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Woody Invasives Kathy Smith School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University Invasive Species You Should Know Kudzu Pueraria montana A climbing, semi-woody, perennial vine. Leaves: deciduous, alternate and compound, with three broad leaflets up to 4 inches across. Leaflets may be entire or deeply 2-3 lobed with hairy margins. Flowers: about ½ inch long, purple, fragrant, borne in long hanging clusters, occurring in late summer. Seed: brown, hairy, flattened pods, each containing 3-10 hard seeds. Kills plants by smothering them, by girdling woody stems and tree trunks and by breaking branches or uprooting entire trees and shrubs by the force of its weight. Once established grows rapidly, extending as much as 60 feet per season at a rate of 1 foot per day. Its massive tap roots are 7 inches or more in diameter and 6 feet or more in length. Spreads by runners and rhizomes and by vines that root at the nodes to form new plants. Does spread by seed however only a couple of viable seeds are produced per cluster of pods. Seeds may not germinate for several years. Control: Cut stump - glyphosate or triclopyr applied to fresh cut stump at a rate of 25% v/v mixed with water. Sometimes a followup of foliar treatment is necessary. Foliar - not to be used when desirable plants are present. 2% v/v of either glyphosate or triclopyr and water with a.5% concentration of a non-ionic surfactant. Another effective option 4 oz. of metsulfuron methyl/ acre with 1/4-1/2% v/v non-ionic surfactant. The kudzu bug Megacopta cribraria has been found in the south and as far north as southeastern Kentucky. While it feeds on kudzu it also feeds on soybeans. The bug can invade homes and cause allergic reactions in some individuals. For more information see http://kudzubug.org Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus A deciduous woody, perennial vine. Leaves: simple, alternate, glossy with finely toothed margins. Nearly as wide as they are long. Flowers: Male and female plants. Female flowers small and greenish is axillary clusters. Fruit: three-valved, yellow, globe shaped that mature and split open to reveal three redorange, fleshy fruits with 5 or more seeds. (American bittersweet has one seed per fruit) Kills plants by smothering them or by breaking them. When it climbs high up into trees the increased weight can lead to uprooting or aid in blowdowns of plants. through root suckering. This is a prolific seeder and has hybridized with the American bittersweet as well. Seeds dispersed by birds. Can also spread Control: Basal bark applications of triclopyr mixed with a basal oil and a penetrant (20% solution). Cut stump applications - cut and immediately treat with a 25% solution of glyphosate or triclopyr mixed with water. May need to follow-up with a foliar application. 68
Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica A perennial vine that climbs by twisting its stems around vertical structures. Stems and leaves sometimes covered with fine, soft hairs. Leaves: oblong to oval with short stalks, occur in pairs along the stem. In some climates remains evergreen through winter. Flowers: tubular with five petals, white to pink, fragrant occurring in pairs at leaf juncture. Blooms from late April through July and sometimes into October. Fruit: small black fruits produced in fall, each containing 2-3 oval to oblong, dark brown seeds about ¼ inch across. Kills shrubs and young trees by girdling when the vines tightly twist around stems and trunks. Can also kill by shading out other vegetation. Spreads by both seed (birds and other wildlife) and vegetatively when nodes come in contact with moist soil. Rhizomes also help to establish and spread this plant. Control: repeated pulling can be effective if done consistently. Just as with bush honeysuckle, this plant stays active well into the fall. Foliar herbicides may be applied after the first frost that sets most of the native plants to dormancy. Chemicals (glyphosate or triclopyr) when applied at this time will move through the tissues to the root system. Repeat applications may be needed. Great Lakes Early Detection Network (GLEDN) Help us track these invasive species across the state. For some of these there is little information about where they are already occurring in the state. To help us get a better sense of how heavy some of these invasions are and where they are located utilize the Great Lakes Early Detection Network (GLEDN) smart phone app. All locations uploaded using the app will be verified either by the images users submit or by field visits. Data is then added to the EDDMapS site. To access the app go to http://go.osu.edu/gledn or scan this QR code. This free app is available for both android and i-phone. 69
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service NA-PR-01-99GEN Revised August 2008 Asian Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis): A New Introduction T h e Asian longh or ned beetle (ALB) h as been discovered attacking trees in the United States. Tunneling by beetle larvae girdles tree stems and branches. Repeated attacks lead to dieback of the tree crown and, eventually, death of the tree. ALB probably travelled to the United States inside solid wood packing material from China. The beetle has been intercepted at ports and found in warehousesthroughout the United States. This beetle is a serious pest in China, where it kills hardwood trees in roadside plantings, shelterbelts, and plantations. In the United States the beetle prefers maple species (Acer spp.), including oxelder, Norway, red, silver, and sugar maples. Other preferred hosts are birches, Ohio buckeye, elms, horsechestnut, and willows. Occasional to rare hosts include ashes, European mountain ash, London planetree, mimosa, and poplars. A complete list of host trees in the United States has not been determined. Currently, the only effective means to eliminate ALB is to remove infested trees and destroy them by chipping or burning. To prevent further spread of the insect, quarantines are established to avoid transportinginfested trees and branches from the area. Early detection of infestations and rapid treatment response are crucial to successful eradication of the beetle. The ALB has one generation per year. Adult beetles are usually present from July to October, but can be found later in the fall if temperatures are warm. Adults usually stay on the trees from which they emerged or they may disperse short distances to a new host to feed and reproduce. Each female usually lays 35-90 eggs during her lifetime. Some are capable of laying more than that. The eggs hatch in 10-15 days. The larvae feed under the bark in the living tissue of the tree for a period of time and then bore deep into the wood where they pupate. The adults emerge from pupation sites by boring a tunnel in the wood and creating a round exit hole in the tree. For more information about Asian longhorned beetle in the United States, visit these U.S. Department of Agriculture Web sites: www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/alb/ www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant _ pest_info/asian_lhb/index.shtml If you suspect an Asian longhorned beetle infestation, please collect an adult beetle in a jar, place the jar in the freezer, and immediately notify any of these officials or offices in your State: State Department of Agriculture: State Plant Regulatory Official State Entomologist S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine Forest Service County Cooperative Extension Office State Forester or Department of Natural Resources 70
Asian Longhorned Beetle WHAT TO LOOK FOR: 1. Adult beetles. Individuals are ¾ to 1¼ inches long, with jet black body and mottled white spots on the back. The long antennae are 1½ to 2½ times the body length with distinctive black and white bands on each segment. The feet have a bluish tinge. 2. Oval to round pits in the bark. These egglaying sites or niches are chewed out by the female beetle, and a single egg is deposited in each niche. 3. Oozing sap. In the summer, sap may flow from egg niches, especially on maple trees, as the larvae feed inside the tree. 4. Accumulation of coarse sawdust around the base of infested trees, where branches meet the main stem, and where branches meet other branches. This sawdust is created by the beetle larvae as they bore into the main tree stem and branches. Photo Sources: USDA Forest Service USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 5. Round holes, 3/8 inch in diameter or larger, on the trunk and on branches. These exit holes are made by adult beetles as they emerge from the tree. Published by: USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry Newtown Square, PA 19073 www.na.fs.fed.us Federal Recycling Program 71
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