INSTRUMENTATION FOR MARINE BLACK CARBON MEASUREMENTS Workshop on Marine Black Carbon Emissions, Ottawa, 9-10 th of September 2014 1
Outline IMO Measurement Methods and Definitions for Black Carbon Selectivity of Different Instruments AVL Instruments to Measure the Mass of Light-absorbing Particles from Marine Engines AVL 415 Smoke Meter AVL 483 Micro Soot Sensor (MSS) Correlation Filter Smoke Meter 415SE - MSS Correlation Filter Smoke Meter 415SE - MAAP Conclusions 2
Measurement Methods for BC The MEPC technical committee should decide a definition for BC as being either equivalent Black Carbon (ebc) or Light-absorbing Carbon (LAC) 1. The following methods were selected as appropriate for the proposed definitions: Equivalent Black Carbon (ebc): Light-Absorbing Carbon (LAC) Filter Smoke Number (FSN) Filter Smoke Number (FSN) Multi Angle Absorption Photometry (MAAP) Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) 1 According to PPR1/WP.5 dated 6 th of February 2014. 3
Selectivity of Different Instruments H 2 O (vap) Abrasion/Ash SO 4 - Hydrocarbons Carbon/Soot Filter Gravimetry Filter Smoke Number 1 PAS Opacity 2 LII MAAP NO 2 NO 1 Filter Smoke Number is a standardized method conform IS0 10054 2 Opacity is a standardized method conform IS0 11614 4
AVL Instruments to Measure the Mass of Light-absorbing Particles from Marine Engines 5
AVL 415SE Measurement Principle Measures the reflection of visible light from a soot loaded filter surface. The instrument samples a user defined volume of exhaust gas and draws it through a clean filter paper. The filtered soot causes blackening of the filter paper which is detected by an optical measuring head. Reflectometer Dead volume Light source Detector Effective length Sample volume Light source Clean filter Reflectometer R F Detector Effective length = Sample volume Dead volume Leak volume Filter area Blackened filter R S 6
AVL 415SE Filter Smoke Meter Is a well known established measurement method used for engine development and for production conformity tests (Is a standard emission equipment on each new engine test bed). Standardized method conform IS0 10054 Filter Smoke Meter could be also installed on ships. Integral measurements of transient peaks with preselected sampling time for BC estimates on ship manoeuvers. High sensitivity through variable sampling volume. (can be parameterized from 2 seconds up to 2 minutes) Current Resolution: 0.001FSN or 0.01 mg/m 3 Detection Limit: 0.002FSN or ~ 20 µg/m 3 Robust instrument (against heavy fuel). 7
AVL 483 Micro Soot Sensor (MSS) Measurement Principle Modulated IR-Light Modulated Absorption Modulated Expansion Sample diluted exhaust (CVS, SPC, or Conditioning Unit) Exhaust gas will be directed through a measuring chamber and thermally animated by a modulated laser beam Sound Wave Modulated heating produces periodic pressure pulsation, which will be detected by a microphone as acoustic wave Lock-In Recording Acoustic detection by microphone Signal will be amplified in a preamplifier and filtered in a Lock-In - amplifier. 8
AVL 483 Micro Soot Sensor (MSS) The instrument is based on the photoacoustic measurement method Time resolved signal (Digital data rate up to 10Hz, rise time <1sec) High sensitivity (5 µg/m³) High dynamic range: mg/m3 to g/m3 (up to 1 g/m3 with dilution) 9
Micro Soot Sensor and Smoke Meter Instrument Micro Soot Sensor (MSS) Smoke Meter (SM) Measurement Value mg/m 3 Principle Light absorption based on photoacoustic method FSN and mg/m 3 Light absorption based on reflection method Detected Components Measures the 808 nm light absorbed by the particles. Carbon Soot C ( ebc ), Black Smoke Measures the reflection of visible light (absorbing eye response according CIE 69) from a soot loaded filter surface. Carbon soot C ( ebc ), Black Smoke 10
Measurements with 415 SE Smoke Meter are Reliable and Comparable with Data From Other Sources ebc (equivalent Black Carbon) concentration derived from AVL filter smoke measurements correlates very well to the values given by PAS (Photo Acoustic Soot Sensor) and the ~ 1h average values of MAAP (Multi Angle Absorption Photometer). Location and design of the sampling probe is essential in order to obtain consistent test results. 11
Correlation Smoke Meter 415SE - PAS 90 80 70 y = 1.005x R² = 0.9933 PAS [mg/m 3 ] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Filter Smoke Meter [mg/m 3 ] LD Diesel Engine No after-treatment Standard Diesel Fuel with S < 10 ppm 12
Correlation 415SE - MAAP not published yet the Smoke Meter and MAAP data was post-processed using Excel least square averaging improved Smoke Meter for low detection limits (not released yet) Data Source: ACTRIS Workshop Feb, 2013 at Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) 13
Conclusions Filter Smoke Meter measures the reflection of visible light from a soot loaded surface. AVL Filter Smoke Meter correlates well to ebc only (not total PM). The AVL Filter Smoke Meter shows good correlation to PAS and MAAP. For on-board marine applications specific adaptions may be required. 14
Thank You For Your Attention! 15