White paper: New Ecodesign rules and energy labelling for space and water heaters

White paper: New Ecodesign rules and energy labelling for space and water heaters

White paper: New Ecodesign rules and energy labelling for space and water heaters The Ecodesign Regulation is one of the ways the EU is reducing the environmental impact of products through their design. From 26 September 2015, Ecodesign will apply to space heaters, water heaters and water storage tanks, some of the largest consumers of energy in homes. The new rules, covering both renewable heat pumps and fossil fuel systems, apply minimum seasonal energy efficiency requirements and maximum sound power levels to products with capacities up to and including 400kW and, from 2018, the Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions of gas and oil boilers. At the same time, new Energy Labelling regulations of heating products with capacities up to and including 70kW are also coming into force. The aim is to promote products which have low environmental impact and enable consumers to make informed choices for their heating and hot water systems. 1

There are two Lots under the Ecodesign framework that concern space and water heating, each specifying minimum requirements for the different product groups. The Ecodesign Directive The Ecodesign Directive provides a regulatory framework for improving the environmental performance of energy-related products (ErPs) through design. In the built environment, ErPs include products that consume energy, such as boilers and air conditioning systems, as well as those impacting on energy use, including windows and insulation. From 26 September 2015, the Ecodesign Directive will apply to space heaters (including heat pumps and fossil fuel boilers), combination heaters (for both space and water heating), water heaters and water storage tanks. All these products will have to meet minimum requirements for energy efficiency and maximum sound power levels, or be banned from use. The legislation also covers packages of space heating and water heating products (for example, an air-to-water heat pump, temperature controller and solar thermal system). The minimum energy efficiency levels for both space heaters and water heaters applying from September 2015 will be raised from 26 September 2017, while maximum sound power levels will be lowered on 26 September 2018 (see tables). ENER Lot 1 Regulation 813/2013 Ecodesign requirements for space heaters and combination heaters Lot 1 covers space heaters with a rated heat output up to 400kW, cogeneration technologies up to electrical capacity of 50kW and electrical heaters of up to 70kW. The Regulation sets values for minimum space heating energy efficiency, maximum NOx emissions (from 26 September 2018), maximum sound power levels and product information requirements. ENER Lot 2 Regulation 814/2013 Ecodesign requirements for water heaters and hot water storage tanks Lot 2 covers water heaters with a rated heat output of up to and including 400kW and hot water storage tanks with a storage volume of up to and including 2,000 litres. The Regulation sets values for minimum water heating energy efficiency, maximum NOx emissions (from 26 September 2018), maximum sound power levels, product information requirements and standing losses in water storage tanks. Additionally, from September 2018, some fossil fuel products will have to meet maximum NOx (Nitrogen Oxide) emissions levels: 120mg/kWh for oil boilers and 56mg/kWh for gas boilers. There are two Lots under the Ecodesign framework that concern space and water heating, each specifying minimum requirements for the different product groups. 2

Systems covered by the Ecodesign Regulation > Air-to-water heat pumps > Ground source heat pumps > Heating and hot water systems which include solar thermal panels, hot water tanks and controls > Heating only and reversible air source and water source chillers > Gas boilers > Oil boilers Table: Minimum space heating energy efficiency requirements September 2015 September 2017 Fossil B1 0-10kW Fossil B1 combination 0-30kW 75% Fossil Other <70kW Fossil B1>10kW 86% Fossil B1 combination >30kW Fossil 70-400kW 86% full load / 94% partial load Cogeneration 86% 100% Heat pump 55 C 100% 110% Heat pump 35 C 115% 125% Electric heaters 30% 37% Note: All efficiencies are primary energy efficiencies to allow fair comparison of different energy sources. 1kWh of electricity = 2.5kWh of primary energy. Table: Minimum water heating energy efficiency requirements Load Profile 3XS XXS XS S M L XL XXL 3XL 4XL September 2015 22% 23% 26% 26% 30% 30% 30% 32% 32% 32% September 2017 32% 32% 32% 32% 36% 37% 38% 60% 64% 64% Note: Load profile is based on predicted hot water demand. A medium load profile applies to a small household (two people), while an extra large load profile would be needed for five to six people. Table: Maximum sound power levels Rated heat output 6kW Rated heat output < 6kW and 12kW Rated heat output < 12kW and 30kW Rated heat output < 30kW and 70kW Sound power level Sound power level Sound power level Sound power level Sound power level Sound power level Sound power level Sound power level indoors outdoors indoors outdoors indoors outdoors indoors outdoors 60dB 65dB 65dB 70dB 70dB 78dB 80dB 88dB 3

Calculating energy efficiency Seasonal space heating efficiency Seasonal space heating efficiency (η S ) is the expression of the delivered heat in relation to the energy input to the system. This value is then used to calculate the energy class of the product. The energy efficiency of heat pumps is based upon the Seasonal Coefficient of Performance (SCOP). SCOP is calculated by taking the annual heat demand of the building and dividing it by the annual energy consumption, while considering any back-up systems and where in Europe the product is being used. There are three climate zones: colder (Helsinki), average (Strasbourg) and warmer (Athens). The calculation for fossil fuel boilers assumes an average European climate, regardless of location. Water heating efficiency For water heaters, the energy efficiency (η WH ) is used to calculate the energy class. This is an expression of the supplied hot water in relation to energy input for a given consumption load profile (sometimes referred to as the tapping profile). In domestic applications, load profile typically ranges from medium to extra large, with a medium load profile applying to a small household (two people), while an extra large load profile would be needed for five to six people. Additionally, the efficiency of hot water storage tanks is based upon standing heat losses. Efficiencies of all space heating products are expressed as primary energy efficiencies, to allow fair comparison of different energy sources (ie oil, gas and electricity), where 1kWh of electricity is equal to 2.5kWh of primary energy. The energy efficiency of heat pumps is based upon the Seasonal Coefficient of Performance (SCOP). For water heaters, the energy efficiency (ηwh) is used to calculate the energy class. 4

As with the Ecodesign Regulation, there are two pieces of legislation covering energy labelling, depending on the product type. The Energy Labelling Directive All space and water heating products (and packages of products) covered by the Ecodesign Regulation must be CE marked. Additionally, those products with capacities up to and including 70kW will be required to clearly display an energy label from 26 September 2015. The energy label aims to help consumers make direct comparisons of energy use, as well as productspecific features. The requirements are: > A printed energy label and product fiche must be displayed on all products > Information on energy class must be provided in adverts and technical promotional material > Electronic versions of the energy label and product fiche must be made available to dealers / wholesalers / installers > The energy label and product fiche must be displayed when products are sold on the internet. It is worth noting that, as well as manufacturers, importers of products from countries outside European Economic Area (EEA), which includes EU member states and European Free Trade Association countries, have to ensure products are labelled if they are being sold in the EEA. Authorised representatives selling EU manufacturers products outside of the EEA also have to ensure products comply with labelling regulations. As with the Ecodesign Regulation, there are two pieces of legislation covering energy labelling, depending on the product type: Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 811/2013 This regulation covers the energy labelling of space heaters, combination heaters, packages of a space heater, temperature control and solar devices, plus packages of a combination heater, temperature control and solar devices. Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 812/2013 This regulation covers the energy labelling of water heaters, hot water storage tanks (with capacities up to 500 litres) and packages of water heater and solar devices. 5

Energy labelling for space heating products Energy labels for space heating products show: > Brand and model > Space heating function (indicated by a radiator symbol) > Medium or low temperature application (for heat pumps) > Space heating efficiency class > Rated heat output > European climate zone > Sound power level indoors (and outdoors for heat pumps). The energy class of a product relates to its seasonal energy efficiency, ranging from A++ (best) to G (worst); in September 2019, with tightening of efficiency requirements, this scale will be shortened to cover A+++ to D, banning products falling below the minimum efficiency standards. Energy labelling for water heating products Energy labels for water heating products show: > Brand and model > Water heating function/storage function > Water heating/storage efficiency class > Rated heat output > European climate zone (for solar and heat pumps) > Sound power level indoors (and outdoors for heat pumps) > If the product has the ability to operate only during off-peak times (between 22:00 and 7:00). As with space heating, the energy class of a water heating product relates to its seasonal energy efficiency, ranging from A (best) to G (worst); in September 2017, with tightening of efficiency requirements, this scale will shorten to A+ to F. There are two scales for heat pumps. One for medium temperature applications (for water flow temperatures of 55 C) and one for low temperature applications (for water flow temperatures of 35 C). Low temperature heat pump labels have one scale and cannot be labelled as a combined space and water heating product. The energy class scales for medium and low temperature applications vary by 25%, so care needs to be taken when comparing different products to ensure like-for-like comparisons are being made. It should also be noted that energy class is not an indication of running costs. 6

Energy labelling for hot water storage tanks Energy labels for hot water storage tanks show their energy class, based upon the standing heat losses, ranging from A to G; in September 2017, this scale will be from A+ to F. Energy labelling for combination products As might be expected, combination product labels combine elements of labels for space and water heaters. As low temperature heat pumps cannot be labelled as a combined space and water heating product, heat pump combination products only have one scale for heat pumps that can reach 55 C. Energy labelling for packages Clearly, in most situations, a combination of heating products will be used to create an overall system for heating and hot water. For example, a system may comprise an air-to-water heat pump, a controller, solar panels, a hot water storage tank and a back-up heater. Often, the combined efficiencies of the individual products add up to make a far more efficient system which can also be cheaper to run, making it more attractive to consumers. So, in addition to the labels required for individual products, the Regulation also stipulates that the end user should be provided with a label for their package installation on completion. The system package label will be created by the installer using information provided by the various equipment manufacturers. Manufacturers must provide a free-to-access internet-based service to allow these package labels to be created easily by installers. Package labels look different to energy labels and are based upon the information provided for the individual products, showing: > Space heating efficiency > The effect of controls > The efficiency of a supplementary boiler > The effect of solar panel contribution > The overall efficiency of the package > The overall energy class of the package > Seasonal space efficiency in the climate zone. 7

By selecting a package of energy-efficient products, such as air-to-water heat pumps, solar panels and the latest controls, households can ensure their homes are comfortable all year round, reduce their environmental impact and lower their fuel bills. Ecodesign and air-to-water heat pumps The introduction of Ecodesign to space and water heating products aims to promote the use of renewable energy systems such as air-to-water heat pumps, which have higher seasonal efficiencies than traditional fossil fuel boilers. This is because seasonal efficiency calculations consider seasonal variations in system operation, accounting for energy efficiency at partial load capacities, which is when inverter-controlled air-to-water heat pumps are at their most efficient. Conclusion The new Ecodesign Regulation and the introduction of energy labels for space and water heating and hot water storage in September 2015 should certainly help increase the take-up of domestic renewable energy systems across Europe. The new rules will allow consumers to make informed choices about their heating and hot water systems. By selecting a package of energy-efficient products, such as air-to-water heat pumps, solar panels and the latest controls, households can ensure their homes are comfortable all year round, reduce their environmental impact and lower their fuel bills. The calculations also factor in the energy consumption of products in auxiliary modes such as standby or off mode, or when the thermostat is off. While these factors reduce the apparent energyefficiency of the product, the seasonal efficiency ratings are a more accurate reflection of real-life energy performance. In fact, while some fossil fuel boilers are said to have 100% efficiency, under the new regime their seasonal efficiency will be lower, as they are unable to modulate their operation in response to external climate changes they are either on or off. 8

The Daikin Altherma range of air-to-water heat pumps offers a solution for any home. There are Low Temperature Split and Monobloc systems for well-insulated properties, high temperature split systems for older buildings and the Daikin Altherma Hybrid system for fossil fuel boiler replacement. All are in scope of and meet the new Ecodesign Regulation and are highly energy efficient, with energy classes from A+ up to A++ (for the Hybrid system). When combined with controls and solar thermal panels, these systems can create a highly efficient package solution for heating and hot water. 9

Daikin Altherma heating solutions Daikin Altherma Low Temperature Split The Daikin Altherma Low Temperature Split heat pump range has units with capacities from 4kW up to 16kW that can be used with underfloor heating, heat pump convectors or low temperature radiators. The heat pumps can be combined with a separate unvented hot water cylinder, delivering cylinder temperatures of up to 50 C. This results in reduced use of auxiliary heaters, even when the outside temperature is down to -25 C. Daikin Altherma High Temperature Split Daikin Altherma High Temperature Split heat pumps are suitable for older or harder to heat properties. The units can deliver water flow temperatures of up to 80 C, without the need to replace radiator systems, and can be combined with an unvented hot water cylinder and solar thermal system. Daikin Altherma Hybrid heat pump Daikin Altherma Low Temperature Monobloc When there are internal space constraints, the Daikin Altherma Low Temperature Monobloc system offers a perfect solution as it combines all the main hydraulic components in a single outdoor unit. It is combined with an unvented hot water cylinder and can also be connected to a solar thermal system. The Daikin Altherma Hybrid heat pump system combines a gas condensing combination boiler and an air-to-water heat pump to create a highly energy efficient domestic heating and hot water system ideal for gas boiler replacement. Daikin s unique and patented system comprises a heat pump and boiler working in series. In hybrid mode, heating water is pre-heated by the more efficient heat pump, reducing the energy consumed by the boiler. In economical mode up to 35% higher heating efficiencies can be achieved over a gas condensing boiler alone. At higher outdoor temperatures, when the heat pump has sufficient capacity to cover the heat load, it will operate alone. As temperatures fall, the boiler starts to support the heat pump in hybrid mode, only taking over on the coldest days, when using the heat pump becomes less cost efficient. For further information: Call 0845 641 9070 Email heating@daikin.co.uk Visit www.energylabelling.org.uk daikin.co.uk 10