M.Zeighami, Mohammad H. Bastani, F. Behnia. The correction of azimuth ambiguity in SAR images by Doppler spectrum filtering operations. International Journal of Academic Research Part A; 2014; 6(6), 211-215. DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-6/A.26 Library of Congress Classification: R5-920 THE USE OF ANTI-TRANSPIRANTS AND ORGANIC COMPOST IN SUNFLOWER GROWN UNDER WATER STRESS AND SANDY SOIL M.S. Gaballah, S.M. Shaaban, E.F. Abdallah Water Relations & Field Irrigation Department, National Research Centre, Cairo (EGYPT) msgaballa54@yahoo.com ABSTRACT DOI: 10.7813/2075-4124.2014/6-6/A.26 Received: 04 Aug, 2014 Accepted: 05 Nov, 2014 A field experiment was executed to study the influence of anti-transpirants and organic compost on sunflower yield and yield quality under sandy soil condition. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design split split plot during two successive seasons at the experimental farm of National Research Centre, El_Nobaria area, Behera Governorate, Egypt. Organic compost was applied at 7.5 and 15m 3 /fed. Furthermore, plants were sprayed with three types of anti-transpirants (KCl, CaCo 3 at rates of 5 and 10 g/l and Sodium salicylate at rates of 1 and 2g/L). The results showed that the seed yield significantly increased by 61.8 and 65.7% when applying organic compost at 7.5 and 15m 3 /fed., respectively. Also increased by 50.0; 63.3 and 43.4; 53.2% on using KCl, 5; 10 g/l at 7.5 and 15m 3 /fed organic compost, in sequence. For plant sprayed with Sodium salicylate, 1; 2 g/l at 7.5 and 15m3/fed organic compost, the increases were 15.1; 22.0% and 3.6; 8.2% respectively compared to untreated plants. On the contrary, without applying organic compost the seed yield significantly increased by 16.9% when sprayed with CaCo 3 at 5 g/l while it increased by 21.2% when sprayed with CaCo 3 at 10 g/l. Organic compost had negative effect when spraying CaCo 3 at 5 g/l and its effect increased at 10 g/l might be due to stomata closing in addition to water holding in excessive existance of organic compost. In conclusion anti-transpirant effect differs according to its type and function. Key words: sandy soil, anti-transpirants, organic compost, Sunflower yield 1. INTRODUCTION One of the most important problems in arid and semiarid regions is soil conditions as low fertility, poor physical, chemical and biological properties Campbell and Beckett [1]. The soil of Egypt is characterized by low content of organic matter due to the prevailing dry conditions. Therefore, addition of compost becomes essential to increase organic matter content of soil, since it maintains crop nutritional requirements as well as other factors that enhance crop growth, and it can also reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, which have adverse environmental effects. Compost has been used extensively in reclamation of low quality soils. It has the unique ability to improve soil properties and the growing media physically (structurally), chemically (nutritionally) and biologically Wahba, [2], Bouajila and Sanaa [3], Shaaban, [4] Shaaban, [5] noticed that organic fertilization by using Chicken manure or other organic wastes helps in improving the physical characters of the soil and fertility. El-Hady and Shaaban [6] summarized that organic materials and compost decreased soil bulk density and increased total porosity and improved structure. El-Maghraby and Shaaban [7] found that compost (rice straw and chicken manure) which were added to sandy calcareous showed positive effect of bulk densities, total porosity, water holding capacity, field capacity and available water. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus, L.) is considered one of the four important annual crops in the world for edible oil. Sunflower seeds contain 24 49 % of oil and the cake contains 25 35 % of protein which is mostly feeder to livestock because of its high biological value. Anti-transpirants are the materials or chemicals which decrease the water loss from plant leaves by reducing the size and number of stomata. Nearly 99 per cent of the water absorbed by the plant is lost in transpiration. Antiranspirants and is any natural applied to transpiring plant surfaces for reducing water loss from the plant. There are of four types. Stomatal closing type, film forming type, reflectance type and growth retardant.the beneficial effects of anti-transpirants on counteracting the adverse effects of very hot climates on growth and production of horticultural and other crops were reviewed by many authors such as Ahmed et al., [8]and Ebrahiem- Asmaa [9]. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of anti-transpirants and organic compost on sunflower yield and yield quality under sandy soil conditions. Baku, Azerbaijan 211
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two field experiments were conducted during two successive seasons 2012 and 2013 in the experimental farm of National Research Centre at El Nubaria area, El-Behera Governorate, Egypt to study the influence of organic compost and anti-transpirants on oil and seeds yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) grown under sandy soil conditions. A complete randomized block design split split plot was designed with six replications under trickle irrigation. Distance between laterals was 60 cm. Distance between drippers was 30 cm. Drippers discharge was 2 l/h. Organic compost was applied at 7.5 and 15m 3 /fed. The organic compost was mixed with the soil surface (0-15cm layer) 15 days before cultivation. 130 kg/fed super phosphate (15.5% P 2O 5) was added during seedbed preparation, while 150 kg/fed potassium sulphate (48-52% K2O) was split into three equal doses after 15, 45 and 75 days from planting. 45 kg/fed ammonium sulphate (20.5% N) was split into two equal doses 15 and 45 days after planting. Date of planting was 15th of April. The plants were thinned to two plants/hill around each emitter. Furthermore, plants were sprayed with three types of anti-transpirants (KCl, CaCo 3 at rates of 5 and 10 g/l and Sodium salicylate at rates of 1 and 2g/L). The tested anti- transpirants were sprayed three times, the first and second at 15 and 45 days after planting, the third at the beginning of discs floret formation. The main analytical data of the soil and compost were presented in Table (1 and 2). Soil physical properties were determined according to Klute, [10] while chemical analysis according to Cottenie et al., [11]. Statistical analysis was completed according to Gomez and Gomez [12] using statistical analysis software M STAT. Table 1. Some physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and Compost Characteristic Soil Compost Texture Sand n.d* Bulk density (g cm -3 ) 1.58 0.68 p H (1:5) 7.8 (1:10) 7.47 EC (ds m -1 ) (1:5) 0.28 (1:10) 4.93 Organic matter (%) 0.25 35.85 Organic carbon (%) n.d* 20.79 NH4.N (ppm) n.d* 460 NO3.N (ppm) n.d* 351 Total N (%) 0.04 1.16 C:N n.d* 18:1 CaCO 3 (%) 2.3 n.d* Total P (%) 0.0020 1.10 Total K (%) 0.0023 0.93 Total Fe (ppm) 6.2 1365 Total Zn (ppm) 0.6 38.7 Total Mn (ppm) 2.8 265.4 * Not determined Table 2. Effect of organic compost on some hydrophysical properties of tested soil water holding Field wilting available Compost capacity* capacity* percentage* moisture* % % % % 0 17.91 6.61 2.63 3.98 7.5m 3 /fed 20.84 8.88 3.39 5.49 15m 3 /fed 23.01 10.52 3.54 6.98 L.S.D. at 0.05 2.12 1.48 0.13 1.47 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION *on weight basis 3.1. Vegetative growth It is clear from data in Table (3) that spraying sunflower plants with the KCl and Sodium salicylate antitranspirants significantly stimulated all growth characters (head diameter, stem weight, head weight, 200 seeds weight and weight of total seeds/ head) in relative to the control. These means were 30.4; 23.9, 45.8; 36.2, 66.3; 58.0, 15.3; 12.6, and 46.0; 35.5, respectively. While plant heights insignificantly increased compared to the untreated. Also, compost effect significantly stimulated the same growth characters that mentioned above. Detected means were 24.6, 36.2, 54.8, 12.8, and 35.0, respectively. Anti-transpirant CaCo 3 at rates of 5 and 10 g/l without compost were slightly increased by 0.8; 0.5, 6.6; 2.3, 9.9; 1.6, 5.7; 8.1, 4.4; 1.3and 16.7; 6.6% respectively compared to that of untreated, for all growth characters mentioned above whereas the CaCo 3 gave a negative effect when applying organic compost. 212 PART A. APPLIED AND NATURAL SCIENCES www.ijar.eu
Table 3. Effect of organic compost and anti-transpirants on vegetative growth of sunflower grown in sandy soil anti plant head stem head weight weight of weight of Compost transpir. height diameter weight + seeds 200 seeds total seeds/ conc. head (cm) (cm) (g) (g) (g) (g) KCl 1 133.56 23.81 33.20 53.60 12.42 33.43 2 135.87 27.69 36.87 56.65 14.85 41.00 0 Na salicylate 1 139.21 21.45 28.80 45.60 11.60 29.00 2 141.87 22.87 31.22 50.20 11.80 32.40 CaCo3 1 126.17 20.99 27.47 44.20 11.00 25.00 2 125.78 20.21 25.40 45.20 10.68 22.82 kcl 1 136.89 28.57 46.97 63.87 15.34 47.20 2 138.44 31.65 49.57 68.58 15.54 49.11 I Na salicylate 1 144.87 24.88 41.00 65.60 12.62 36.21 2 156.58 26.49 43.54 70.44 13.90 39.40 CaCo3 1 121.13 19.46 22.60 34.20 10.33 19.20 2 120.54 16.62 22.40 32.20 10.00 18.40 KCl 1 139.54 33.86 52.45 74.45 15.55 51.00 2 141.52 36.89 55.87 80.78 17.86 54.26 II Na salicylate 1 150.87 23.75 35.88 57.75 12.72 37.27 2 162.56 24.12 36.78 58.68 13.23 38.95 CaCo3 1 115.30 17.39 17.20 31.00 9.87 18.20 2 114.70 15.51 16.80 23.80 8.61 13.20 L.S.D. at 0.05 Compost effect Conc. effect Antitransp. effect Interaction effects A B C A x B A x C B x C A x B x C N.S 2.2 3.18 0.05 0.78 2.9 2.76 2.09 2.36 0.38 0.33 1.12 3.3 1.91 1.35 0.73 0.67 1.93 5.72 3.45 2.34 1.26 1.16 3.35 4.78 3.62 4.1 0.66 0.57 1.94 4.78 3.63 4.1 0.66 0.57 1.94 8.28 6.28 7.1 1.15 0.99 3.36 The positive action of these compounds on growth characters could be explained on the light of their effect on making powder film on the surface of leaves which can protect the plants from head damage reflected sun rays and at the same time enhancing cell division and the biosynthesis of organic foods Peter,[13]. These results were confirmed by the results of Curry et al., [14] and Ahmed et al., [8]. Thus the promoting effect of these anti-transpirants on growth of plants surely reflected on enhancing yield components. Similar results were documented by Ahmed et al., [15] and Ebrahiem- Asmaa [9]. 3.2. Seed and oil yield The effect of organic compost and anti-transpirants on oil and seed yield of sunflower was presented in Table 4. Obtained data in Table (4) showed that spraying sunflower plants with the KCl as an anti-transpirant at rates of 5 and 10 g/l significantly increased seeds yield and oil yield by 52.7 and 61.7% and 91.6 and 111.2% than that of untreated, respectively. Also the increase reached 121.0 and 156% and 140.5 and 165.8% than that of untreated by applying 7.5 m 3 organic compost/ fed to the soil in addition to KCl as an anti-transpirant. As a Baku, Azerbaijan 213
result of conditioning effect of soil high significantly increased by 139.9 and 166.3% and 156.4 and 182.9% than that of untreated, respectively by applying 15 m 3 organic compost/ fed to the soil in addition to KCl as an antitranspirant due to increments of water holding capacity, field capacity and available water of soil Shaaban et.al, [16]and EL-Hady and Shaaban,[6]. These effects were presented in Table 2. Spraying sunflower plants with Sodium salicylate at rates 1 and 2g/L showed the same trend that mentioned above. These values ranged between 972.3 to 1291.8 kg/fed for seeds yield and 283.6 to 369.8 kg/fed for oil yield. However, spraying sunflower plants with CaCo 3 at rates of 5 and 10 g/l significantly increased seeds yield and oil yield by 16.9 and 30.5% and 21.3 and 33.6% compared to untreated and without adding organic compost, respectively. On the contrary, using organic compost gave a negative effect which decreased by 11.0; 3.6% and 13.8; 2.4% compared to untreated for when applying 7.5 m 3 organic compost, respectively and more decrement by 19.3; 10.4% and 38.2; 31.8% compared to untreated on applying 15 m 3 organic compost, respectively. This may be attributed to stomata closing in addition to water holding excessive presence in soil by organic compost. Table 4. Effect of organic compost and anti-transpirants on oil and seeds yield of sunflower grown in sandy soil anti Compost transpir. seeds yield oil yield conc. oil seeds (kg)/fed % (kg)/fed KCl 1 1090.38 30.40 330.24 2 1368.12 31.60 431.08 0 Na salicylate 1 972.26 29.20 283.65 2 1081.25 28.60 308.98 CaCo3 1 834.79 31.33 266.40 2 865.67 31.67 272.64 KCl 1 1577.50 31.40 522.58 2 1717.21 31.80 542.67 I Na salicylate 1 1210.12 29.63 358.37 2 1283.13 28.80 366.22 CaCo3 1 635.31 31.00 196.77 2 615.16 32.40 199.16 KCl 1 1712.71 31.67 543.58 2 1830.21 31.80 577.57 II Na salicylate 1 1237.86 29.37 362.72 2 1291.78 28.63 369.79 CaCo3 1 576.21 31.67 182.96 2 441.25 31.33 139.32 L.S.D. at 0.05 Compost effect Conc. effect Antitransp. effect Interaction effects A B C A x B A x C B x C A x B x C 67.52 N.S 29.88 69.4 1.37 21.56 112.57 1.33 24.67 194.99 N.S 37.34 120.56 2.31 42.72 120.56 2.31 42.72 208.19 4.01 74.00 214 PART A. APPLIED AND NATURAL SCIENCES www.ijar.eu
4. CONCLUSION Generally, KCl was the best antitranspirant compared the other used and its efficiency increase by using organic compost under the sandy soil conditions. The higher level (10 g/l) of the KCl in all cases was the best for ameliorating effect. CaCo 3 at the same level in without organic compost cases gave positive effects, while using organic compost gave negative effects. CaCo 3 was the least, mostly failed to relief the transpiration effects. Sodium salicylate was the moderate effect on transpiration. Improvement of potassium (K) nutritional status using of plants KCl can greatly lower the AOS production by reducing the activity of NAD(P)H oxidizes and maintaining photosynthetic electron transport. Potassium deficiency causes severe reduction in photosynthetic CO2 fixation and reduces partitioning and utilization of photosynthates. REFERENCES 1. Campbell D.J. and P.H.T. Beckett (1988). The soil solution in a soil treated with digested Sludge. J. Soil. Sci., 39: 283-298. 2. Wahba M.M. (2007). Influence of compost on Morphological and chemical properties of sandy soils, Egypt. J. Applied Sci. Res., 3(11): 1490-1493. 3. Bouajila K. and M. Sanaa (2011). Effects of organic amendments on soil physico-chemical and biological properties. J. Mater. Environ. Sci.2(51): 485-490. 4. Shaaban S.M. (2012). Improvement of peat hydro physical properties by bark and filter mud additions for seedlings production of fodder beet. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8(8): 4434-4439. 5. Shaaban S.M. (2006). Effect of Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer on Wheat Plant under Water Regime. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 2(10): 650-656. 6. Hady O.A. and S.M. Shaaban (2012). Composting acidified wood industry wastes in a sandy calcareous soil. I. Conditioning effect, water economy and fertilizers use efficiency by 5 years old vine grapes. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8(8): 4449-4456. 7. El-Maghraby, T. A. and S. M. Shaaban (2011). Ameliorating calcareous soil properties and agriculture methods for achieving the sustainable agriculture aspect. J. Soil Sci. and Agric. Eng., Mansoura Univ., Vol. 2 (5): 541 554. 8. Ahmed F.F.; M.A.M., Abada and H. M., Abd El- Hameed (2012): Alleviating the adverse effect of sunburn on yield and colouration of Red Roomy grapevines by spraying calcium carbonate and sunscreen compounds. Minia Inter. Conf. for Agric. and Irrigation in The Nile Basin countries 26-29 March Minia, Egypt. pp 100 120. 9. Ebrahiem- Asmaa A. (2012): Alleviating the adverse effects of sunburn on the production of Red Roomy grapevines growing under Minia region conditions. Minia J. of Agric. Res. & Develop. Vol. (32): No. 1 pp 165 175. 10. Klute A.A. (1986). "Methods of soil analysis", part 1, 2nd ed. American Society of Agronomy. Inc., publisher, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A. 11. Cottenie A., M. Verloo, L. Kiekens, G. Velghe and R. Camerlynck (1982). Chemical analysis of plants and soils. Lab. Agroch. State Univ. Ghent, Belgium 12. Gomez K.A. and A.A. Gomez (1984). Statistical procedures for Agriculture Research. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA 13. Peter K. V. (2008): Basics of Horticulture. New India Publ. Ageny. pp 50-60. 14. Curry E.A. and J.M., Taha (2004): X-Ray Microanalysis of Apples Treated with Kaolin Indicates Wax- Embedded Particulate in the Cuticle. Acta Horticulture Proceedings. 636: 497 503. 15. Ahmed F.F.; M.M., Shaaban and A.M.K., Abd El- aal (2011): Protecting Crimson seedless grapevines growing in hot climates from sunburn. Res. J. of Agric. and Biol. Sci. 7 (1): 135-141. 16. Shaaban S.M.; T.A., El-Maghraby and A.A. Abd El-Kader (2010). Influence of irrigation amounts and organic manures on okra plants grown on sandy soil. Egypt. J. of Appl. Sci., 25 (12A): 911-925. Baku, Azerbaijan 215