TABLE OF CONTENTS ORIGINAL LITERACY WORK DECLARATION ABSTRACT ABSTRAK (MALAY TRANSLATION) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS LIST OF APPENDICES iii iv vi vii xii xiii xvii xix CHAPTER ONE: RESEARCH OVERVIEW 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background of Study 1 1.2.1 The Need to Study Sustainability in Project 6 1.2.2 The Need to Study Sustainability Integration into the Project 7 1.3 Statement of the Problem 8 1.4 Aim, Objectives and Research Questions 11 1.5 Research Methodology 11 1.6 Scope 14 1.7 Research Significance 15 1.8 The Thesis Structure 16 CHAPTER TWO: SUSTAINABILITY IN BUILDING AND THE PROJECT PLANNING PROCESS 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 The Concept of Sustainable Development and Sustainable Construction 21 2.2.1 The Concept of Sustainable Development 21 2.2.1.1 Sustainability Dimensions 23 2.2.2 The Concept of Sustainable Construction 29 2.2.3 Global Efforts Concerning Sustainability 31 2.2.3.1 Agenda 21 (1992) 31 2.2.3.2 The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) 32 2.2.3.3 The United Nations Framework on Climate Change (1992) and its Kyoto Protocol (1997) 33 2.2.3.4 The Millennium Declaration (2000) 34 2.2.3.5 The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (2002) 35 2.2.3.6 Post-2015 Development Agenda 35 2.3 Sustainable Project 38 vii
2.3.1 Sustainable versus Green 38 2.3.2 The Benefits of a Sustainable 41 2.3.2.1 Direct Benefits 42 2.3.2.2 Indirect Benefits 43 2.3.3 Current Sustainability Framework and Performance 44 Assessment Systems (BPASs) 2.3.3.1 BREEAM (United Kingdom) 45 2.3.3.2 LEED (United States) 47 2.3.3.3 SBTool (Canada/International) 48 2.3.3.4 Green Star (Australia) 50 2.3.3.5 Green Mark (Singapore) 51 2.3.3.6 Green Index (Malaysia) 52 2.3.3.7 GRI Sustainability Reporting Framework 53 2.3.4 Review of the Sustainability Principles of s 55 2.3.4.1 Environmental Sustainability Principles of 56 2.3.4.2 Economic Sustainability Principles of 62 2.3.4.3 Social Sustainability Principles of 64 2.3.4.4 Design and Innovation Principles of Sustainability in 68 2.4 Sustainability Practices in Project Management 71 2.4.1 Project 71 2.4.2 Project Management 72 2.4.3 Project Life Cycle 74 2.4.4 Project 77 2.4.5 Sustainability Integration into the Project 80 2.4.6 Review of the Sustainability Integration Strategies into the Project 81 2.4.6.1 Sustainable Project Orientation 82 2.4.6.2 Integrated Project Team 83 2.4.6.3 Integrated Design Process 85 2.4.6.4 Regulations and Code Compliances 89 2.4.7 Successful Project Performance and Sustainability 93 2.4.7.1 Project Success and Sustainability 96 2.5 Summary 98 viii
CHAPTER THREE: SUSTAINABILITY IN MALAYSIAN BUILDING PROJECTS 3.1 Introduction 101 3.2 Construction Industry in Malaysia: The Path towards Sustainability 102 3.2.1 The Issues of Construction Industry and Sustainability Practices 103 3.2.1.1 Environmental Issues 103 3.2.1.2 Socio-economic Issues 106 3.2.1.3 Issues of Sustainability Practices in Malaysian Projects 107 3.2.2 The Malaysian Efforts Towards Sustainability in Project 109 3.2.2.1 Policies and Guidelines on Sustainability in Malaysia 112 3.2.2.2 The Government Incentives on Sustainable 116 Projects 3.2.2.3 Other Commitments 121 3.2.3 of Sustainable Project in Malaysia 124 3.2.4 Awards Winning Projects on Sustainability 128 3.3 Significant of Developing a Framework of Integrating Sustainability into 129 the Project 3.4 Preliminary Framework of Integrating Sustainability into the Project 131 3.5 Summary 134 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4.1 Introduction 136 4.2 The Preliminary Research 138 4.2.1 The Theoretical Framework 138 4.2.2 The Research Design 140 4.2.2.1 The Research Problems 141 4.2.2.2 Methods of Data Collection 142 4.2.2.2.1 Pilot Study 142 4.2.2.2.2 Questionnaires Survey 145 4.2.2.2.3 Case Study 146 4.2.2.3 The Sampling Procedures for Questionnaires Survey 150 4.2.2.4 The Replication Logic for Case Study 153 4.3 Fieldwork 155 4.3.1 Distribution of Questionnaires 155 4.3.2 Case Study 156 4.4 Analysis of Results 157 4.4.1 Quantitative Analysis 157 4.4.2 Case Study and Qualitative Analysis 160 4.5 Framework Development 162 4.6 Summary 162 ix
CHAPTER FIVE: RESEARCH FINDINGS: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Stakeholders Background 166 5.2.1 Educational Qualification, Working Experiences and Career Development 167 5.3 Stakeholders Views on Sustainability Integration into the Project 169 for s 5.4 The Problems of Integrating Sustainability in Malaysian Project 172 5.4.1 No Clear Aspect Concerning Sustainability and the Integration 172 Strategies in and the Project Planning Standards and Guidelines 5.4.2 Lack of Collaboration and Integration among the Project Team 173 Members 5.4.3 Lack of Understanding on Sustainability Integration Process 175 and the Technical Issues 5.4.4 Financial Constraints 175 5.4.5 Lack of Awareness and Knowledge 176 5.5 Stakeholders Preferences on the Sustainability Principles of and the Strategies to Integrate the Principles into the Project 178 5.5.1 Reliability Test: Cronbach s Alpha Measurement 179 5.5.2 Factor Analysis 182 5.5.2.1 PCA for Sustainability Principles of s 183 5.5.2.1.1 Environmental Sustainability Principles of 184 5.5.2.1.2 Economic Sustainability Principles of 187 5.5.2.1.3 Social Sustainability Principles of 189 5.5.2.1.4 Design and Innovation Principles of 192 Sustainability in 5.5.2.2 PCA for the Strategies to Integrate Sustainability 194 Principles into the Project 5.5.2.2.1 Sustainable Orientation Project 194 5.5.2.2.2 Integrated Project Team 195 5.5.2.2.3 Integrated Design Process 198 5.5.2.2.4 Regulations and Code Compliances 201 5.5.3 Descriptive Statistics 202 5.5.3.1 Descriptive Statistics for Sustainability Principles of 203 s 5.5.3.2 Descriptive Statistics for the Strategies to Integrate 206 Sustainability Principles into the Project Planning Process 5.5.4 Triangulation Measures of Preferences and Developing 210 Framework of Integrating Sustainability into the Project (Stage 1) 5.5.5 Relative Important Index (RII) and Developing Framework of Integrating Sustainability into the Project (Stage 2) 214 x
5.5.5.1 RII for Sustainability Principles of s 215 5.5.5.2 RII for the Strategies to Integrate Sustainability 216 Principles into the Project 5.6 Summary 219 CHAPTER SIX: RESEARCH FINDINGS: CROSS CASE ANALYSIS 6.1 Introduction 220 6.2 Stakeholders Involvement 221 6.3 Sustainability Practices 225 6.3.1 The Projects Goals 225 6.3.2 Integration of Sustainability Principles into the Projects 226 6.3.3 The Projects Strategies to achieve the Goals for Sustainability 232 6.3.4 The Practiced Strategies of Sustainability Integration into the Projects 237 6.4 The Projects Performances 241 6.5 Barriers to the Projects 245 6.6 Preferences on Sustainability Principles of and the Strategies to 246 Integrate the Principles into the Project 6.7 The Framework Development 250 6.8 Summary 253 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 Introduction 256 7.2 Summary of The Research 256 7.3 Main Findings 267 7.3.1 Current Malaysian Stakeholders Awareness, Knowledge and 267 Commitment towards Sustainability in Project 7.3.2 Stakeholders Involvement 268 7.3.3 Documentation and Implementation 268 7.3.4 The Project Sustainability Goals 269 7.3.5 Framework Recommendations 269 7.4 Limitation of the Study 271 7.5 Future Research 272 References 273 List of Publications and Paper Presented 308 Appendices 310 xi