Studio sul rilascio di microplastiche derivanti dai capi sintetici R. Mossotti CNR ISMAC Biella Mermaids Workshop 4 Novembre 2016
MERMAIDS project Characterize and quantify microplastics contained in different laundry effluents. Estimate the influence of additives and detergents in lowering microplastics release. Evaluate the influence of textile characteristics that could affect fiber release. Increase the knowledge and the awareness of consumers and professionals with a set of policy recommendations (voluntary and mandatory ones) by following the guidelines of The European Marine Strategy Framework Directive - MSFD, 2008/56/EC.
SURVEY ON DOMESTIC WASHING HABITS MAIN TOPIC 831 questionnaires were handed out and 530 were selected as useful Washing machine brand Washing program Washing Temperature Wash duration Pretreatment Centrifugation Washing machine average load Water used cycle Washing Cycles per Week Drying machine brand and capacity Drying machine program
MAIN RESULTS WASHING CONDITIONS Most common washing machine brand: Bosh, Whirpool, LG, Indesit and AEG Washing Temperature more often used: 30-40 C Washing duration: 60-90 minutes Pretreatment specially used for white clothing Centrifugation: 800-1000 rpm 6,7 Washes/household week 25% of respondents use the 70-80% of clothing made of natural fibers. 15% of respondents use clothing made of natural and synthetic fibers in the same quantity. 26.5% only synthetic fibers. CLOTHING
LAB STEP TREND IN MICROFIBRES RELEASE ON SIMULATED INDUSTRIAL AND DOMESTIC WASHINGS Linitest Equipment Standard Fabric CNR-ISMAC/LEITAT
TESTS Woven and knitted Standard Fabrics: PET, PP, PA, PAC OPERATIVE CONDITIONS Temperature: 40, 60, 75 C, 90 C Time:45 min, 60 min Balls:0,10,20, 25 Distilled and hard water DETERGENTS R: Reference (only distilled water) DL1: Detergent Liquid 1 DL2: Detergent Liquid 2 DL3: Detergent Liquid 3 for wool DL4: Detergent Liquid 4 for synthetic textiles BL1: Bleach Liquid 1 BL2: Bleach Liquid 2 OL1: Oxy Liquid 1 SL1: Softener Liquid 1 OP1: Oxy Powder 1 (percarbonate) DP1: Detergent Powder 1 IB: Sapo Igienbucato; ph washing solution = 8.2 OXI: Sapo OXITEX; ph washing solution = 4.5
FILTRATION STEP Peristaltic Pump Tygon Tubes PVDF Filter with pore size of 5 microns Filter Holder
FILTERS PVDF Millipore filters with pore size of 5 μm received from CNR ISMAC and from LEITAT EVALUATION OF FIBRES AMOUNT Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM Analysis was performed by CNR-ICTP and CNR ISMAC
SEM IMAGES OF FIBERS FRAGMENTS COLLECTED ON FILTERS
Study of microfiber release from a washing machine Washing of clothings based on syntetic fibers or blends with natural fibers, using WASCATOR according to UNI EN 26330:1996 Standard powder detergent ECE 1 g/l Bath ratio during washing 1:10 2 kg load T= 40 C Time = 60 min 4 rinses after the main washing process
ANALYSIS OF WASHING EFFLUENT Fibers identification by light microscopy, FT-IR Fiber quantification by DSC, TGA, chemical methods Weighed
FINISHING OF STANDARD TEXTILES Tested by CNR-ISMAC on Industrial scale by using equipment supplied by Tintoria Finissaggio 2000-Biella Finishing Treatment of Polyester fabrics with Purlastic 889 and Polysilk CTE
Work Plan: LAB STEP TREND IN MICROFIBRES RELEASE ON PROFESSIONAL LAUNDRY MACHINE
TESTS PET Standard Fabrics TREATED STANDARD FABRIC DETERGENTS R: Reference (only distilled water) DL1: Detergent Liquid 1 DL2: Detergent Liquid 2 DL3: Detergent Liquid3 OPERATIVE CONDITIONS Temperature: 40, 60, Load 0,5kg Professional washing machine (rent) 6,5 kg load with dosing pumps. WASHING PROGRAM: WASH & WEAR, 60 C, 55 min, 1200 rpm spin-dryer.
Conclusions & Next steps EVALUATION OF THE MICROPLASTICS RELEASE COMING FROM A COMMERCIAL LAUNDRY 2 white duvet made of polyester 2 fabrics made of polyester fibers (reference and treated with a finishing treatment generally applied in the commercial laundry) 4 FURTHER WASHINGS PERFORMED IN REAL CONDITIONS (INDUSTRIAL SCALE,WASHING MACHINE WITH MAX LOAD 18 KGS )
FUTURE WORK Medium and Long-term goals NEW GUIDELINES FOR INDUSTRIES AND CONSUMERS: BREF update (Best available techniques for the textile industry) Policy recommendations (coherently with European Policies concerning the marine environment, e.g. MSFD 2008/56/EC) Updates of the voluntary legislation (e.g. EU-Ecolabel, GPP)
Grazie per l attenzione Raffaella Mossotti r.mossotti@bi.ismac.cnr.it