इ टरन ट म नक Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities, in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority, and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public. ज न1 क अ+धक र, ज 1 क अ+धक र Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan The Right to Information, The Right to Live प0र 1 क छ ड न' 5 तरफ Jawaharlal Nehru Step Out From the Old to the New IS 11000-1-2 (1988): Fire hazard testing, Part 1: Guidance for the preparation of requirements and test specifications for assessing fire hazard of electronic and electrical items, Section 2: Guidance for electronic components [LITD 1: Environmental Testing Procedure]! न $ एक न' भ रत क +नम-ण Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda Invent a New India Using Knowledge! न एक ऐस खज न > ज कभ च0र य नहB ज सकत ह ह Bhartṛhari Nītiśatakam Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen
Indian Standard FIRE HAZARD TESTING IS : WOO ( Part l/&c 2) - 1988 PART 1 GUIDANCE FOR PREPARATION OF REQUIREMENTS AND TEST SPECIFICATIONS FOR ASSESSING FIRE HAZARD OF ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL ITEMS Section 2 Guidance for Electronic Components UDC 621 38-038 + 621 31 : 61 81 @ Copyright 1988 BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG NE-HI 1 lc)qo2 Gr2 jkne 1988
Indian Standard FIRE HAZARD TESTING IS : 11000 ( Part l/set 2 ) - 1988 PART 1 GUIDANCE FOR PREPARATION OF REQUIREMENTS AND TEST SPECIFICATIONS FOR ASSESSING FIRE HAZARD OF ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL ITEMS Section 2 Guidance for Electronic Components 0. FOREWORD 0.1 This Indian Standard (Part l/set 2 ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on 7 March 1988, after the draft finalized by the Environmental Testing Procedures Sectional Committee had been approved by the Electronics and Telecommunication Division Council. 0.2 Fire hazard testing of electronic components is influenced by the following: c) Electronic components are made of heterogeneous materials in relatively small amounts arranged in such a complex construction that synergistic effects may be various and are generally unforeseeable. Functioning of electronic components implies a supply of electrical energy; in normal operation heat dissipation is generally small but sparks may be produced ( for example, by relays ). However, when operated under faulty or abnormal conditions, a large amount of energy may be liberated as heat. Electronic components of various kinds are generally associated into equipments in quite a large number and for various purposes, so that each type of component has to perform in a wide range of situations and a typical situation can, therefore, not be defined. Only in exceptional cases where some components may be particularly dangerous or endangered with regard to fire hazard, a study ofthe actual situation may be useful and specified requirements may be necessary. 0.3 While preparing this standard, considerable assistance is derived from IEC Pub 695-l-2 ( 1982 ) Fire hazard testing, Part 1 Guidance fcr the preparation of requirements and test specifications for assessing fire hazard of electrotechnical products: Guidance for electronic components, issued by the Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ). 0. For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test, shah be rounded off in accordance with IS : 2-1960%. The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard. *Rules for rounding off numerical values ( reuiscd). 1. SCOPE 1.1 This standard (Part l/set 2 ) covers guidance for the preparation of requirements and test specifications for assessing fire hazard of electronit and electrical items with special reference to electronic components. explosion of the component and/or dropping of particles or flaming material resulting in the ignition of other items, or d) emission of flammable gases from the component which can ignite spontaneously or due to adjacent sparks when a flammable concentration in air exists and can so 2. HAZARD CONCEPTS contribute to ignition of the component or of other items. 2.1 An electronic component may, ur1dcr internal fault, or an overload condition re.~ult~n~; NOTE - A component can also initiate a fire in other from an external fault, generate excess heat ways, for examplr, by flashover or tracking. such that fire may be initiated. 2.2 Propagation of a fire thus initiated is 2.1.1 The fire may start due to either: determined by: self-ignition of the component, or its exterior surfaces becoming sufficiently hot to ignite other items in contact with or in close proximity to it, or a) The amount of energy available in the burning components, The rate at which this energy can be liberated, 1
IS : 11000 ( Part l/set 2 ) - 1988 d) The duration of burning, The ease with which adjacent will ignite, and components The design characteristics, that is, component spacing, ventilation, etc, of the product within which the component is mounted. 3, MAIN OBJECTIVES 3.1 The equipment manufacturer should first of all take every care that, by appropriate design, internal faults or overload conditions will not give rise to fire hazard. This may be done by one or more of the following measures: a) Choosing components which i) ii) iii) have a power rating (specially resistors ) which is higher than necessary under normal conditions, fail by going open circuit load conditions, under over- have self-ignition characteristics determined with respect to the maximum fault power of the circuit; Protecting critical components by use of a heat sink; Protecting critical circuits by additional elements, for example, voltage or current limiting devices, fuses, etc; or Providing large enough distances from components that may dissipate excessive heat or by using heat shields. 3.2 In exceptional cases, where the above methods cannot be applied, endangered components should meet specified hazard requirements. For this purpose, it is necessary to obtain information on following two separate characteristics to establish the fire hazard potential of an electronic component: A self-ignition test to establish if a failed or overloaded component can self-ignite and burn at such a rate and for such a time that propagation of fire may occur, and An induced-ignition test to establish how readily a component may be ignited from a flame or an adjacent heat source and may in turn burn at such a rate and for such a time that propagation of fire may occur.. TYPES OF FIRE TESTS.1 Self-ignition tests and induced-ignition tests may each be carried out for two purposes: a) First, to provide combustion characteristics data on the performance of a basic component design so that realistic background information is available for the equipment designer and when necessary, that realistic criteria for the specification of a fire hazard assessment test can be obtained. The combustion characteristics test is not intended to produce a pass/fail result but is to be used by the manufacturer, the user, or the technical committee preparing a component specification, to provide the information on which the evaluation of the potential fire hazard of the component may be based. Second, to provide a go/no-go acceptance test for type testing of components in those cases where requirements are needed. The test severity and the acceptance criteria should be chosen so as to constitute realistic conditions for the fire hazard assessment of the component in its particular application. 5. EVALUATION OF THE FIRE HAZARD 5.0 The detailed method of evaluation of fire hazard will vary from component to component. However, this clause is an example of a guideline which may be followed when preparing a method for a particular component. 5.1 Self-Ignition 5.1.1 Combustion Characteristics - A progressive electrical overload-to-failure test should be used. The test should be continued until either the component is completely destroyed or failure occurs so as to effectively remove the source of overload or when the level of overload reaches a practical limit (but should then be held constant for an extended period to achieve thermal stability with the surroundings). The nature and levels of the overload and the timeto-failure should be recorded. The component behaviour is observed and additional information should be recorded, for example: Surface temperature for non-ignited specimens, Height of flame for ignited specimens, Duration of flame ignited specimens, Presence of liberated material and flames, and Effect of orientation. 5.1.2 Self-Ignition Fire Hazard Assessment - Combustion characteristics obtained from the above investigation should be used to establish the basis for the go/no-go assessment of self-ignition fire hazard. Tests should be made on the component under specified fault/maximum overload/maximum power dissipation conditions to ascertain that the specified ignition/surface temperature criteria are met. 2
IS : 11000 ( Part l/set 2 ) - 1988 5.2 Induced Ignition 5.2.1 Combustion Characteristics - The degree of fire hazard is associated with the ease of ignition and the rate of burning and the amount of fuel contribution of a component to the spread of fire. Thus the risks associated with induced ignition should be assessed in terms of: a) How easily a component can be ignited, How much is the contribution to propagation the ignited component can make, and c) Height of flame for ignited specimens. 5.2.1.1 Considering these features in turn: a) Ease of ignition -- Test methods should identify the combination of heat input and time required to ignite the component. It is not sufficient to attempt ignition just from a minimum practical heat source. The design of a component, its thermal mass, and heat dissipation properties will determine the minimum heat input ( over a given area ) to cause ignition. The time of exposure of the specimen to the specified heat source to establish ignition is a combustion characteristic. Contribution to propagation - It is established by the amount of available fuel and the amount of energy required to liberate it. Test methods should test nature and duration of burning as a function of duration of application of a specified heat source. Burning of either all available fuel, or of a maximum amount of it should, be achieved. The time of exposure of specimen to the specified heat source to obtain the maximum burning time of the specimen after removal of heat source is a combustion characteristic. 5.2.2 Induced-Ignition Fire Hazard Assessment - Combustion characteristics obtained from this investigation should be used to establish the basis for the go/no-go assessment of the inducedignition fire hazard by testing the component under specified conditions of orientation and application of heat energy to ascertain that the specified criteria are met when a specified heat source is applied. NOTE - Various methods of applying the heat may be differentiated by severity and other test conditions. 5.3 Other Effects - During such tests to establish combustion characteristics due to selfi ignition and induced ignition, other effects should be observed and recorded, for example, emission of melted flaming material and/or glowing particles, explosions, emissions of smoke and of corrosive and/or toxic gases which may be significant in certain applications and may be a more serious hazard than fire.
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