HEDGES IN GEORGE W. BUSH S SPEECHES

HEDGES IN GEORGE W. BUSH S SPEECHES A THESIS BY MHD.WAHYUDI PRATAMA TOLO REG. NO 100705110 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

HEDGES IN GEORGE W. BUSH S SPEECHES A THESIS BY MHD.WAHYUDI PRATAMA TOLO REG. NO 100705110 SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed. TESP Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans., M.Hum NIP. 19570412 198403 1 001 NIP. 19600122 198601 1 001 Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2014

Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for the Sarjana Sastra Examination Head, Secretary, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D NIP. 19541117 198003 1 001 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Sciences University of Sumatera Utara on 27 th October 2014. Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Dr. H Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001 Board of Examiners Signature 1. Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S.... 2. Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D... 3. Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip.TESOL, M.Hum... 4. Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed. TESP... 5. Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A....

AUTHOR S DECLARATION I MHD.WAHYUDI PRATAMA TOLO, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CINTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. Signed : Date : October 27, 2014 v

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION NAME : MHD.WAHYUDI PRATAMA TOLO TITLE OF THESIS : HEDGES IN GEORGE W. BUSH S SPEECHES QUALIFICATION : S-1 / SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. Signed : Date : October 27, 2014 vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise and thankfulness to Allah SWT for everything He has done in my life, gives me health, strength, and ability to complete this thesis. And also I would like to express my gratitude to my prophet Muhammad SAW for being guidence for the life of moslem all over the world. I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Drs. Syahron Lubis, M.A., the Head of English Department, Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S., and the Secretary of English Department, Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D, who have given me a great opportunity and fully supported to accomplish this thesis. I also give my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Eddy Setia, M. Ed. TESP and my co-supervisor, Drs. Umar Mono, Dipl. Trans., M.Hum. who have given their precious time to teach, guide, and make me understand about this thesis so that I can accomplish this thesis and then to all lecturers of English Department for everything they already taught me during my academic years. I also would like to give high gratitude to Alm. Bang Amran as the former staff and Bang Mistam as the staff of English Department for their contribution in accomplishing the administration matters. Especially, I would like to give my special love and thanks to my beloved parents, Sunardi Tolo, S.E. and Dra. Sri Wahyuni, who always pray, remind, give attention, moral encouragement, and financial support for me in finishing this thesis. And also my beloved sister and brother, Widya Iswarani Tolo and Mhd. Fadhil Rayhan Tolo, who always be my motivation to do something better. vii

Special thanks and love to my beloved future pharmacist Gita Desia Ranto, you always be patient and be ready to help me in finishing this thesis. Thanks a lot for your special attention, love, and pray that we have shared together for 4 years. May Allah SWT bless us. I also would like to give thanks to my friends, the class of 2010, especially for my best pals Dicky, Boy, Petrus, Deni, Aldi, thank you for the togetherness, support, time, and also for the special snack and soft drink that we always clutch while writing this thesis. For girls in my class, namely, Wina, Ninis, Novita, Ulan, Eby, Apri, Krista, Zega, Elsye, Hanny, Hetty, Cindy, Nadia, Anis, Atun, thanks for being spunky. And to friends who have helped me in making this thesis, I sincerely apologize that your names could not be mentioned one by one in this thesis. The last special thanks to my friends in my hometown, Hariz Handyka, Juvan Adrian, Rizky Azhari, Hendy Syahputro and Ares Prasetyo, thank you for your support and motivation. Finally, I fully realize that there are some weaknesses in this thesis. Therefore, constructive criticism, advice, and suggestion aimed for this thesis will be warmly welcomed and highly appreciated. I hope this thesis is able to give a lot of contributions as reference. Medan, 27 October 2014 Mhd.Wahyudi Pratama Tolo Reg. No 100705110 viii

ABSTRACT This thesis entitled HEDGES IN GEORGE W. BUSH S SPEECHES contains of a study of the types of Hedges used by George W. Bush and the function of each of the hedge in his speeches during his tenure as the president of United States of America. The analysis of types of hedges in this study uses theory by Fraser (2010:204) to identify the types of hedges which is divided into 22 types. The analysis of function of hedges uses theory of Coates (1996:154-162) in analyzing the function of each hedge which is divided into 4 functions. The methodology used in this thesis is qualitative method. In collecting data, the writer choose some selected speeches from the website http://www.presidentialrhetoric.com/ And in data analysis, the writer used Miles and Huberman s theory which consist of three steps, namely, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/ verification. From the analysis, it is found that there are 43 (forty three) cases of hedges with the classification as follows: 1 agentless passive, 1 concessive conjunction, 9 if clause, 1 conditional subordinators, 7 impersonal pronoun, 2 introductory phrase, 2 modal adjective, 20 modal verb. From the data, modal verb is the most dominant type of hedges in Bush s speeches with 20 cases found. Keywords: pragmatic, maxim, hedge, function and types of hedges, speeches. ix

ABSTRAK Skripsi ini berjudul HEDGES IN GEORGE W. BUSH S SPEECHES berisi kajian tentang tipe hedge yang digunakan oleh George W. Bush dan fungsi dari hedge tersebut dalam pidato-pidatonya selama masa jabatannya sebagai presiden Amerika Serikat. Analisa tipe hedge di dalam skripsi ini menggunakan teori dari fraser (2010:204) untuk mengidentifikasi tipe tipe hedge yang dibagi oleh Fraser kedalam 22 tipe. Analisa fungsi hedge di dalam skripsi ini menggunakan teori dari Coates (1996:154-162) untuk menganalisa fungsi dari tiap hedge yang dibagi oleh Coates menjadi 4 fungsi. Metodologi yang digunakan pada skripsi ini adalah metode kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan memilih beberapa pidato dari situs http://www.presidentialrhetoric.com/ dan pada analisis data, penulisan menggunakan teori Miles dan Huberman, yang dilakukan dalam tiga tahap yaitu, data reduction, data display, dan conclusion drawing/ verification. Dari hasil analisis ditemukan bahwa hedge muncul sebanyak 43 kali dengan pembagian seperti berikut ini: Agentless passive muncul sebanyak 1 kali, concessive conjunction 1 kali, if clause 9 kali, conditional subordinators 1 kali, impersonal pronoun 7 kali, introductory phrase 2 kali, modal adjective 2 kali, dan modal verb sebanyak 20 kali. Modal verb adalah tipe yang paling dominan di dalam pidato Bush dengan ditemukan sebanyak 20 kali. Kata kunci: pragmatik, maxim, hedge, fungsi dan tipe-tipe hedge, pidato. x

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page AUTHOR S DECLARATION COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS v vi vii ix xi LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES xiii xiv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study... 1 1.2 Problem of the Study... 6 1.3 Objective of the Study... 6 1.4 Scope of the Study... 6 1.5 Significance of the Study... 7 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES 2.1 Overview of Pragmatics... 8 2.2 Maxim of Cooperation... 11 2.3 Hedges... 13 2.3.1 Types of Hedges... 16 2.3.2 Function of Hedges... 22 xi

CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Method... 25 3.3 Data and Source of Data... 25 3.4 Data Collecting Procedures... 26 3.5 Data Analysis... 26 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1 Data Description... 30 4.1.1 Types of Hedges... 30 4.2 Analysis... 31 4.3 Finding... 49 4.3.1 Most Dominant Types of Hedges... 50 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusions... 51 5.2 Suggestion... 52 REFERENCES... 54 APPENDICES... xii

LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Types of Hedges... 29 Table 4.2 Frequency of Hedges... 50 xiii

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model 27 xiv