PLANT PRODUCTION IN CLOSED ECOSYSTEMS

PLANT PRODUCTION IN CLOSED ECOSYSTEMS

PLANT PRODUCTION IN CLOSED ECOSYSTEMS The International Symposium on Plant Production in Closed Ecosystems held in Narita, Japan, August 26-29, 1996 Edited by E.GOTO Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan K.KVRATA Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan M.HAYASHI School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, Shizuoka, Japan and S. SASE National Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Ibaraki, Japan Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

A C.LP. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-4798-4 ISBN 978-94-015-8889-8 (ebook) DOl 10.1007/978-94-015-8889-8 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Dedicated to Dr. Tadashi Takakura

CONTENTS Preface List of Contributors and Editors IX XI Part A: GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY Food Production in Greenhouses M. H. Jensen Controlled Flowering of Herbaceous Perennial Plants R. D. Heins, A. C. Cameron, W. H. Carlson, E. Runkle, C. Whitman, M. Yuan, C. Hamaker, B. Engle, and P. Koreman Greenhouse Thermal Environment and Light Control L.D. Albright 15 33 The Present Status and Future Outlook of the Use of Natural Enemies and Pollinators in Protected Crops 49 M. Dissevelt and W. 1. Ravensberg R&D Research/Demonstration Greenhouse using Methane Gas from a Landfill for Co-generation 67 W.1. Roberts Nutrient Management in Closed Growing Systems for Greenhouse Production 83 W. V oogt and C. Sonneveld Monitoring and Control of Water and Nutrient Supply in Closed Growing Systems 103 Th. H.Gieling, 1. Bontsema and E. A. van Os Recent Advances in Photoselective Films with Interference Effects 123 T. L. F. Daponte Greenhouse Technology for Saving the Earth in the 21st Century 139 T. Kozai, C. Kubota, and Y. Kitaya Recent Advances in Environment Control in Micropropagation 153 C. Kubota, K. Fujiwara, Y. Kitaya, and T. Kozai

viii Part B: CELSS AND SPACE AGRICULTURE Automation and Systems Analysis 171 K. C. Ting Food Production in Space: Challenges and Perspectives 189 T. W. Tibbitts and D. L. Henninger Concepts, Components, and Controls for a CELSS 205 1. C. Sager and A. E. Drysdale Gas Turnover and Gas Conditions in Hermetically Closed Plant Production Systems 225 H. -1. Daunicht CELSS Research: Interaction between Space and Terrestrial Approaches in Plant Science 245 M. Andre and P. Chagvardieff BIOSPHERE 2: A Closed Bioregenerative Life Support System, An Analog for Long Duration Space Missions 263 1. Poynter and D. Bearden Environmental Control for Plant Production in Space CELSS 279 E. Goto Optimal Structure of Plant Conveyor for Human Life Support in a Closed Ecosystem "BIOS-3" 297 1. 1. Gitelson, G. M. Lisovsky, and A. A. Tikhomirov Growth Monitoring of Green Vegetables Cultured in a Centrifuge Phytotron 305 H. Murase, A. Tani, Y. Nishiura, and M. Kiyota Closed Plant Experiment Facility (CPEF) in Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities (CEEF) and Preliminary Studies on CPEF Operation 321 Y. Tako Subject Index 339

Preface The International Symposium on Plant Production in Closed Ecosystems was held in Narita, Japan on August 26-29, 1996. The Symposium was organized by the Commission for Horticultural Engineering of the International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS) and the Japanese Society of Environment Control in Biology. It also was held as the commemorative event to celebrate Dr. Tadashi Takakura's retirement from the University of Tokyo. Dr. Takakura is a leading researcher in environmental engineering and horticultural engineering as well as other related fields, and has greatly contributed to academia and industry. He currently is the president of the Japanese Society of Environment Control in Biology and was the chairman of the organizing committee for this Symposium. The Symposium covered various technologies and latest research related to plant production in closed and semi-closed systems. Closed and semi-closed systems are defined as any type of environment in which plants or parts of a plant (cells, tissues, organs, etc.) are cultured and/or maintained under artificially controlled conditions, in a restricted space, where free exchange of energy and mass between the system's interior and exterior are restricted. Examples are: CELSS (Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems), space farming, greenhouses, plastic tunnels, factory-style plant production systems, nursery and transplant production systems, tissue culture vessels, and postharvest systems. There were over 300 participants from 23 countries in attendance at the Symposium. They were able to present their latest research and exchange information and ideas with some of the foremost researchers in the world. The accepted papers from the oral and poster sessions will be published in a book of Acta Horticulturae, the proceedings ofishs. The first two days of the Symposium were devoted to the special lecture sessions, in which distinguished researchers gave invited lectures. The special lecture sessions focused on two main topics: greenhouse technology and CELSS/space agriculture. This book, "Plant Production in Closed Ecosystems", contains all of the text and material of the 17 lecturers that were presented. Three additional papers by Dr. Murase et ai., Dr. Kubota et al. and Dr. Tako have been added to this volume to complement the special lectures. All of the papers were collected in advance of the Symposium, reviewed, and edited. We hope that the information contained in this book will benefit readers and provide future directions in this and related fields. We wish to express our sincere appreciation to all of the contributors to this volume. They have all completed informative and insightful articles in a very limited amount of time. Special thanks go to Mr. Masashi Komine, Mr. Joey H. Norikane, and Ms. Nancy K. Okamura, all graduate students of University of Tokyo, for their voluntary assistance. Tokyo, October 1996 Eiji Goto Makio Hayashi Kenji Kurata Sadanori Sase ix

List of Contributors and Editors Contributors L. D. Albright Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA M. Andre Department d'ecophysiologie Vegetale et de Microbiologie, Centre de CADARACHE, F -13108 Saint Paullez Durance, France D. Bearden Paragon Space Development Corporation, 810 East 47th Street, Suite #104 Tucson, Arizona, 85714, USA J. Bontsema Department of Agricultural Engineering and Physics Wageningen Agricultural University Bomenweg 4,6703 HD, Wageningen, The Netherlands A. C. Cameron W. H. Carlson P. Chagvardieff Department d'ecophysiologie Vegetale et de Microbiologie, Centre de CADARACHE, F -13108 Saint Paullez Durance, France T. L. F. Daponte Daponte & Co, Dorp West 141,2070 Zwijndrecht, Belgium H. -J. Daunicht Institute for Horticultural Science, Humboldt University Berlin Konigin-Luise-Str. 22, D-14195 Berlin, Germany M. Dissevelt Koppert Biological Systems B.V., P.O. Box 155 2650 AD Berkel & Rodenrijs, The Netherlands A. E. Drysdale McDonnell Douglas Space and Defense Systems, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899. USA B. Engle K. Fujiwara Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271, Japan xi

xii Th. H.Gieling IMAG-DLO, Monitoring and Control Department POBox 43,6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands 1. I. Gitelson Institute of Biophysics (Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch) Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia E. Goto Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan C. Hamaker R. D. Heins D. L. Henninger NASA Johnson Space Center, Mail Code EC3, 2101 NASA Houston, TX 77058-3696, USA M. H. Jensen School of Agriculture, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA Y. Kitaya College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 593, Japan M. Kiyota College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 593, Japan P. Koreman T. Kozai Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271, Japan C. Kubota Faculty of Horticulture, Chiba University, Matsudo, Chiba 271, Japan G. M. Lisovsky Institute of Biophysics (Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch) Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia H. Murase College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 593, Japan Y. Nishiura College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 593, Japan J. Poynter Paragon Space Development Corporation, 810 East 47th Street, Suite #104 Tucson, Arizona, 85714, USA

W. J. Ravensberg Koppert Biological Systems B.V., P.O. Box 155 2650 AD Berkel & Rodenrijs, The Netherlands W. 1. Roberts Department of Bioresource Engineering, Rutgers University-Cook College P.O. Box 231, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231, USA E. Runkle 1. C. Sager NASA, Mail Code MD-RES, Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, USA C. Sonneveld Research Station for Floriculture and Glasshouse Vegetables P.O. Box 8, 2670 AA Naaldwijk, The Netherlands Y. Tako Department of Environmental Simulation, Institute for Environmental Sciences 1-7 Ienomae, Obuchi, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-32, Japan A. Tani College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 593, Japan T. W. Tibbitts Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706-1590, USA A. A. Tikhomirov Institute of Biophysics (Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch) Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia K. C. Ting Department of Bioresource Engineering, Rutgers University-Cook College P.O. Box 231, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231, USA M. Yuan E. A. van Os IMAG-DLO, Monitoring and Control Department POBox 43, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands W. Voogt Research Station for Floriculture and Glasshouse Vegetables P.O. Box 8, 2670 AA Naaldwijk, The Netherlands C. Whitman xiii

xiv Editors E. Goto, chief Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan K. Kurata Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan M. Hayashi School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University Nishino 317, Numazu, Shizuoka 410-03, Japan S. Sase National Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan