R E V I S T A DOI: hp://dx.doi.org/10.17224/energagric.2016v31n2p163-168 ISSN: 1808-8759 (cd-rom) 2359-6562 (on-line) EVALUATION OF BIOGAS CALORIFIC POTENTIAL FOR USE IN MEDICINAL PLANT DRYERS Arlindo Fabricio Corrêia *1, Anonio Cesar Godoy 2, Jair Anonio Cruz Siqueira 3, Armin Feiden 3 & Caroline Monique Tiez Soares 4 ABSTRACT. The objecive of his sudy was o evaluae he use of hermal energy from he burning of biogas for heaing air and is poenial use in a drying chamber. A prooype was buil o evaluae he air heaing in he heaing sysem and in a drying chamber. The biogas composiion used was 60.00% mehane (CH 4 ). Treamens were composed by pressure difference applied o biogas, in which: T0 (no heaing), T1 (pressure 130.00 o 200.00 kpa), T2 (pressure 200.00 o 270.00 kpar) and T3 (pressure 270.00 o 340.00 kpar) in six replicaions. A gas waer heaer (LPG) was adaped for use wih biogas. The drying chamber was buil wih MDF (Medium Densiy Fiberboard) boards and hermally insulaed wih a oal usable volume of 0.544 m³ and air velociy of 1.58 m.s -1. The burning of biogas generaed 36,10MJ h -1, 68.95MJ h -1 and 76.03MJ h -1 for reamens T1, T2 and T3 respecively, meeing he need for heaing in he drying chamber operaing a emperaures of 43.05 ºC (T1), 52.56 ºC (T2) and 53.56 ºC (T3). The heaing sysem proposed has proved o be effecive for drying differen species of medicinal plans, since i mees he emperaure range specified in he lieraure. KEYWORDS: Alernaive energy sources; drying; energy; hea energy RESUMO. O objeivo dese esudo foi avaliar o uso de energia érmica, a parir da queima do biogás, para aquecer o ar e avaliar o seu poencial uso em uma câmara de secagem. Um proóipo foi consruído para avaliar o aquecimeno do ar no sisema de aquecimeno e numa câmara de secagem. A composição do biogás uilizado foi 60,00% de meano (CH 4 ). Os raamenos foram composos por diferença de pressão aplicada ao biogás, em que: T0 (sem aquecimeno), T1 (pressão 130,00-200,00 kpa), T2 (pressão 200,00-270,00 kpar) e T3 (pressão 270,00-340,00 kpar) em seis repeições. Um aquecedor de água a gás (GLP) foi adapado para uilização com biogás. A câmara de secagem foi consruída com MDF (Medium Densiy Fiberboard) placas de isolameno érmico e com um volume úil oal de 0,544 m³ e velocidade do ar de 1,58 ms -1. A queima do biogás gerado 36,10MJ h -1, 68.95MJ h -1 e 76.03MJ h -1 para os raamenos T1, T2 e T3, respecivamene, saisfazendo a necessidade de aquecimeno da câmara de secagem operando a uma emperaura de 43,05 C (T1), 52,56 ºC (T2) e 53,56 C (T3). O sisema de aquecimeno proposo provou ser eficaz para a secagem de diferenes espécies de planas medicinais, uma vez que se enconra com a gama de emperauras especificada na lieraura. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fones de energia alernaivas; secagem; energia; energia de aquecimeno 1 INTRODUCTION The use of herbal medicine and drugs exraced from medicinal plans in Brazil is repored hisorically and has been increasingly discussed in various sudies, hus aracing he aenion of new researchers (MING, FERREIRA & GONÇALVES, 2012). As herbal medicine has grea imporance in daily life, we have been using herbs, flowers and frui exracs, such as *1 Universidade Esadual do Oese do Paraná. Prog. de Pós- Grad. em Agronomia. R. Pernambuco, 1777 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR. CEP 85960-000. afcorreia.br@gmail.com 2 Universidade Esadual do Oese do Paraná. Cenro de Ciências Agrárias. R. Pernambuco, 1777 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR. 3 Universidade Esadual do Oese do Paraná. Eng. de energia na agriculura. R. Universiária, 2069. Cascavel PR. 4 Universidade Esadual do Oese do Paraná. Prog. de PósGrad. em Desenvolvimeno Rural Susenável. R. Pernambuco, 1777 Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR. CEP 85960-000. clove, wih analgesic effec in denisry. Oher example of use of herbal derivaive is he applicaion of garlicexrac and lemon grass as ani-fungal on agriculural producs (CAVALCANTI, 2005; SOUZA, ARAÚJO & NASCIMENTO, 2007). According o De Carvalho, Da Cosa & Carnelossi (2010), highligh ha high levels of biological conaminaion occur due o low qualiy in he posharves processing of medicinal plans, compromising he reliabiliy of use by consumers. As Soares (2006) poins ou, he feasibiliy of producion of medicinal and aromaic plans is commied o reducing coss during he drying process. Melo, Radünz & Berber, (2002) repored ha he amoun of energy required for heaing air bands beween 30 C and 50 C is 10,000 kj per kg of waer removed from plans in he drying process. The emperaure range generally used, regardless of he Energ. Agric., Boucau, vol. 31, n.2, p.163-168, abril-junho, 2016.
mehod, for mos medicinal plans is beween 50 and 60 C (MELO, RADÜNZ & MELO, 2004). The producion of biogas from anaerobic digesion is considered a promising source of renewable energy and can conribue beneficially o he reamen of agriculural wase, favoring he reducion of coss in he implemenaion of more efficien sysems, as well as in he reducion of organic load o he suppor of agro ecosysems and recycling minerals ino a form ha nourishes he plans and improves soil qualiy (BERGLUND, BORJESSON & BÖRJESSON, 2006). Basically, biogas can be used for generaing elecrical, mechanical and hea energy. Thus i can easily be adaped and used along wih naural gas. For heaing purposes biogas does no need any reinforcemen or mix wih oher gases and he level of conaminaion does no resric is use, however, i needs o undergo condensaion, removal of undesirable paricles, compression, cooling (if necessary) and dehumidificaion Seadi e al. (2008). According o Jönsson e al. (2003) average concenraions for he biogas produced by anaerobic digesers of rural insallaions are 50-60% CH 4, 30-40% CO 2, <1% N 2 and 10 o 2000 ppm of H 2 S. Deshmukh, (2005) describes ha he calorific value of mehane (CH 4 ) is 35.80 MJ m - 3. This research deals wih he consrucion of a prooype for burning biogas aiming air heaing and is use in a drying chamber. The objecive was o evaluae he feasibiliy of using hea energy from biogas in dryers for operaion in he emperaure range required for drying medicinal plans. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS A prooype for evaluaing he use of hermal energy from biogas burning (heaing sysem and drying chamber) was insalled a he Experimenal Saion Prof. Dr. Anônio Carlos dos Sanos Pessoa a UNIOESTE (Wesern Paraná Sae Universiy), in he municipaliy of Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil (24º 30'12" S, 54º 01'10" W). The srucure used has a bio-digeser model Bioköhler B20 wih capaciy of 20.00 m -3 of manure, engine compressor, biogas condenser, filer, pump for wase mainenance, gas meer and a 5.00 m³ sorage balloon. The digeser is fed wih cale manure from he animals housed on sie and he bio-ferilizer is inended for pasure ferilizaion. Biogas composiion was measured daily, by a porable equipmen model Drager X-am 7000 wih an infrared sensor. During he experimenal period he proporions measured were 59.54% ± 0,46% CH 4, 39.63% ±0,12% CO 2 and 0.83% ±0,09% for oher gases (H 2 S, CO, O 2, NH 3, N 2 and H 2 O) (mean ± SD). As he reading was performed before filering, he mehane proporion considered is 60.0% for mehane (CH 4 ). The biogas produced is sored in a balloon made from LLDPE (Linear Low Densiy Polyehylene) geomembrane and drives an air compressor 0.074 m³ min -1 ; i is hen direced o he pipeline nework. Before reaching he compressor uni, biogas has is impuriies removed by passing hrough a pariculae filer and is dehumidified by means of a cylinder condenser. In he rial period he producion remained a an average of 3.00 m³ day -1. Tess were conduced wih differen seings in he compressor, which sucks he biogas sored and compresses i ino he pipeline conneced o he burner. The air compressor was conneced o a pressure swich adjused o operae in pressure ranges beween 130.00-200.00 kpa, 200.00-270.00 kpa and 270.00-340.00 kpa, which comprise normal working pressure of he sysem. Wih oher seings, such as below 100.00 kpa, here was no lighing of he burner and above 360.00 kpa he equipmen was overly sressed operaing coninuously, wha conradics is operaion manual. The quanificaion of he biogas used for burning was deermined wih a gas meer G 0.6 LAO, insalled in he biogas passage o he burner and conneced by 8.0 mm hick pneumaic hoses ype PU (polyurehane) for quick coupling connecions. A waer heaer ype passage was used wihou descripion of make and model for being an old appliance. The equipmen has been compleely adaped, especially wih he removal of all waer pipes (inpu, exi and movemen) and he wihdrawal of original valves of waer and gas. Two main componens were used: he burner ype grid wih 14 oupus of flame and operaing pressure of 2.80 kpa and he ouer frame (meal box). The burner had is gas nozzles modified on he oupu hickness (originally 0.60 mm) which wen hrough manual drilling wih a new 1.00 mm drill. The disance beween he nozzle and he burner inpu (originally 3.00 cm) was canceled by decreasing he oxygen inpu in order o allow he burning of biogas. For combusion i was also necessary o insall a valve for gas (LPG) wih a flow rae of 7 kg h -1 in order o regulae he pressure of he biogas in he burner a 2.80 kpa. To carry ou he igniion and conrol of biogas inpu, a emperaure conroller was insalled - brand INOVA, model 32101 (specific for gas, wood or elecriciy furnaces) - accompanied by a sove and a spark arresor. This apparaus was used o simplify he use of he burner and provide more safey during operaion. Air heaing was possible due o he use of a FLEXTIC 100.00 mm aluminum pipe, wih oal lengh of 1.50 m and 1.00 mm hick. Such pipe was arranged on he burner a an angle disance of 6.00 cm in he inpu (air emperaure), and 13.00 cm a he oupu (heaed air) in relaion o he maximum heigh of he burner. Thus, he heaing area was deermined, space in which he pipe was on he burner. The aluminum pipe was flaened in his space, for a beer uilizaion of he flame, leaving 3.00 cm high by 15.00 cm wide. The ambien air inpu was arranged a a disance of 60.00 cm below he heigh of he burner and he oupu a 20.00 cm above i. A he end of he aluminum pipe (heaed air oupu) here was a 100.00 mm flexible PVC ube, for Energ. 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conducing he heaed air ino he drying chamber wih a lengh of 1.80 m. This conducive pipe was hen insulaed wih glass ma (0.30 kg m - ²) and covered wih insulaion reflecive plasic ape. For proecion agains wind and rain, a sheler was consruced wih dimensions 0.80 x 0.75 x 0.80 m (fron, deph and heigh), while he base is open for air inpu and he disance is 0.10 m from he floor. The heaing sysem is composed of: burning srucure, igniion and heaing ube. The drying chamber was made of 2.50 cm hick MDF (medium densiy fiberboard) boards. The chamber was insulaed wih 2.00 cm hick Syrofoam plaes and sealed in joins wih polyurehane foam. The dimensions of he drying chamber in useful volume were 0.80 X 0.80 X 0.85 m (fron, deph and heigh) oaling 0.544 m³. A se wih 7 J ype hermocouples was used in a sysem daa logger model NOVUS FIELDLOGGER wih capaciy of 512 kb in 8 analog inpu channels. Originally he hermocouples had 1.50 m in lengh, which were added wih PP ype cables of o a oal lengh of 7.50 m, hen going hrough calibraion under emperaures beween 0.00 and 98.00 C. The sensors were arranged a he (1) ambien air inpu of he pipe, (2) a 5.00 cm above he flame of he burner, (3) a he exi of heaed air from he burner, (4) a he inpu of he drying chamber, (5) a he cener of he drying chamber (6) a he exi of he drying chamber, and (7) in he upper cover (above he burner device). Figure 1 shows he posiion of he hermocouples and schemaic model of he heaing sysem and drying chamber. 270.00-340.00 kpa. Six replicaions were performed, wih each secion comprising 40.00 min, 10.00 min wih he sysem urned on for preheaing and sysem sabilizaion and 30.00 min for daa collecion. The collecion imes were 11:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m., 3:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. conduced from 08/01/13 o 13/01/13. The air velociy in he pipe was measured by using a porable digial anemomeer KESTREL brand, a he enry of he drying chamber. The recorded velociy was 1.58 m.s -1, providing air ranspor a 0.0124 m³ s -1. Wih he drying chamber corresponding o he volume of 0.544 m³ complee renewal of he air occurred every 43.90 seconds. Daa collecion from he loggers was performed daily, by using he sandard sofware ha comes wih he equipmen. Reading and analysis of resuls were prepared by using an elecronic spreadshee and saisical sofware R (version 1.8.1) in R-Commander graphical inerface, applied by means of analysis of variance, means es and linear regression, as well as he numerical summary of he daa (R Core Team, 2013). 3 RESULTS The biogas used, was a gas mixure wih a composiion of 59.54% ± 0,46% CH 4, 39.63% ±0,12% CO 2 and 0.83% ±0,09% for oher gases (H 2 S, CO, O 2, NH 3, N 2 and H 2 O) (mean ± SD), being considered he mehane proporion of 60.0%. Thus i was possible o esablish he calorific value of CH 4 : 35.80 MJ m -3 and biogas: 21.48 MJm -3. The values of biogas consumed in m 3 h -1 are described in Table 1 for each reamen and wih he ne values of MJ m -3. Table 1 Average values of biogas consumpion for each reamen and correspondens in MJ m -3 Figure 1 - Diagram sysem of he heaing and drying chamber wih he provision of he emperaure sensors (Thermocouples Type J) The experimenal period was from 15 December 2012 o 13 January 2013, covering he period of esing and adjusmens o he operaion of he componens and daa collecion. The reamens were: T0 - no heaing, T1 - heaing and pressure regulaion beween 130.00-200.00 kpa, T2 - heaing and pressure regulaion beween 200.00-270.00 kpa, and T3 - heaing and pressure regulaion beween Treamen Operaing pressure (kpa) Biogas consumpion (m³ h -1 ) Ne Calorific Value (MJ m -3 ) T0 - - - T1 130.00-200.00 0.168 3.59 T2 200.00-270.00 0.321 6.88 T3 270.00-340.00 0.354 7.60 The experimen had shown ha he consumpion of biogas varied wih he change of pressure used in he pipeline compressor sysem, influencing he heaing poenial. So he highes pressure applied resuled in higher biogas passage hrough valve P13 o he burner a 2.80 kpa. The average daa obained for he reamens on he heaing sysem and drying chamber are shown in able 2. Energ. Agric., Boucau, vol. 31, n.2, p.163-168, abril-junho, 2016. 165
Table 2 Average heaing daa recorded by he emperaure sensors wih he daa logger sysem. Temperaure (º C) Treame n Heaing Sysem Inpu T0 31.4 9 T1 31.9 7 T2 31.3 6 T3 30.5 8 Flam e Oupu Drying Chamber Inpu 31.20 31.55 29.8 4 309.7 9 491.9 7 545.0 6 79.03 55.5 6 119.1 9 121.5 3 80.9 7 84.5 2 Cene r Oupu 32.32 30.66 43.05 40.66 52.56 49.84 54.56 51.42 Treamen T0 had conrol effec, wih no heaing. Thus, he small emperaure variaion beween sensors is explained by he difference in he ambien air inpu and srucural condiions of he componens. Lower emperaure values in he drying chamber are due o is insulaing capaciy, preserving he emperaure prior condiions o daa collecion. The average values of flame heaing idenified by he emperaure sensor on he burner (hermocouple 2) indicae ha he highes passage of biogas hrough valve P13 enhances combusion in he burner. To check he daa variabiliy of he reamens was carried ou an average es of he daa relaed o he emperaures observed a air inpu, a he flame and a oupu heaed air for each reamen. The averages are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Means es for daa recorded in he heaing sysem Temperaure (ºC) Treamen Ambien Air Inpu Flame Air Exi Means SD CV (%) Means SD CV (%) Means SD CV (%) T0 31.49 a* 1.32 4.20 31.20 c 2.19 7.05 31.55 c 2.28 7.22 T1 31.97 a 1.74 5.44 309.79 b 63.67 20.55 79.03 b 5.98 7.57 T2 31.36 a 1.33 4.25 491.97 a 36.55 7.43 119.18 a 6.38 5.35 T3 30.58 a 1.32 4.32 545.06 a 46.85 8.59 121.53 a 6.53 5.37 P>0.001 0.435 - - 2.12-14 - - 2.0-16 - - * Differen leers in he column correspond o Tukey s es a 5%; SD Sandard Deviaion; CV Coefficien of Variaion. A Table 4 presens he same resuls previously shown concerning o he variance by he means es for he sensors placed in he drying chamber, namely: heaed air inpu emperaure, and heaing a he cener and a he exi of he drying chamber. Table 4 Means es for daa recorded in he drying chamber Temperaure (º C) Treamen Chamber inpu Chamber cener Chamber exi Means SD CV (%) Means SD CV (%) Means SD CV (%) T0 29.84 c 2.53 8.46 32.32 c 2.66 8.23 30.65 c 2.69 8.79 T1 55.56 b 4.09 7.36 43.05 b 3.31 7.70 40.66 b 3.60 8.86 T2 80.97 a 4.10 5.06 52.93 a 2.56 4.83 49.84 a 3.07 6.16 T3 84.52 a 5.04 5.97 54.56 a 2.47 4.53 51.42 a 2.35 4.58 P>0.001 8.34-16 - - 1.94-11 - - 2.42-10 - - * Differen leers in he column correspond o Tukey s es a 5%; SD Sandard Deviaion; CV Coefficien of Variaion. As observed in he heaing sysem, he resuls show ha he heaing inside he drying chamber followed he poenial of energy use from he burning of biogas. Treamens T2 and T3 did no differ significanly, however, higher burning led o higher emperaure inside he drying chamber. Treamen T1 presened he lowes biogas consumpion wha caused emperaures lower han hose of T2 and T3, however i showed heaing when compared o he conrol reamen (T0) allowing he operaion a emperaures around 43.05 ºC. Regression analysis was performed by considering he raio beween he air emperaure and he consumpion of biogas, making i possible o observe he lineariy of he amoun of biogas consumed wih he emperaures inside he drying chamber and a he flame under he burner, wihin he scope of he condiions se in his work. I can be said, herefore, ha he emperaure is influenced by he consumpion of biogas which forces passage according o he operaing pressure of he compressor. The graphs in Figure 2 show he resul of linear regression analysis beween he consumpion of Energ. Agric., Boucau, vol. 31, n.2, p.163-168, abril-junho, 2016. 166
biogas and emperaure daa a he cener of he chamber and a he flame. Figure 2 - Linear regression relaing he biogas consumpion wih emperaure in he cener of he chamber (A) and in he flame emperaure (B) 4 DISCUSSION One could observe ha he consumpion of biogas according o he variaion of pressure applied explains he emperaure a he flame of he burner, direcly influencing he emperaure of operaion in he cener of he drying chamber. Average emperaures recorded in he drying chamber for reamens T1 (43.05 ºC), T2 (52.56 ºC) and T3 (54.56 ºC) gran hem he capaciy of drying. The emperaure ranges in he operaion of he hree reamens were wihin he esablished for drying medicinal plans. Soares (2006) found ha he drying emperaure of 40.00 C is ideal for he exracion of essenial oils in Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and 54.40 C o obain linalool. The ideal emperaure for he exracion of essenial oils of guaco (Mikania glomeraa Sprengel) is 50.00 ºC Radünz e al. (2010). The auhors also repor emperaure ranges of 60.00-70.00 C as more suiable for plans such as: cironella (Cymbopogon winerianus), rosemary pepper (Lippia sidoides) and chamomile (Maricaria recuria). Fudholi e al. (2010) repored ha he drying of green ea (Camellia sinensis) a emperaures of 50.00 C is saisfacory. By analyzing he verified daa i is possible o idenify he main bolenecks ha need revision regarding heir consrucive aspecs in order o poin ou he areas ha need improvemen. The firs poin relaes o he heaing sysem, in paricular in he heaing area which did no ake all he hea generaed wha made he inernal space of he sheler srucure significanly increase is emperaure. The average emperaure a 5.00 cm from he ceiling of he sheler, recorded for reamen T1 was 78.47 ºC disinc from T2 (105.16 C) and T3 (105.51 C) ha were similar. This indicaes ha changes in he heaing area (such as he approach of he aluminum pipe o he flame) may resul in increased air heaing. Anoher efficiency facor concerns he difference in he air emperaure wihin he aluminum pipe afer passing over he burner and is arrival a he inpu of he drying chamber. I was found ha here is grea loss of emperaure, being: 23.47 ºC in T1, 38.22 ºC in T2 and 37.01 ºC in T3. In his case, he inefficiency is associaed o he hermal insulaion applied o he heaed air passage pipe, losing par of he hermal energy o he environmen. The correcion of problems in he insulaion and improvemen in he efficiency of he heaing sysem generae new imporan hypoheses, such as an increase in operaing emperaure, increase in he volume of he drying chamber, increase he air velociy and decrease in he amoun of biogas required for sysem operaion. All hese facors could hus increase he poenial use of biogas. 5 CONCLUSION The use of hermal energy from biogas has proved o be effecive for he designed sysem, meeing he emperaure ranges applied in he drying of a wide variey of medicinal plans. The biogas wih 60.00% CH 4 generaed 3.61 MJ h -1, 6.90 MJ h -1 and 7.60 MJ h -1 for T1, T2 and T3 respecively in he heaing sysem supplying he power for operaion of he drying chamber a emperaures of 43.05 C (T1), 52.56 C (T2) and 53.56 C (T3). 6 REFERENCES BERGLUND, M.; BORJESSON, P.; BÖRJESSON, P. Assessmen of energy performance in he life-cycle of biogas producion. Biomass and Bioenergy, Oxford, v. 30, n. 3, p. 254-266, 2006. DE CARVALHO, L. M.; DA COSTA, J. A. M.; CARNELOSSI, M. A. G. Qualidade em planas medicinais. Aracaju: Embrapa Tabuleiros Coseiros, 2010. CAVALCANTE, R. Cravo-da-índia: plana símbolo universal da odonologia e o eugenol nosso de cada dia. Jornal do CRO/AC, Rio Branco, v. 3, n. 6, p. 4 5, 2005. DESHMUKH, Y. V. Indusrial heaing: principles, echniques, maerials, aplicaions, an design. Boca Raon: CRC Press, 2005. FUDHOLI, A.; SOPIAN, K.; RUSLAN, M. H.; ALGHOUL, M. A.; SULAIMAN, M. Y. Review of solar dryers for agriculural and marine producs. Renewable and Susainable Energy Reviews, Oxford, v. 14, p. 1 30, 2010. JÖNSSON, O.; POLMAN, E.; JENSEN, J. K.; EKLUND, R.; SCHYL, H.; IVARSSON, S. Susainable gas eners he european gas disribuion sysem. Danish Gas Technology Cener, Bo Cerup-Simonsen. 2003. MELO, E. C.; RADÜNZ, L. L.; BERBERT, P. A. Secador a gás para planas medicinais e aromáicas. In: 4 o ENCONTRO DE ENERGIA NO MEIO RURAL, 4., Energ. Agric., Boucau, vol. 31, n.2, p.163-168, abril-junho, 2016. 167
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