Building and Civil Engineering

10/2/2015 Textile in House Building and Civil Engineering Source: http://textilelearner.blogspot.fr/application-of-geotextiles-in-civil.html Submitted By: Ali Hassnain Farrukh M.Sc Textile Engineering (E-TEAM) Gent University, Belgium

PREFACE "Textiles instead of concrete" is not only a slogan, but a fact"[5]. We are in the age of specialists, and there is an increasing need for understanding, how particular specialty fits into the overall textile picture. Textile industry changes rapidly, the methods of today is not sufficient to meet the problems of tomorrow s technology. New talent will be needed to fill the ranks of textile technologists in technical textile areas. This report is based on literature studies and are purposed to give a better knowledge about textile structure in the area of building & civil engineering. Textile application in building & civil engineering is no more novice. This report covers textile, used in civil engineering areas like roads, waterproofing, garden roofs, ground stabilization, shore and ports development, drainage materials and 3D printer for house building. Textile plays a main role in building infrastructure offering properties light weight, strength and also give thermal and acoustic insulation and resistance from sunlight, chemical & pollutants. Textile industry provide now high modulus & high strength fabric to replace steel, wood, concrete. An important contribution of textile in civil engineering is Geotextile. Textile may also be used in architectural to bring innovation approach & improve the aesthetics of buildings. In this report we are focus mainly on the Geotextile function, properties, raw material, application, in the building & civil engineering. But also discuss 'buildtech', 'Green Roofs', 3D printer technology for house building & Nano textile in civil engineering applications. To understand the knowledge of the textiles used in civil engineering is the aim of this report. ALI HASSNAIN FARRUKH

Table of Contents 1. Introduction... 1 1.1. Buildtech... 1 1.2. Geotextile... 1 1.2.1. Scope... 2 1.2.2. Global Market... 2 1.2.3. History... 2 1.3. Types of Geotextile... 3 1.3.1. Woven fabrics... 3 1.3.2. Non-Woven... 4 1.3.3. Knitted fabrics... 5 1.4. Manufacturing Method & Geotextile share out [2&3]... 5 1.5. Fiber Used for Geotextile... 6 1.5.1. Natural Fibers... 6 1.5.2. Synthetic Fiber... 6 2. Geo Textile Functions... 7 2.1. Separator Function... 7 2.1.1. Application of Geotextile in Separator... 7 2.2. Drain function... 8 2.2.1. Application of Geotextile in Drainage... 8 2.3. Filter Function... 8 2.3.1. Application of Geotextile in Filter... 8 2.4. Reinforcement function:... 9 2.4.1. Application of Geotextile in Reinforcement... 9 2.5. Container Function:... 9 3. Geotextile Application & Functions-Combined Effect: [7]... 10 4. Performance Requirements of Geotextile... 10 4.1. Physical properties... 10 4.2. Mechanical properties... 10 4.3. Hydraulic properties... 10 4.4. Degradation properties... 10 4.5. Endurance properties... 11 4.6. Geotextile Properties... 11

5. Geotextile Durability... 11 6. Living/Green Roofs... 11 6.1. Green roofs Categorization... 12 6.1.1. Intensive... 12 6.1.2. Extensive... 12 6.2. Advantages of Green Roofs... 12 7. Nano-textile in Civil Engineering... 13 8. Acoustic & Thermal insulation Textile... 14 9. Architectural Textile... 14 10. 3-D Printer for House Building... 15 11. Conclusion & Future... 16 References... 17

1. Introduction Textile is no more used only for interior applications like carpets & curtains but used in civil engineering for temporary structures. New textile materials invention & methods textile are used in permanent applications of houses & civil engineering. Current era we are more focused in construction, houses & building design have more sunlight, greener, high performance, cost saving & sustainable structure. To fulfill that requirements textile play a fundamental role. Textile used in Buildtech, Geotextile, Architectural, Green roofs & new development of 3D printer for houses. Textile used in civil application are divided in two categories: Buildtech Geotextile [1] 1.1. Buildtech Textile used in building houses & Construction called Buildtech or Buildtex. Textile have increased usage indoor & outdoor for surface & hidden applications. Textile traditional use in houses carpets & curtains, but textile are also used in acoustic & thermal insulation, protection of building against sun, wind, fire, water. Textile fibers are used with concrete to enrich its properties & lowering the cost & protection against UV & electromagnetic radiations. Textile integrated LED & other electroluminescent material used for energy saving & use of more sunlight. Textile fabric made from glass, aramide or carbon fibers crosslink with resign to made composites have high modulus, high strength & high mechanical properties that enable textile materials to use in civil engineering applications. These materials have high strength & stiffness w.r.t weight & provide great flexibility in design and use to engineers [2]. Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) composite material with performances similar to steel reinforced concrete, giving lightweight structures with high durability and high quality surfaces. [3] 1.2. Geotextile Geotextile is the combination of two words 'Geo' comes from the Greek word meaning 'Earth' & textile. Geotextile defined as Any permeable textile material used for filtration, drainage, separation, reinforcement and stabilization purposes as an integral part of civil engineering structures of earth, rock or other constructional materials [4] "Geo synthetic is a product of which at least one component is made from a synthetic or natural polymer, in the form of a sheet, strip or three dimensional structure, and which is used in contact with soil and/or other materials in geotechnical & civil engineering" ISO10318. 1

Geo textile Geo composite Geo Synthetics Geo gird Geo membrane Geo drain 1.2.1. Scope This report covers global market, history, geotextile types, fiber used, geotextiles functions properties, durability & applications. Geotextiles are used in roads, rail ballast, Non-permanent roads, reinforced wall, steep slide slops, embankment, and textile reinforced concrete and drain construction. Geotextile purpose illustrate consist of roads, pavements, reinforced embankments, filtration and drainage, railroads, erosion control and earth retaining walls. In that report I do not touch other areas of geo synthetics such as geogrids, geo nets & geo composite. 1.2.2. Global Market "The market for geotextiles is projected to reach $8,632.83 Million by 2019, growing with a CAGR of 10.59% between 2014 and 2019. Asia-Pacific dominated the geotextiles market in 2013. Asia-Pacific is projected to gain the major market size by value by 2019."[21] Non-Woven have the major share followed by Woven & after that knitting. 1.2.3. History The exploitation of the use of natural fibers in construction can be traced back to the fifth and fourth millennia BC compacted soil reinforced with reed for dwelling construction as described in the Bible (Exodus chapter 5, verse 6 9) Excavations of ancient Egyptian sites show the use of mats made of grass and linen. First modern application in 1956 in Holland for bed protection where hand woven nylon tape is used. Geotextile may be used for natural fiber but the problem of durability. Geo-textiles have been used very successfully in road construction for over 30 years. In 50's to 60's woven fabric 2

is used, in 60's to 70's Nonwoven & woven but in 70's & afterword mostly nonwoven geotextile is used. [6] Babylonians 3000 years ago constructed this Ziggurat using reeds in the form of woven mats and plaited ropes as reinforcements. The Greater wall of China 200B.C used tamarisk branches to reinforced mixture of gravel & clay [7]. 1.3. Types of Geotextile Textile made natural or synthetic permeable resources, used with base soil, rock, earth, or any other geotechnical related material main focused areas of geotech. The geotextiles are further prepared in three different categories: 1.3.1. Woven fabrics Geotextile produced from Woven material 27% of market. [6].Woven geotextile are manufactured by using weaving technology as standard clothing textiles. Higher permeability is obtained with monofilament and multifilament than with flat construction only. Method of Production Process Form of the fibre Polymer wide loom (beam) Slit-flat tape Fibrillated yarn PP(HDPE) PP Woven wide loom (creel) Multi-filament yarn PET (PA) PP <3.8m loom (beam) Medium mono filament yarn HDPE PA 3

Film tape Woven Monofil PET Multifilament Extruded tape 1.3.2. Non-Woven Non-woven have 70% share of geotextile [2] & can be manufactured by adopting thermal, chemical or mechanical techniques or a combination of techniques. Nonwoven geotextile are mostly used due to better their 'Price' & 'Performance' parameters. Method of Producti on Process Form of the fibre Polymer Non- Woven Heatbonded PP/PE bicomponent Needlepunched Continuous filament Staple fibre Continuous filament PP PP PP/PE mix PP PET PP Staple fibre PET HDPE Needle Punched Nonwoven [3] Thermally boned Nonwoven [7] 4

1.3.3. Knitted fabrics Knitted geotextile & other have only 3% share & process by interlocking a series of loops of yarn together. All of the knitted geo-synthetics are formed by using the knitting technique in conjunction with some other method of geo-synthetics manufacture, such as weaving. Method of Production Process Form of the fibre Polymer Stitch-bonded Non-woven base with multi filament stitch yarn PP or PET nonwoven PET stitching Knitted Weft insertion Filament yarn PET Warp insertion Multi-filament yarn PET Knitting Base Upper Surface [7] 1.4. Manufacturing Method & Geotextile share out [2&3] Knitted 3% Nonwoven 70% Woven 27% Geotextiles Composite 5

1.5. Fiber Used for Geotextile Natural & man-made fibers both are used in geotextile manufacturing. 1.5.1. Natural Fibers Natural fibers that can be used in geotextile manufacture are get from Jute, Sisal, Flax, Hemp, Ramie and Coir. Natural fibers provided high modulus & strength and low breaking extension & elasticity. Advantages of Natural Fibers Natural s fibers are offered some of the mentioned below advantages Low cost Strength/durability Availability Robustness Good drapeability Biodegradability/ environment friendly [7] 1.5.2. Synthetic Fiber Synthetic fibers materials are also used for the manufacturing of geotextiles. Main synthetics fiber used & their percentage of usages Polypropylene: 65% Polyester: 30% Polyamide: 1% Polyethylene: 1% Others: less than 1% [6] Limitations of Synthetic Synthetic geotextiles can cost over 10 times as much per unit area as natural ones Non-biodegradable and may cause soil pollution The material composition of geotextiles determines their longevity in the field: natural products last about two to five years, whereas synthetic products last >25 years [6] 6

2. Geo Textile Functions The mode of operation of geotextile in any application can be defined by the following functions: Separator Reinforcement Filter Drainage 2.1. Separator Function Container Energy absorber Geotextile as separtor function,made a layer between fine soil & course materials, separator provides high extension together with excellent puncture resistance. Sustained flow capacity and sand tightness without subsoil washout are achieved at all strains [8]. 2.1.1. Application of Geotextile in Separator Road construction for time saving,long lasting road life & economical Railway Ballast to protect against pumping phenomana Geotextile placed between subgaurd & overlying layer Sea and riverbed protection to protect soil,grow grass for stabilization Embankment Stabilization Non permanenrt Roads [6] Geotextile in road construction act as a filter/separator to protect the road Geotextile stop the pumping phenomenon mean water cannot rise up due to pressure [8] 7

2.2. Drain function Geotextile in drainage function, - collects and redirects liquid or gas. In civil engineering, the need for drainage has long been predictable and has created the need for drainage filter to prevent in-situ soil from being washed with water into the drainage system. 2.2.1. Application of Geotextile in Drainage Filter around trench drain and edge drain to prevent soil from migrating into aggregates. Filters beneath pavement permeable bases, blanket drain and base courses. Drains for structure such as retaining wall and bridge abutment. Tunnel lining system to protect the concrete Geo-textile wraps for slotted or joined drain and well pipes. Chimney and toe drains for earth dams and levees to provide seepage control.[9] Geo Textile layer in Sub grade [9] Geotextile collect and redirect liquid [10] 2.3. Filter Function Geotextile in filter function, structured that liquids can pass through its thickness while it prevent the passage of soil particles from the geotextile fabric. It has suitable level of permeability and average pore size & pore size distribution small to prevent soil migration. [11] 2.3.1. Application of Geotextile in Filter Perforated pipe wrapped with geotextile to collect water Filter between earth & galbions to protect structure at slope Filter between permeable embankment Filter preventing erosion[6] [7] 8

2.4. Reinforcement function: Geotextile in reinforcement function, stabilize the weak soil & balance it by higher tensile strength of fabric. When the soil properties are low we use geotextile to improve its properties 2.4.1. Application of Geotextile in Reinforcement Steep slide slop to reduce the angle & less space utilize Reinforced wall & protect that wall with grass Vertical faced walls Reinforcement soil mattress to protect the subsoil pipes[6] 2.5. Container Function: Geotextile container - holds or protects the materials such as sand, rocks, fresh concrete. Application of Geotextile in Container: Framework fabric, geotextile filled with sand & stitched to protect erosion Basement protection of a bridge under water Pile Protection with the aid of geotextile Plugging of cavities Sand fill tube [6] Different container application Sand fill tube for costal protection 9

3. Geotextile Application & Functions-Combined Effect: [7] Application Function Roads Reinforcement, Separation, Filtration Railways Reinforcement, Separation, Filtration Foundations Reinforcement, Separation, Filtration Drainage system Separation & Filtration Erosion Control Reinforcement, Separation, Filtration Dams Reinforcement, Separation, Filtration, Protection Canals Reinforcement, Separation, Filtration, Protection Tunnels & underground Protection work Solid waste Reinforcement, Separation, Filtration, Protection Liquid waste Reinforcement, Protection, Filtration 4. Performance Requirements of Geotextile Important characteristics of geotextile are classified as: 4.1. Physical properties Specific gravity, Weight, Thickness, Stiffness, Density 4.2. Mechanical properties Tenacity,Tensile Strength,Bursting Strength, Drapability,Compatibility, Flexibility Tearing Strength, Frictional Resistance 4.3. Hydraulic properties Porosity,Permeability,Permittivity,Transitivity,Turbidity /soil retention,filtration length 4.4. Degradation properties Biodegradation,Hydrolytic Degradation,Photo Degradation,Chemical degradation, Mechanical degradation 10

4.5. Endurance properties Elongation,Abrasion Resistance, Clogging length and flow [5] 4.6. Geotextile Properties Mechanical Responses, o Mechanical properties of geotextile represent the ability to do work in stressed environment & its capability to resist in damage in tough conditions o The ability to perform work is fundamentally governed by the stiffness of the textile in tension and its ability to resist creep failure under any given load condition Filtration Ability o Ability of geotextile in Filtration is water may exude from the soil surface and through the textile without damage the soil surface. Chemical Resistance o Geotextiles made for soils which have high acidic values, Soil which have ph values down to 2 o Industrialized areas o U.V light These all properties are developed in geotextiles by their textile construction, chemical characteristics and physical form of fibers. [6] 5. Geotextile Durability As we use polymer materials for Geotextiles & due to factors like water, soil, sunlight the polymer physical properties are degrades. The rate of degradation is reduced by the adding of carbon black but not eliminated. Polymer materials become brittle in very cold temperatures. Geotextile material also react with Chemicals in the groundwater. All geotextiles gain water with time if water is present. "High ph water can be harsh on polyesters while low ph water can be harsh on polyamides". Where chemically present environment exists, laboratory test are done before so that exposure of the geotextile to this environment should be sought. Before selecting geotextiles materials, for a specific purpose, all of these factors should be keep in mind. Where geotextile material reliability for long term is significant to life safety and where we cannot be examined the geotextile materials easily & occasionally and it cannot easily replaced if it would become degrade in functions like filtration or drainage within a dam, to avoid that we use now only geologic materials which have more degree of resistant to these weathering effects than polyesters. [12] 6. Living/Green Roofs Green Roofs or Living roofs are used in most of building & attractiveness for better Environment. Living roofs have features vegetation, growing media and waterproofing membranes, water retention, drainage and irrigation systems. 11

Typical layer buildup for Living/Green Roofs 6.1. Green roofs Categorization Green roofs are divided into two main categorized. Intensive Extensive 6.1.1. Intensive "More than 300mm depth of growing media, irrigation with a wide variety of shrubs, grass and tree species on slopes less than 3%".[13] 6.1.2. Extensive "Less than 300mm depth of growing media, minimal irrigation with hardy, low growing plant and ground cover species on slopes up to 30%". [13] 6.2. Advantages of Green Roofs Living roofs increase the green area ratio on building sites and allow the design of commercial and recreational roof gardens and terrace areas. Reduced Maintenance Green roofs geotextile materials protected against UV radiations, snow & storm situations. Water retention Continuous supply of water to the root zone in the absence of irrigation, rain water in retained & supply through capillary action. Superior Environment By green roofs Planted area increased which reduce greenhouse gases effect & plants absorbed pollutants. Reduced Energy Costs Living roofs provides insulation properties & radiation is minimized which guarantee building is cooler in the summer and warmer in winter. Better Sound Protection In the building noise transfer if reduced. Drainage-Timely disposal of excess water not held within the engineering growth media. 12

7. Nano-textile in Civil Engineering In buildtech and geotextiles, nanotechnology play a vital role in a different way. Nanotechnology improve existing textile properties & offered additional functional performance by increasing chemical, mechanical, biological & photochemical properties. Nanotechnology also make possible arrangement of different functions in the same textile or establish completely new properties. In buildtech the nanofibers and nanotubes are used to made, lighter & stronger, concrete materials which run longer & more capable to resist strong shocks generated by earthquakes. "An example is the seismic wallpaper composite concept, based on a reinforced textile composite system, combining different materials like multiaxial, warp knitted glass and polymer fibers, nanoparticle-enhanced coatings for the textile fabric, nanoparticle-enhanced mortar to bond the textile to the structure, and fiber-optic sensors. The seismic wallpaper is now past the prototype phase taking the first steps towards commercialization"[14] Nanotechnology resultant in novel coating & fillers to producing textile membranes which provide acoustic and thermal insulation, efficient energy management, controlled light transmission and easy cleaning and decontamination behavior. Application of Nanotechnology in Building: self-healing concrete, localized crack repair, reinforcement of critical walls, wrapping of existing columns, protection against earthquake or hurricanes, explosive incidents and protection purposes.[15] Technology Readiness Level [18*] 18*: Dr.P.Roshan LEITAT Technological Center Spain, has provided valuable inputs concerning nanotechnology readiness level in technical textiles. 13

8. Acoustic & Thermal insulation Textile Geotextile materials used in house roof for thermal insulation. Fabric are also made which protect the building from sun light. One of the example is Mermet solar protection fabrics are designed for external and internal blinds. In below figure an example of intelligent textile fabric which adopt according to thermal permeability to costume temperature, have possibility to reduce cost of heating or air conditioning. It is universally standard noise is consider as a proven health risk. "The proof is that half of the population of Europe lives in a noisy environment and one third of that population have their sleep disturbed by background noise". In today houses & building made with improved acoustic comfort. Acoustis 50 is the first patented solution based on exclusively weaving coated fiber glass with a special weave and a controlled diameter; Weaving from that way provide textiles with an intensity of acoustic absorption. [16] Intelligent textiles which are which are able to adopt according thermal permeability to suit temperature, have possibility to reduce the cost of heating or air conditioning Source : Hohenstein Institute 9. Architectural Textile Majority of people spend one or more nights in tent & get advantage from protection offered by its fabric. Textiles are light weight, easy to handling, flexibility and they provide protection against wind, U.V radiations, snow and rain. In architecture, textile materials proposed very fascinating degree of independence with respect to their properties. Present day architectures are creating room for textiles in building constructions & revived the principle of the tent as an architectural form and do advancement in this concept further not only in temporary structures but also in permanent buildings. Technical and durable fabrics permit their consumption into a highly dedicated sector of construction industry. Factors effecting on textiles by wind load, weathering and deformation together with structural factors & these textile materials provide numerous attractive properties such as self-cleaning, odor control, thermal insulation and lightness. Hence textile elements require a great engineering skills. [17] 14

In past few years, the use of textile materials in architectural membranes resulted in the construction of as airports and sports stadiums, provide much lighter and functional properties. Sun and weather protection as well as light and temperature regulation are the main requirements for textiles applications in new sports stadium" Around 80% Of newly built or refurbished stadiums worldwide have textile roofs and/or claddings". [18] Another textiles application in architecture is inflatable buildings. With respect to textile materials useful in architecture, the most used are fibers are polyamide, polyethylene, polyester, glass, and optical fiber. For architectural membranes, textile structures are impregnated with polymers such as P.V.C, silicone and PTFE. The polymers granted increased mechanical strength, protection against UV radiations and impermeability. Fibrous based materials provide additional freedom to the architects when compared to conventional materials such as steel, wood or concrete. [19] 'Tubaloon' textile sculpture by Snohetta for the Kongsberg Jazz Festival; Photo Snohetta. 10. 3-D Printer for House Building 3D printing technology we are make to made things in a new way. Main advantages of this technology is build houses with Cost Saving Environmental friendly Time saving & very fast way An Italian company World s Advanced Saving Project (WASP) showed world s largest 3D printer, BigDelta, which can create budget-friendly mud huts in one continuous printing session. "BigDelta can make houses out of mud, clay, water, dirt, and natural fibres, avoiding the expense and environmental consequences of cement. Best of all, clay houses don t require much in the way of maintenance once they re up, and can last for years with thin applications of new clay over their external surfaces every five years or so. The frame serves to support a 15

giant printing nozzle that slowly extrudes what becomes the walls and ceilings of entire houses in a circular motion, layer upon layer, from the ground up."[20] 11. Conclusion & Future "Textiles instead of concrete" is not only a slogan, but a fact"[5]. This report describes various textile in buildtech & civil engineering application has shown where, why and how this area is interesting and important by analyzing the textile structure. The benefits of using textile material in civil engineering are the potentials of textile fibers to create a lot of applications, which are profitable in products for durability, cost, strength to weight ratio & environmental aspect as well. As I wrap up Textile using in buildtech & civil engineering applications provided following benefits [21] Viable tools for many civil and environmental engineering applications Increased system performance & life Value engineering Reduce carbon footprint Flexibility in design & selection methodologies Specification based upon functional design intent The future for geotextiles in buildtech & civil engineering is very bright. Effects to be done from manufacturer s side to do communication with customers & need to explore new markets. Special focus must be done on Gulf, Russian, and Indian & Brazil markets. Manufacture However, for manufacturers to be successful in this market segment, there must be a lot of know market, requirements and possible civil engineering applications. As in today world innovations are increased frequently & customers needs more and more focused product requirements, which makes the markets highly competitive and attractive, and creates more business. 3D printer for house contraction reduce construction costs & extend the life of civil engineering construction as well. Textile in house building & civil engineering have flexibility & economical which make them better and more demanding materials than any other building materials. 16

References 1. Barb Ernster, Potential builds for fabric in construction Specialty Fabrics Review, May 2010 http://specialtyfabricsreview.com/articles/0510_f2_architectural.htm 2. C. Ollenhauer, Textiles in Architecture, Geoff Fischer Ed., Judy Holland Publisher-Textile Media Services, May 2011 3. J.Hegger et al., textile reinforced concrete realization in applications. Tailor made concrete structures, Walraven& Stoelhorst eds. (2008) 4. Recycling in textile edited by Youjiang Wang page 151 5. Textile World Jürg Rupp, Executive Editor Geotextiles: The Concrete Alternative January/February 2011 6. Civil Engineering Application D.C. Adolphe & J.Y. Drean E-team lectures 7. Textile in civil Engineering(Geotextile) Wollo University Granch Berhe 2015 8. http://www.geofabrics.com/geotextiles/coastal-river-flood-protection.htm 9. 'Application of Geotextiles in Pavement Drainage Systems' Dr U.Sharma International Journal of Civil Engineering Research. ISSN 2278-3652 Volume 5, Number 4 (2014), pp. 385-390 10. http://www.geofabrics.com/geotextiles/waterproofing-protection.htm 11. Textile Innovation Knowledge Platform by Textile centre of Excellence 12. Unified facilities criteria (UFC) engineering use of Geotextiles UFC 3-220-08FA 16 January page1-2 13. Enriching the environment with Green roofs system by Elmich Green roof system 14. Role of Nanotechnology in Building Construction -http:// nanoall.blogspot.com/2011/07/role-of-nanotechnology-in- building.html 15. European Commission, Innovative technologies for buildings EUR 24023 EN (2009) 16. The Very Fabric of Architecture: textile use in construction By Susanne Fritz Zürich Switzerland 17. Observatory NANO Briefing March 2012 Nano enabled Textiles in Construction and Engineering 7th framework program page 1 18. Observatory NANO Briefing March 2012 Nano enabled Textiles in Construction and Engineering 7th framework program page 3 19. http://www.sciencealert.com/the-world-s-largest-3d-printer-can-now-make-entire-housesout-of-clay 20. http://www.businessinsider.com/3d-printer-builds-house-in-24-hours-2014-1?ir=t 17

21. http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pressreleases/geotextiles.asp 22. Alnaf geosynthetics solutions in Civil & Environmental engineering 18