EVALUATION OF EVACUATION AT FACULTY ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION The seven story building fitted with three lifts lies partially on a lake. It houses offices for the Dean, Deputy Deans and eight engineering departments as well as rooms for professors (JUSA A, B and C) and associate professors, senior lecturers and other academic staff. This is the biggest engineering faculty in Malaysia in terms of the number of programmes offered and the number of postgraduates. Each lecturer office has one wall almost covered with glass, standard government size fitted with individual air conditioner, PA system, sprinkler head and four foot fluorescent lights. The objective of this work is to evaluate fire safety components using manual and commercial software.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Fire Services act 1988 (act 341) Regulation, Rules and Order Computer simulation Best assembly area Literature Review Fire drilss Fire fighting access lobbies Stairs Means of egress

FIRE SERVICES ACT 1988 (ACT 341) REGULATION, RULES AND ORDER Fire Services act 1988 (act 341) is an act that make provision for the effective and efficient functioning of the Fire Services Department for the protection of persons and property from the fire risk and for purposes connected with it. (Fire Services Act 1988, 2006)

BEST ASSEMBLY AREA Assembly area is an area where located outside the building in an open space so everyone can gather and be identified but the area should be clearing indicate by all occupants before emergency arise. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)

FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS LOBBIES Fire safety should conform to the following requirements: Each lobby shall have a floor area of not less than 5.587 square meters (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011) The open able area of windows or area of permanent ventilation shall be not less than 25% of the floor area of the lobby and if ventilation is by means of open able windows, Additional permanent ventilation having a free opening of 464 square centimeters shall be provided except that mechanical pressurization may be provided as an alternative. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)

HEAT LOAD The heat load is the maximum heat that can be theoretically generated by the combustible items and contents of the structure. The heat load could be measured as the weight of the combustible material multiplied by the calorific value per unit weight. Heat load is conveniently expressed in terms of the floor space as MJ/m 2 or Mcal/m 2.More often it would be expressed in terms of equivalent quantity of wood and expressed as Kg wood / m 2 (1 Kg wood = 18MJ). The amount of heat load and the values may change from one environment to the other and also from country to country (Patterson, 1993)

MEANS OF EGRESS A means of egress is an exit path that occupants may use to safely exit a building. It is designed to provide safe and easy travel during a fire or other emergency so that the risk of injury or death is minimized. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011) Components of means of egress Doors Stairs Guards and handrails Smoke proof enclosures Stair pressurization Horizontal exits Exit passageways

STAIRS Stairs for emergency during fire has their own dimension that need to follow by rules that stated in Uniform Building By Law 1984.the dimension that be suggested by the law is the rise of any staircase shall not be not more than 180 millimeters and tread shall be not less than 255 millimeters and dimension of the rise and the tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform and consistent throughout. Other than that, the width of staircase shall be in accordance by law 168 while the depth of landings shall be not less than the width of the staircase. (Uniform Building By Law 1984, 2011)

FIRE DRILLS Fire drill is an exercise in the use of firefighting equipment or the evacuation of a building in case of a fire There are 4 stages that will be analyze during the fire drills, which are 1-Time before fire been aware (Δtdet) 2- Be aware of fire (Δta) 3 - Identify and respond to sound the alarm (Δtpre) 4 - Start clear the building and move to a place of assembly secure (Δttrav)

PYRO SIM SOFTWARE Pyro Sim is a graphical user interface for the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). FDS models can predict smoke, temperature, carbon monoxide, and other substances during fires. The results of these simulations have been used to ensure the safety of buildings before construction, evaluate safety options of existing buildings, reconstruct fires for post-accident investigation, and assist in firefighter training. (Engineering, 2010)

EXPERIMENTAL

EXPERIMENTAL 1) Determination of fire load from types of files and books 2) Determine air flow rate in the lift lobby 3) Checking conditions and staircases 4) Measure the lumen in the corridor and stair cases 5) Checking the condition of firefighting devices 6) Determining optimum location of new assembley points 7) Calculating distance and suitability of assembly points 8) Questionnaire on fire safety awareness

DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS

DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS No Classification Type Reference Quantity 1 Furniture Carpet (16 m x 11 m) Chair Curtain Table Pic Frame Sofa Book Rack Cupboard/Cabi net Dashboard Whiteboard 2 Machine Refrigerator Phone Photostat Computer

Coal 30935.8 Cotton 16747.2 DETERMINATION OF FIRE Dynamite 5349.8 LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES Nylon 23260 AND BOOKS Materials Calorie Value KJ/Kg Acrylic 26051.2 Asphalt 40472.4 Coal 30935.8 Cotton 16747.2 Dynamite 5349.8 Nylon 23260 Paper ( average) 16282 Peats (average) 22097 Pitch 34890 Polyester 23260 Polyurethane 37216 Polyvinylchloride 22097 Straw 13956 Waxes 39542 Woods (average hard and softwood) 18608 Paper ( average) 16282 Peats (average) 22097 Pitch 34890 Polyester 23260

DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS Heat load of material = Weight of material x calorie value of material Average heat load (kj) = Heat load Furniture (kj) + Heat load Machine (kj) + Stationary equipment (kj) + Papers (kj) + Miscellaneous (kj)

EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION OF HEAT LOAD 1,825 910 kj

DETERMINATION OF FIRE LOAD FROM TYPES OF FILES AND BOOKS Room Heat load (KJ) Classification 1 3306292.7 Low 2 3434885.6 Low 3 4252509.5 Medium 4 5042651.7 High 5 5575073.1 Very High 6 6241704.7 Very High

DETERMINE AIR FLOW RATE IN THE LIFT LOBBY

CHECKING CONDITIONS AND STAIRCASES

CHECKING CONDITIONS AND STAIRCASES The time taken in actual experiment is 122 seconds which consists of 25 participants evacuate from lift lobby level 5 to assembly point. But by using pyro sim, the calculated time is 119 seconds.

MEASURE THE LUMEN IN THE CORRIDOR AND STAIR CASES

MEASURE THE LUMEN IN THE CORRIDOR AND STAIR CASES Place Office lighting Emergency Staircase Office Pavement Exit Sign Lux number 320-400 Lux 80 90 Lux 80 90 Lux 0 Lux

CHECKING THE CONDITION OF FIREFIGHTING DEVICES

CHECKING THE CONDITION OF FIREFIGHTING DEVICES Firefighting devices Equip Condition Good Need to enhance Door Y Y Stair pressurization Y Y Smoke proof enclosure Y Y Guard and handrails Y Y Fire door Y Y Fire staircase Y Y KELUAR Mimic Diagram Y Y

DETERMINING OPTIMUM LOCATION OF NEW ASSEMBLY POINTS

FACULTY ENGINEERING UPM

2 3 1 4

High risk to assemble 1 Medium Risk to assembl e 2 3 4 Safest to assemble Safest to assemble

in the parking lot. DESCRIPTION Assembly Area Reasons 1 The assembly area are high risk because the area are on a roadway, accident could occur in this area. The best way to control during evacuation by traffic control. 2 This assembly area has been gazette as medium risk as because it is situated in the middle of lab. 3 This assembly are the safest place to assembly as it is in the parking lot. 4 This assembly area are the safest place to assemble as it is

CALCULATING DISTANCE AND SUITABILITY OF ASSEMBLY POINTS

PATHFINDER ANALYSIS

PROFILES OF OCCUPANTS

PROFILES OF OCCUPANTS Default Slow pace Characteristic Description Characteristic Description Speed occupants 1.19 m/s Speed occupants Log speed 0.5 1.19 m/s Standard movement Standard normal Standard movement Standard normal Shoulder Width 45.48 cm in average Movement Use stairs and find any nearest exit Average height 1.8 m Acceleration time 1.1 s Slow factor 0.1 Shoulder Width 44 48 cm in average Movement Use stairs and find any nearest exit Average height 1.8 m Acceleration time 0.8 s Slow factor 0.1 Reduction factor U = 0.7 S = 0.1

RESULTS OF ANALYSIS - Analysis done with 450 occupants. - Design of the building are approximately same with the actual design with standard deviation of 1.8%. - Results are 6.23 Minutes = 373.8 Seconds

SIMULATION VIDEO

ANALYSIS FLOW OF OCCUPANTS Accident can happen in this critical time 1 st phase : 0 50 seconds - Room compact as occupants increase 2 nd Phase : 50 100 seconds - Time critical - Accident could happen 3 rd phase : 100 200 Seconds - Rehabilitation time - Major occupants able to evacuate 4 th phase : 200 end Seconds - All Occupants manage to escape

ANALYSIS IN MEANS OF EGRESS Accident can happen in this critical time 1 st phase : 0 50 seconds - Exit staircase compact as occupants increase 2 nd Phase : 50 100 seconds - Time critical - Accident could happen 3 rd phase : 100 200 Seconds - Rehabilitation time - Major occupants able to evacuate 4 th phase : 200 350 Seconds - All Occupants manage

WAY FORWARD FROM ANALYSIS By theory, the design of the building are safe for evacuation. Unfortunately, by practical the occupants of the building are in high risk. Therefore, Risk Assessment should be done in this building.

FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT -LIKELIHOOD SCALE Scale 1 2 3 4 5 Description Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Almost Certain Fall from stair during evacuation of building >5 people 4 people 3 people 2 people 1 people Time evacuation 3 minutes 4 minutes 4.5 minutes 5 minutes 5.5 minutes Firefighting equipment working Predictable will not happen Unlikely happen Possible happen Likely happen Not working Knowledge of occupant using firefighting equipment Fully skills Less skill Average skills Know little bit Do not know

FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT -CONSEQUENCE SCALE Scale 1 2 3 4 5 Description Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catasthropic Fall from stair during evacuation of building Smooth evacuation Panic Slow down evacuation time Injury + Slow down evacuation time Injury + death + Slow down evacuation time Time evacuation People safe Fainting Shortness of breath Injury + Shortness of breath Death Firefighting equipment working Smooth evacuation Properties damage Properties damage + extend time for evacuation Properties damage + injury Properties damage + death Knowledge of occupant using firefighting Smooth evacuation Properties damage Properties damage + extend time for evacuation Properties damage + injury Properties damage + death equipment

FIRE RISK ASSESSMENT -RISK MATRIX For grading risk, the scores obtained from the Table 3 Risk Matrix are assign Catasthrop Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Scale ic 1 2 3 4 5 Almost 5 5 10 15 20 25 Certain Likely 4 4 8 12 16 20 Possible 3 3 6 9 12 15 Unlikely 2 2 4 6 8 10 Rare 1 1 2 3 4 5 grades as follows: 1-2 : Low Risk Standard Operating Procedures to handle the risk; 3-4 : Moderate Risk Monitor and review; 5-12 : High Risk Attention Required; and 15-25 : Extreme Risk Attention, time and resources required. Acceptability: Score 1-4 Score 5-25 : Acceptable Risk; and : Unacceptable Risk.

QUESTIONNAIRE ON FIRE SAFETY AWARENESS

QUESTIONNAIRE BACKGROUND Questionnaire based from Sikap Dan Tindakbalas Penghuni Bangunan Dalam Menghadapi Situasi Kebakaran Kajian Kes : Menara Ansar, Johor Bahru by Nawal Bt. Hj Mohd Khudzairi 3 parts in the questionnaire : a) Background of the respondent b) Awareness & understanding on fire prevention system in the building c) Criteria of fire prevention system in the building

TARGET OF QUESTIONNAIRE Respondent population Number of questionnaire distributed Number of questionnaire that been returned Percentage (%) 350 110 100 25

PART A : ANALYSIS OF RESPONDENT BACKGROUND 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Experience been in the building 73% 20% 7% 0% < 1 year 1-5 years 5-10 years >10 years Majority are 1-5 years Majority are from student and staff Aim : To get well blended information on fire safety

PART B: AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING ABOUT THE FIRE SAFETY IN FACULTY ENGINEERING The effectiveness of fire alarm in the building The training of "fire drill" organized by the building management Briefing of fire safety to the respondent Part B

Percentage (%) PART B.1 : ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FIRE ALARM IN THE BUILDING The effectiveness of fire alarm in the building 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Hear a fire alarm 2 times of hearing the fire alarm for past 2 years Did not know cause of fire alarm 1 time hearing false alarm in 2 years Fire alarm in the building is not working well Findings : 1. Respondent didn t alert fire alarm 2. Respondent lack of awareness on fire alarm 3. Fire alarm are not tested regularly. Series1 61 39.3 36.1 81 37

PART B.2 : ANALYSIS OF THE TRAINING OF FIRE DRILL" ORGANIZED BY THE BUILDING MANAGEMENT. The training of "fire drill" organized by the building management. 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 56 never experience fire drill training 45.4 Only 1 time involved in fire drill 31.8 Not sure who organize fire drill 65.9 66.7 directly do not know evacuate from what happpen the building when hearing fire alarm Series1 Findings : 1. Majority of respondent never experience fire drill training 2. Lack of awareness among respondent who are really in charge on fire drill

PART B.3 : ANALYSIS OF BRIEFING OF FIRE SAFETY TO THE RESPONDENT Briefing of fire safety to the respondent 70 60 65.8 50 40 30 20 10 0 38 Receive briefing of fire safety 57.9 Receive fire safety brochure External consultant give the fire safety briefing 51 seldom recive briefing 35.2 35.2 receive fire knowing the safety fire safety briefing from elsewhere television Series1 Findings : 1. Majority of respondent did not aware on fire safety briefing in Faculty Engineering 2. Majority of respondent does not receive the importance of fire safety in faculty.

ANALYSIS OF AWARENESS ON FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT Awarness on fire fighting equipment 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 No Yes Findings : 1. Majority does not know how to use fire extinguisher

PART C : THE CRITERIA OF FIREFIGHTING SYSTEM IN OFFICE BUILDING There are several point need to focus in enhancing the fire fighting system in the building which are: 1. Requirements of fire safety plan 2. Effectiveness of fire alarm system 3. Awareness of the importance of fire safety plan and devices. From those criteria, there are 3 aspect been observe in this part: 1- Spreading information aspect 2- Effective communication devices aspect 3- Maintenance aspect

PART C.1 : SPREADING INFORMATION ASPECT Spreading Information strongly disagree Disagree No opinion Agree Strongly agree 58% 35% 51% Demand for systematic fire emergency plan 25% 13% 12% 3% 1% 1% 1% Information of fire safety should be spread well Create more systematic fire emergency plan Spreading Spreading the information information of of using fire fire safety fighting devices by by brochures

Axis Title EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION DEVICES Effective communication devices 100.0% 120.0% 20.0% 40.0% 60.0% 80.0% 0.0% Fire drill Briefing on Teacing should be fire safety manual of done more frequently from external fire fighting as trainingconsultants equipment and experience. Strongly Agree 23.9% 26.1% 29.3% Agree 47.8% 45.7% 53.3% No opinion 21.7% 19.6% 10.9% Disagree 2.2% 4.3% 0.0% Strongly disagree 4.3% 4.3% 6.5% Briefing on fire safety Training frequent Teaching manual

MAINTENANCE OF FIREFIGHTING DEVICE 120.0% Maintenance 100.0% 52.2% 56.5% 80.0% Strongly agree 60.0% Agree No opinion 40.0% Disagree 20.0% 37.0% 34.8% Strongly disagree 0.0% 6.5% 4.3% 1.1% Maintenance of fire fighting device should be done regularly 7.6% Routine inspection should be conducted by management

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION Lack of awareness of fire safety among occupants Management should ensure every Fire safety devices works well Fire Drill should be done annually to ensure occupants know on how to evacuate.

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