Project no. 4CE439P3 URBAN_WFTP Introduction of Water Footprint (WFTP) Approach in Urban Area to Monitor, Evaluate and Improve the Water Use WP4.3.3 Water distribution and users behavior Analysis Report Wrocław Lead contractor for deliverable WP 4.3.3: Prepared by: University of Environmental and Life Sciences (PP9) and Municipal Water and Sewage Company in Wroclaw (PP10) Start date of project: 1 November 2012 Submission date: July 2014 Duration: 25 months
CONTENT 1. Introduction... 3 2. Target groups... 3 3. Current situation on the water supply system... 7 4. Results of the questionnaires... 10 4.1 Group of young residents... 10 4.2 Group of professionals... 15 5. Conclusions... 18 6. Future needs... 18 References... 19 Appendix 1... 20 Appendix 2... 21 2
1. Introduction This report is based on data obtained through the two questionnaires. The first survey on group of students called in the report group of young residents, was carried out between 25 th of February and 16 th of March 2014 at Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences (PP9). The questionnaire consisted of three separate parts. The first part was about students preferences for water management at home e.g. how often the respondents brush teeth, flush toilet, take shower or bath, wash dishes and how, do laundry and where etc. In the second part students had to register the volume of water they used for activities mentioned above by means of water meter. The third part included extra questions concerning some particular behaviors e.g. controlling water losses in case of breakdowns or throwing out waste to the toilet. In this part respondents also answered how many people live in their household and how much water they consume during a month (see Appendix 1). Second survey was carried out in June 2014 by the Municipal Water and Sewage Company in Wroclaw (PP10) (see Appendix 2). It was distributed mostly among the company workers and some of the workers have also published it on their Facebook profiles to make it available to their friends. The overall aim of the research was first to asses water consumption in the household related to different activities and users behaviors in order to verify what requires improvement in the urban water distribution system. The second part of the survey aimed to obtain information on the sewage discharge to the municipal sewer system. The survey is also showing, what is the awareness of the residents about the impact of their behaviors on the functioning of the sewerage network. 2. Target groups In the first survey 73 people were involved where women and man accounted for 63% and 37% respectively. Group of young residents (Fig. 1) were at the age of 20 28, lived in Wrocław and their household consisted of 2 to 6 persons (Fig. 2). 3
24-25 years 17% 26-28 years 1% 20-21 years 33% 22-23 years 49% Fig. 1. Percentage of the respondents by age Share of household, % 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 49 20 15 13 3 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 5 persons 6persons Fig. 2. Percentage of the respondents living in a household In the second survey participated 166 people from which 84% lived in the city (Fig. 3). The respondents were at the age of 18-65 (Fig. 4) and females constituted 54%. When relating the percentage partition of survey participants at different age to the internet users, the values correspond. The dominating group of internet users are people at the age of 18-34, which amount to 50% and spent around 15 hours a week online, at average, while other age groups spent 8 hours on internet a week, based on CBOS survey (2013). In the Water and Sewage Management survey carried out this group made 63%. The difference is associated with the fact that the survey was made available mostly to the Water and Sewage Company 4
workers, so the age of the participants reflects rather the age of the office workers, who decided to participate in the survey. People from the suburbs 16% People from Wrocław 84% Fig. 3. Percentage of the respondents by place of living No answer 18-24 years >65 years 1% 2% 1% 25-34 years 35% 55-64 years 17% 45-54 years 16% 35-44 years 28% Fig. 4. Percentage of the respondents by age More than 80% of respondents were working in the sector related to water and wastewater management or environmental protection (Fig. 5). They are called in this report as group of professionals. About 70% of professionals lived in a house or semi-detached house (Fig. 6) and their household usually consisted of 2 to 4 people (Fig. 7). 5
No answ er 3% No 14% Yes 83% Fig. 5. Percentage of the respondents working in the sector related to water and wastewater management or environmental protection People living in a bolck of flat or tenement house People living in a house or semi-detached house 66% 34% Fig. 6. Percentage of the respondents by type of housing Fig. 7. Percentage of the respondents living in different size of household 6
3. Current situation on the water supply system Water Supply System in Wroclaw is quite extensive (Fig. 8). It has the length of 1 519 km (without house connection) and is characterized by a great diversity of age and material. The oldest pipelines, built before 1900, are operated in the center of the city (approximately 7% of the total length). The largest share in the system are pipes from 1900 and 1945. The length of the water supply network is increasing every year because Municipal Water and Sewage Company in Wroclaw (MPWiK) responds rapidly to the growing needs of the city by building new networks in areas of newly formed residential and office buildings, and industrial plants. Currently almost whole Wroclaw population uses water system. New water pipelines are built in parallel with the modernization of the existing ones. The pipes are made of various materials including cast iron, ductile iron, steel, PVC and HDPE, and in some areas pipes are made of asbestos-cement. 73% of pipes are made of cast iron and 20% of PVC and HDPE. Pipe diameters range from DN 80 to DN 1400 mm and water pressure maintained throughout the network does not fall below 0.2 MPa. The city has three water treatment plants Mokry Dwór, Na Grobli and Leśnica, in which surface water, infiltration water and groundwater are treated, respectively (Fig. 9). MPWiK has permission to take surface water in Czechnica intake, from Oława river in maximum amount of 208 000 m 3 /d and from the open ditches Oława river in maximum amount of 7 500 m 3 /d. The company collects also water from the infiltration system of Oława river with a total maximum amount of 132 000 m 3 /d. 7
[m 3 /year/ha] Fig. 8. Water consumption in Wrocław Fig. 9. Water intakes in Wroclaw (www.mpwik.wroclaw.pl) 8
Most of water is purified in two water treatment plants Na Grobli and Mokry Dwór with a total efficiency of 123 000 m 3 /d. Various water treatment technologies are implemented in Wrocław (eg. Aeration, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, sorption, ph adjustment) which require using variety of chemical reagents (eg. sodium chlorite, liquid chlorine, aluminum sulfate, sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide, liquid oxygen). In addition, the water is disinfected using ozone, chlorine dioxide and chlorine. Water quality is monitored continuously with the frequency of 130 000 qualitative analyzes a year. Figure 10 presents the share of blue, green and grey water footprint determined for the administrative regions of Wroclaw using Model B. The highest grey WFTP is located in the center of the city whereas the suburbs are dominated by green WFTP. Fig. 10. WFTP in administration regions of Wroclaw 9
4. Results of the questionnaires 4.1 Group of young residents Between 25 th of February and 16 th of March 2014 at the Wrocław University of Life Sciences a survey among young residents was carried out. The results showed that the majority of residents preferred shower to bath (Fig. 11), washing dishes under running water (Fig. 12), opted to launder in a washing machine (Fig. 13) and do teeth brushing with the tap turned off (Fig. 14). Bath and shower 18% Bath 6% Shower 76% Fig. 11. Percentage of the respondents taking bath and/or shower 10
Washing the dishes under the tap and in the dishwasher 6% Washing the dishes in the sink and in the dishwasher 1% Washing the dishes under the tap, in the sink and in the dishwasher 6% Washing the dishes under the tap 43% Washing the dishes in the dishwasher, under the tap and in the sink 32% Washing the dishes in the dishwasher 6% Washing the dishes in the sink 6% Fig. 12. The way of washing dishes selected by the respondents Hand wash and in a washing machine 35% Hand wash 1% Wash in a washing machine 64% Fig. 13. The way of washing cloths selected by the respondents 11
Brushing teeth under running water and with turn off the tap 32% Brushing teeth under running water 4% Brushing teeth with turn off the tap 64% Fig. 14. The way of brushing teeth selected by the respondents Average water consumption per household is presented in the Fig. 15. It can be noticed that the water consumption did not significantly depend on the number of persons in the household (Fig. 16). Average water consumption/household, m 3 25 20 15 10 5 7.25 11.70 15.92 18.10 20.50 0 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 5 persons 6 persons Fig. 15. Average monthly water consumption in the household 12
25 Average water consumption/person, m 3 20 15 10 5 3.63 3.90 3.98 3.62 3.42 0 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 5 persons 6 persons Fig. 16. Average monthly water consumption per person in the household The structure of water consumption is presented on Fig. 17, which confirms that most water is consumed for washing dishes and clothes, taking bath/shower and flushing toilets. More than half of the respondents have double flushing at home (Fig. 18) and almost 80% of them control leaks in their household (Fig. 19). Hands washing 4 % Toilet (WC) 20 % Cooking 2 % Cleaning 2 % Bath 31 % Washing 11 % Brushing teeth 2 % Dishwashing 28 % Fig. 17. Water consumption of "young residents" group 13
60 55 45 The share of respondents, % 50 40 30 20 10 0 Bifunctional button in the toilet cistern One button in the toilet cistern Fig. 18. Type of toilet flush in the household The share of respondents, % 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 79 21 0 Leakage control Lack of control Fig. 19. Control of leaks in the household installations 14
4.2 Group of professionals The majority of respondents from professionals group take water from urban water supply system. Only a small percentage of respondents have their own well and more than half of them do not monitor the amount of water taken up (Fig. 20). Moreover, 60% of respondents have 2 to 4 water-saving devices, while only 10% do not have them at all (Fig. 21). The most popular devices are: a double flush, faucet aerator and dishwasher (Fig. 22). Fig. 20. Percentage of the respondents by the source of water Five devices 1% Nothing 10% One device 18% Four devices 23% Tw o devices 22% 26% Three devices Fig. 21. Percentage of the respondents by the number of water saving devices 15
Fig. 22. Percentage of the respondents by the type of water saving devices The results of the survey confirm the habit that most people more often take a shower than a bath. Every day 75% of respondents take a shower (Fig. 23), whereas only 9% take a bath (Fig. 24). Among people with a car (89% of respondents) more than 70% wash car at a car wash (Fig. 25). Fig. 23. Frequency of using shower 16
Fig. 24. Frequency of using bath Fig. 25. Percentage of the respondents depending on the place of washing car 17
5. Conclusions Young residents have still bad habits as washing dishes under running water (43%) but only 4 % brush their teeth under running water. Most water is used for washing dishes and clothes taking bath/shower, and flushing toilets. It is worth mentioning that more than half of the respondents have double flushing at home and almost 80% monitor leaks in their households. Despite the lack of specialized equipment for water saving they are interested in environmental protection. Group of professionals usually take water from urban water supply system. They have higher environmental awareness as evidenced by having mostly 2 to 4 ecodevices and washing car in the car wash. Moreover one person has an installation to reuse rainwater, while 81% do not collect rainwater at all. In the two groups most people prefer shower than bath and they are interested in new water saving technologies. 6. Future needs It is important to make people aware of water scarcity especially among young people, as they are about buying their own accommodation, so it is important they take into account equipping it with water saving technologies and solutions. As most water is used for taking bath/shower, washing dishes and clothes, and flushing toilets, the current technologies most important to implement are especially water saving shower heads and faucet aerators, water and energy saving washing machines and dishwashers, and water saving double flushing in toilets. The first two are the cheapest and at the same time the most important solutions, as 37% of water is used for taking bath/shower, washing hands and teeth. It is important to make citizens aware how much water they can save and what is the return on investment for particular solutions, what will encourage them to buy them. Another important issue is rainwater usage for household purposes. Only 19% people collect rainwater, and one person reuses it to for flushing toilet, saving this way blue water. This shows that recycling rainwater is very unusual among citizens. Most people are not aware that small investments can help them to save lots of water e.g. for gardening purposes. This needs to be changed possibly by spreading relevant information and promotion of such solutions among them. They can be also supported by the special incentives offered by the 18
municipality. The Wroclaw Urban Lab will concentrate on convincing the relevant municipality representatives to promote implementation of water saving and recycling solutions. References CBOS, Public Opinion Research Center, The Survey Report Internet Users 2013, BS/75/2013, Warsaw 2013 19
Appendix 1 Part I of questionnaire Part II of questionnaire Part III of questionnaire 20
21 URBAN_WFTP deliverable 4.3.3
Appendix 2 22
23 URBAN_WFTP deliverable 4.3.3
24 URBAN_WFTP deliverable 4.3.3
25 URBAN_WFTP deliverable 4.3.3