GLOBAL SYSTEMS Urbanization R. Rosenberg Spring 2017 Urbanization- 1
* Environment * Economics Where are we? * Engineered Systems o Energy o Water o Food o Urbanization o Internet Urbanization- 2
Our agenda The global trend toward urbanization Major urban life-support systems Negative impact of rapid urbanization Response: sustainable ( smart ) cities Cities of the future: greening the urban environment Urbanization- 3
The global trend toward urbanization Why do we want to live in cities? Economic centralization and specialization (jobs!) Political power centralization Major religious centers Cultural and information centers Urbanization- 4
Largest cities through history 3100 BCE Memphis, Egypt 30,000+ 2030 BCE Ur, Babylonia 65,000 200 BCE Xian, China 400,000 25 BCE Rome 450,000 1500 CE Beijing 672,000 1825 CE London 5+ mil 1925 CE New York 10+ mil 1965 CE Tokyo 20+ mil 2015 CE Tokyo 37.8 mil Urbanization- 5
Where Do We Live Now? Urbanization- 6
Largest urban environments Urbanization- 7
Global Urbanization Urbanization- 8
Largest urban environments by continent Africa: Cairo, Lagos Asia: Tokyo, Seoul, Delhi, Shanghai Australia: Sydney Europe: Moscow, Paris, Istanbul N America: New York, Los Angeles, Mexico City S America: Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires Urbanization- 9
Urban boundaries Los Angeles, CA Pop: 15,000,000 Area: ~ 5000 sq mi Where does the city end? Urbanization- 10
Major urban life-support systems Air - quality Water sanitation, drinking Food input/output Shelter buildings, homes Transportation Communication systems Energy to support needs above Urbanization- 11
Rapid global population shifts 7.3 billion people and increasing More than half already live in urban areas. Rapid rate of urbanization is overwhelming response efforts. Population shifts affect economic and environmental systems. Population size and distribution can affect socio-political stability. Urbanization- 12
Negative impact of rapid urbanization on shelter Inadequate planning, poor housing and slum conditions Poor sanitation and limited access to clean water Vulnerability to natural disasters Safety and security are poor Urbanization- 13
Negative impact of rapid urbanization on road traffic Traffic congestion cost an estimated $78 billion in 2008 for the U.S. alone An estimated 50% of green house gas emissions are from cars 4.2 billion hours lost in transit Urbanization- 14
1/3 of green-house gas emissions come from buildings 1/3 come from urban transportation Negative impact of rapid urbanization on air quality Urbanization- 15
Sustainable cities Examples of good planning Sustainable ( smart ) cities Cities of the future Creation of new planned cities Urbanization- 16
An Early Example of Urban Planning in US Philadelphia The City of Brotherly Love, founded in 1682 by William Penn, a Quaker Urbanization- 17
London Tube System Urbanization- 18
Sao Paolo Underground Urbanization- 19
Sustainable cities Sustainable cities are sometimes called smart cities. What will a sustainable city look like? Redeveloped from an existing city? Planned from scratch? World Cities Conference 2010 Urbanization- 20
Smarter Cities: some criteria Air quality Energy production and conservation Environmental standards and participation Green building Green space Recycling Standard of living Transportation Water quality and conservation http://smartercities.nrdc.org/rankings/large Urbanization- 21
Smarter Cities: energy rankings in 2011 Austin, TX Boston, MA Chicago, IL Columbus, OH Dallas, TX El Paso, TX Long Beach, CA New York, NY Oakland, CA Portland, OR San Francisco, CA Seattle, WA smartercities.nrdc.org/rankings/large Urbanization- 22
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can lead to Improved management of city services Better communication and decreased travel by workers Increased environmental efficiency Catalyzing a local knowledge economy Increased safety in catastrophic circumstances Urbanization- 23
Potential for urban ICT Urbanization- 24
IBM s Smarter Cities management system Water Transportation Public safety Energy Buildings Healthcare Government IBM Intelligent Operations Center monitors and manages city services. Urbanization- 25
IBM s key performance indicators Urbanization- 26
Portland,OR transportation Full-access bus system Light rail Biking Urbanization- 27
Sao Paolo Bus System Driven by the terrible congestion of 18 million people Bus-only lanes Privatized bus companies Electronic pay-once passes Digital modeling and tracking Urbanization- 28
China straddling bus Beijing straddling bus, electricsolar Urbanization- 29
Transportation future: bubbles? Schweeb personal bubble SIKA bubbles and beams Urbanization- 30
Green Building Design: LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design consists of a suite of rating systems for the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings, homes and neighborhoods. Urbanization- 31
Passive building technology Passive Geothermal Green roofs Passive solar water heaters Urbanization- 32
Improving urban food systems Urban farms Vertical-growth greenhouses Local farmers markets Biogenetics Urbanization- 33
Uses many sources for generation Tracks usage in great detail Can provide most efficient source High density of use and local generation offer big efficiency gains Smart Grid for electricity Urbanization- 34
Urban Pollution Abatement Higher-density cities Carbon caps on car emissions More efficient mass transit LEED certified buildings / Green buildings Green roofs Renewable-energy municipal buildings Urbanization- 35
Underground park: before Urbanization- 36
Underground park: after Urbanization- 37
Cities of the future Planned private cities Reston VA Jamshedpur India Planned public cities Masdar, UAE Urbanization- 38
Reston VA Reston had a population of 58,404 in 2010. It is a planned community founded in 1964, built with the goal of revolutionizing post World War II concepts of land use and residential/corporate development in suburban America. [4] Municipal government-like services are provided by the nonprofit Reston Association, which is supported by a per-household fee for all residential properties in Reston. In 2012, Reston was ranked 7th in the Best Place to Live in America by CNN Money Magazine. [6] Urbanization- 39
Goals for Reston VA The widest choice of opportunities should be made available for the full use of leisure time. It should be possible for anyone to remain in a single neighborhood throughout his(/her) life. Housing needs should be met at a variety of income levels and at different stages of family life. People should be able to live and work in the same community. Beauty structural and natural is a necessity of the good life and should be fostered. Since Reston is being developed from private enterprise, in order to be completed as conceived it must also, of course, be a financial success. Urbanization- 40
Jamshedpur India Jamshedpur is a major industrial centre of East India. It houses companies like Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Power, LaFarge Cement, Telcon, BOC Gases, Praxair, Timken, and many more. It is home to one of the largest industrial zones of India and houses more than 1,200 small and medium scale industries. In 2011 the population was 1,337,131. Jamshedpur was declared the 7th cleanest city of India in 2010. It has been projected as the 84th fastest growing city in the world for the timeframe 2006 2020. [3] Jamshedpur has been selected for the Global Compact Cities Pilot Programme by United Nations, the only one to be selected in India as well as South Asia. Urbanization- 41
Masdar, Abu Dhabi, UAE Masdar City is a planned city built by the Mubadala Development Company, with the majority of seed capital provided by the Government of Abu Dhabi. The city relies on solar energy and other renewable energy sources. Masdar City will host the headquarters of the International Renewable Energy Agency. The city is designed to be a hub for cleantech companies. Its first tenant is the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, which has been operating in the city since it moved into its campus in September 2010. Urbanization- 42
Masdar highpoints Solar, wind and geothermal sources Desalination on-site Wind towers to cool the city Electrical pod transportation underground Critique of intent Urbanization- 43
Mayors Conference (USA) Standing Committees Children, Health and Human Services Community Development and Housing Criminal and Social Justice Energy Environment International Affairs Jobs, Education and the Workforce Membership Metro Economies Tourism, Arts, Parks, Entertainment and Sports Transportation and Communication Urbanization- 44
Thanks For Listening! Urbanization- 45
Sources 1. http://www.smartgrowth.org/about/default.asp 2. http://www.ecocitycleveland.org/ecologicaldesign/whatcities/america.html 3. http://www.metromodemedia.com/features/greenurbanism0022.aspx 4. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/05/science/earth/05bloomberg.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=bloomberg%20 drops%20measure%20to%20cut%20newyork's%20greenhouse%20gases&st=cse 5. http://online.wsj.com/article/sb120424591916201491.html 6. http://vector1media.com/spatialsustain/urban-living-cuts-greenhouse-gas-emissions.html 7. http://www.growingsensibly.org/cmapdfs/comparing%20high%20and%20low%20resedential%20densi ty%20- %20Life%20Cycly%20Analysis%20of%20Energy%20Use%20and%20Greenhouse%20Gas%20Emmission s.pdf 8. http://www.ourclimate.net/conservation.htm 9. http://www.eukn.org/binaries/eukn/eukn/research/2009/10/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-globalcities.pdf 10.http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntuseland/essays/citsubs.htm 11.http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats 12.http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article4743.html 13.http://www.unhabitat.org/categories.asp?catid=9 14.Spectrum: Megacities Special Report. June 2007. IEEE. 15.Century of the City: No Time to Lose. The Rockefeller Foundation. 2008. Urbanization- 46