepared from was studied []. Seed germination decreased Ghomrood County in Ghom province, Iran. Soil texture significantly with increased salinity. Germination was loamy sand and electrical conductivity (EC) of inhibition was in following order: MgCl > NaSO > saturated extract was 3.5dS m. Table shows the NaCO 3 > NaCl > soil extract solution > MgSO. Non- results of physical and chemical analysis of the soil. germinated seeds under all salt treatment s recovered completely when transferred to distilled water, indicating First Experiment: A completely randomized experiment that there was little specific ion effect on seed viability. with 3 treatment and 3 replication was conducted with Low levels of salinity (.5-. mol l-) increased seedling saline water contain equivalent ratio of NaCl and CaCl. growth, while high levels (>. mol l- NaCl) inhibited the Experiment treatments was.55(control), 5, 7, 9,, 3, growth significantly. Shamsaddin saied et al. [3] studied 5, 7, 9,, 3, 5 and 7dS m. Seeds were germinated the effects of salinity on germination, vegetative growth on 3 sheets of 9cm filter paper in diameter Petri dishes and some physiological characteristics of canola cultivar. with ml solutions. The Petri dishes were sealed to Results showed that salinity has very significant effect on prevent water loss. Twenty seeds were used for each germination percentage, germination homogeneity, treatment. The experiment was carried out in C germination rate and rootlet and polomul length at the end temperature auto-controlled growth chamber. Germination of germination stage. Shoot length, dry weight, diameter was recorded daily and at hours intervals until all the and number of nodes per shoot were significantly affected seeds were completely germinated or the number of also by salinity at vegetative growth. The effect of germinated seeds in the two continuous counting cultivar on this trait was also significant. In both growth became alike. 7
Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (5): -5, Table : Chemical analysis of Haoz Soltan water + + + - - - - - EC Mg Ca Na Cl HCO3 CO3 SO B NO3 ph ds m -------------------g l ------------------ -----------------------------------------------mg l ------------------------------------------------ 7.5 3.. 5.. 3.5 5..75 Table : Physical and chemical analysis of Ghomrood soil OC EC Ca Mg P K Fe Zn Mn Cu ph % ds m ------meq l --------- -------------------------------------------mg kg ------------------------------------------------ 7.5.39 3 3 9.5. 77..9... Second Experiment: Experiment designing and treatments saline water was 3 and 3.5 percent in treatment 7dS m was like first stage but in this part natural saline water respectively. In soil medium although there is no with 3dS m EC was used. This saline water mixed with significant difference among lower treatments (-5 ds drink water at distinct proportion and EC was adjusted m ) but higher salinity treatments have a significant with a portable EC-meter. As shown in table, difference with each other. Important notice in this composition of this natural saline water was different from investigation is that germination in soil medium compare NaCl + CaCl solution. After preparing Petri dishes and to solutions (artificial and natural saline water ) with placing seeds, treatments transfer to growth chamber and increasing salinity, decrease until in high treatments temperature adjusted at C. (3, 5 and 7dS m ) there is no germinated seed. This phenomenon indicating soil matrix potential that Third Experiment: In order to investigate other aggravate water deficit when seeds put in medium that component of water potential that affect water availability have soil particle rather than a solution by itself. for seeds and roots, the last experiment was conducted in Figure shows the effect of salinity treatments on soil medium. A loamy sand soil was used in flowerpots germination and days after starting experiment. with 5cm diameter and cm depth. Natural saline water Delaying in germination with increasing salinity levels was used in this experiment. Each flowerpot leached 3 fold occur. Difference between number of germinated seeds with related saline water treatment and then seeds after and days increase as the salinity increases. As cultured in each of them. Dry weight mass wetness of soil the salinity levels increase, time require to seed measured by gravimetric method and irrigation program germination increases this result is corresponded with the based on 7% F.C water content of soil, thus each finding of other researchers [,5,]. In Figure 3 flowerpot must be weigh every day. Germination was manners of germination in four treatments control (.5 recorded daily and at hours intervals until all the seeds ds m ), 7, 5 and ds m is compared with each other. were completely germinated or the number of germinated From this figure we can understand that time require seeds in the two continuous counting became alike. reaching to maximum germination is fewer as the salinity Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS. to decreases, also final number of germinated seeds at lower determinate differences among treatment groups for salinity treatments is further. germination percentage and germination rate. Figure shows the calculated germination rate for NaCl + CaCl solution, natural saline water and saline soil. RESULT AND DISCUSSION As salinity increase, germination rate in all three environment decrease but reduction of germination rate Variance analysis results on effect of salinity on for NaCl + CaCl Solution is less than natural saline water Barely seed germination shows that treatments have a and Saline Soil. Totally germination rate in solutions ( significant effect on seed germination. Fig. shows the NaCl + CaCl and natural saline water ) is greater than soil final germination percentage of barely after days. In medium. Data shows better condition for germination in NaCl + CaCl solution germination percentage differences NaCl + CaClsolution rather than natural saline water. One between salinity treatments are not significant until reason for this problem is that the ratio of Na/Ca in NaCl 5dS m but as the salinity increase, difference became + CaCl solution is lower than natural saline water. significant in 7dS m. The seeds germinated best in the Another is due to the effect of other element presence in treatment 9dS m. The germination percentage decreased natural saline water and can prevent seeds from water - as the level of salinity increased in all the salt solution. sorption and germination, for example presence of So, B, Maximum reduction in NaCl + CaCl solution and natural - - CO and HCO compounds that have toxicity effect. 3 3
Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (5): -5, Germination% (a) abc abcd ab a abc abc abcd bcde cde bcde de bcd e t t5 t7 t9 t t3 t5 t7 t9 t t3 t5 t7 Treatment Germination% (b) ab a ab ab ab abc ab bc cde abcd de de e t t5 t7 t9 t t3 t5 t7 t9 t t3 t5 t7 Treatment a a a ab ab ab b c d e f f f Germination t t5 t7 t9 t t3 t5 t7 t9 t t3 t5 t7 Treatment (c) Fig. : Effect of salinity treatment on germination (a) NaCl + CaCl solution, (b) natural saline water and (c) natural saline soil. Germinated seed(n) (a) 5 5 5 T T5 T9 T3 T5 EC(dS/m) t T9 T T3 T5 t5 t7 t9 t t3 h 9h t5 (b) T T5 t7 t9 t t3 t5 t7 T9 h 9h T3 T5 EC(ds/m) T9 T T3 T5 h 9h (c) EC(ds/m) Fig. : Effect of salinity treatment on germination and days after starting experiment (a) NaCl + CaCl solution, (b) natural saline water and (c) natural saline soil. 9
Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (5): -5, 3 5 7 9 Record(day) (a) (b) T T5 T 3 5 7 9 Record(day) T T5 T Germination 5 5 3 5 7 9 Record(day) (c) Fig. 3: Effect of salinity treatment on manner of germination of treatments control (.5 ds m ), 7, 5 and ds m (a) NaCl + CaCl solution, (b) natural saline water and (c) natural saline soil. T T5 T Rs........ Trea tment Rs(Artifical) Rs(Natural) Rs(Soil) Fig. : Comparison germination ratio in NaCl + CaCl solution, natural saline water and saline soil. Comparison germination in artificial and natural adsorption in soil medium is affected by osmotic saline solution with soil medium we can understand and matrix potential that any reduction in these that although increasing salinity in solutions potentials aggravates water deficiency for seeds. In reduces germination, seeds in all treatments can solution medium the only factor that control water germinated. But in soil medium seeds could availability for seeds is osmotic potential, thus we can see germinate until treatment 3 ds m and afterward no a sharp reduction of germination rate in soil medium seed germinated. This result indicates matrix potential comparison to NaCl + CaCl and Natural Saline Water of soil that reduces water sorption by seeds. Water solutions. 5
Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., (5): -5, CONCLUSION. Heuer, B. and Z. Plaut, 99. Photosynthesis and osmotic adjustment of two sugar beet cultivars Comparison seed germination in NaCl + CaCl grown under saline condition. J. Exp. Bot., Solution, Natural Saline Water and Saline Soil shows that : 37-. in all three medium germination decreases with increasing 7. Yeo, A.R. and T.J. Flowers, 9. Accumulation and salinity but there is further reduction in soil medium than localisation of sodium ions within the shoots of rice other two mediums. Reduction in percentage of (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in salinity germination in saline soil until treatment 3 ds m has no resistance. Physiology of Plant, 5: 33-3. significant difference with control, but afterward with. Lauchli, A. and E. Epstein, 99. Plant Responses to increasing salinity there is sharp reduction in germination Saline and Sodic Conditions. In: Tanji, K.K. (Ed.), so that no seed germinated in treatment 3dS m. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. New York, pp: 3-37. Generalizing results of Petri dish and growth chamber 9. Munns, R. and A. Termaat, 9. Whole plant experiment to field must be perform with prudence response to salinity. Australian Journal of Plant because effective factors in soil have complicated Physiol., 3: 3-. interaction that can not be explained simply. Salinity,. Seeman, J.D. and C. Critchely, 95. Effect of salt whether natural or induced, is a widespread stress on the growth, ion content, stomatal behavior environmental stress that limits the growth and and photosynthetic capacity of salt sensitive development of salt-sensitive plants. Plants vary species, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Planta, : 5-. greatly in their tolerance to salts. However, the. Chartzoulakis, K. and G. Klapaki,. Response of performance of crops under saline conditions depends two greenhouse pepper hybrids to NaCl salinity on seed germination and establishment and also tolerance during different growth stages. Scientia at later stages of growth. Horticulturae, : 7-.. Duan, D.Y., W.Q. Li. X.J. Liu. H. Ouyang and P. An, REFERENCES 7. Seed germination and seedling growth of Suaeda salsa under salt stress. Annals of Botany,. Ashraf, M., M. Ozturk and H.R. Athar, 9. Salinity : -9. and water stress, improving crop efficiency. Tasks for 3. Shamsaddin, M., H. Farahbakhsh and Vegetation Sci., A.A. Maghsoodi Mude, 7. Effects of salt stress. Massai, R., D. Remorin and M. Tattini,. Gass on germination, vegetative growth and some exchange, water relation and osmotic adjustment in physiological characteristics of Canola. Science and two scion/rootstock combination of prunus under Technology. Agriculture and Natural Reso., various salinity concentrations. Plant and Soil, (): 3-3. 59: 53-.. Khodabande, N., 99. Cereals. Second edition. 3. Homaee, M.,. Plants Response to Salinity. Tehran University Publication. pp: 77-. Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and 5. Hosseini, S.Z. and M. Jafari,. Investigation on Drainage. Vol 5, Tehran. Iran. effect of salinity stress on germination of three. Rhoades, J.D., 999. Use of saline drainage water for accession of tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum). irrigation. In: Agricultural Drainage. Agronomy th Symposium no. 33, paper no. 9. 7 WCSS, Monograph. No. 3, eds. Skaggs, R. W. and J. Van Thailand. Shilfgarde, CSSA. Madison, WI. pp: 5-57.. Jamil, M., C.C. Lee, S. Rehman. D.B. Lee. M. Ashraf 5. Botia, P., M. Carvajal. A. Cerda and V. Martinez, 99. and E.S. Rha, 5. Salinity (NaCl) tolerance of Response of eight Cucumis melo cultivars salinity brassica species at germination and early seedling during germination and early vegetative growth. growth. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agronomy, : 53-53. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, (): 97-97. 5