1 Anti-Revivalism & The Industrial Revolution DDH 202 JUNE SEMESTER 2016 MDM ZAIRILA JURIA ZAINAL ABIDIN
What? 2 Antirevivalism & Industrial Revolution Inventions Building s characteristics
Anti-revivalism According to some historians, modern architecture is developed as a result of social and political revolutions. Others view it as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments. Others regard it as matter of taste: a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian & Edwardian architecture. Anti-revivalism : against the architectural styles that evokes principles and styling from an earlier period of architectural history and traditions of the same cultural place or from other cultures.
Architecture Before Industrial Revolution : Revivalism The British Museum, London. Built between 1823 & 1487, to house its collection of antiquities & the National Library, the British Museum is one of the richest cultural institution in Europe. The architect Robert Smirke, deployed an uncompromising classicism which is typical of the 1st half of the 19 th C.
Architecture Before Industrial Revolution : Revivalism
Architecture Before Industrial Revolution : Revivalism
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution The Industrial Revolution : spreads from England to Europe and North America, created 2 type of social class worker: the wage-laborer or proletarian, who earn hard living in the numerous factories. Middle class or bourgeois The availability of newly-available building materials such as iron, steel & sheet glass drove the invention of new building techniques.
The Revolution Severe challenge on the established order of the western world at the last quarter 18 th C. The American & French Revolution changed the political & social structures. The technological revolution; - The invention of steam engine broke the wind & water power. - Industrial & urban society, from agriculture & rural. - Steam power caused large factories to replace small shops. Immediate impact on building techniques & materials. Efficient transportation - railway development Hoffman Kiln 1858 mass-produced bricks. Victorian red brick dominant feature of industrial town. Efficient communication; Invention of telephone results in fast speed communication. Invention of efficient printing machine result in news travel faster.
9 Railway Steam Engine Locomotive Steam Boat Other Bicycle Motorcycle Spinning Jenny Telephone Camera
1. Relationship to Railroad Development NEW INVENTIONS The Steam Engine : invented by James Watt in 1785, whose proliferation into newly built machine shop and iron foundries engineered an appropriate type of building. Steam Engine and the train change our life. Amos Beam Engine 1867
1. Relationship to Railroad Development NEW INVENTIONS The Railway : A meaningful symbol of the new age which in turn had consequences for architecture - stations, bridges, tunnels. Locomotive : 1813, Christopher Blackett The Rocket : 1829, George & Robert Stephenson
The Steam Boat : An important means of transportation which in turn had consequences for mass migration from across the globe. Mississippi Steam boat in 1906 inspired by Robert Fulton s Clermont : 1807
Technical Transformation; Structural Engineering and Rationalism OTHER NEW INVENTIONS Rover Bicycle: 1888, John Kemp Starley Daimler motorcycle : 1885, Gottlieb Daimler
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Technical Transformation; Structural Engineering and Rationalism OTHER NEW INVENTIONS Bell demonstration of the telephone : 1876 Thomas Alva Edison Gramophone (record player) Alexander Graham Bell
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Technical Transformation; Structural Engineering and Rationalism OTHER NEW INVENTIONS Spinning Jenny Steam power cotton weaving machine : 1850 s
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Technical Transformation; Structural Engineering and Rationalism OTHER NEW INVENTIONS Wallpaper printing machine Kodak Pocket Camera : 1895, George Eastman Steam engine power supply : 1876, George Corliss for Machinery Hall - Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Technical Transformation; Structural Engineering and Rationalism MASSMIGRATION The possibility of travel brought about the migration of population from the countryside to big cities and from nation to nation. Streets of New York City - Mid 1800
Great Britain In Great Britain, industrial workforce, political & economic oppression drove many to seek a new life overseas, America, South Africa, Australia & New Zealand. 19 th C architecture reflected tension between; Uncertainty on scale styles-looking back to Greek & Gothic worlds. Style based on functionalism & engineering technologies. Against industrialization - William Morris & John Ruskin attempted social reform through architecture reliance on the craftsman skill house plans standard, large scale mass production of decorative motifs.
20 th Century Science and Technology The technology raised rapidly The International Style of 1920 s & 1930 s as any structure could be achieved; - New materials - Rebellion against tradition - More sophisticated techniques An inevitable reaction a return to eclecticism and revival of vernacular styles.
New Material Iron, Steel and Glass Industrial production of iron 1840s & the development of 1856 Bessemer converter to making steel. Stronger than cast iron. Significant progress in material manufacturing. Eg.; Iron & glass - Crystal Palace, London by Joseph Paxton to house Great Exhibition 1851. Cast iron components & steel building structure- Eiffel Tower, Paris (1889). Frame structure; It was developed in late 19 th in Chicago after great fire 1871. cast iron columns & beams supported the building loads, no more of the load bearing walls. Building soar beyond 5 to 6 storeys. Steel framing of early 20 th C stronger than iron could go higher storeys, eg. Woolworth Building, New York (1912).
New Material Cast-Iron Was also a product of the 19th century s Industrial Revolution Changed the realm of architecture Cast iron previously in chains & tie bars for arches & vaults. It was a welcome alternative to stone and wood Allowed for the erection of taller buildings with thinner walls Has great strength but is heavy. Girders, beams & columns began to be used extensively eg. St. Catherine s Dock, London (1824-28) by Thomas Telford.
New Material Reinforced Concrete Concrete reinforced by the insertion of iron & later steel bars. Used towards the middle of 19 th C, greatly used in 20 th C. Glass wall Non load bearing curtain wall, major innovation of 20 th C. and frame construction. Mass produced modular elements. Glass of larger panels with improved frame structures. Windows transformed into glass walls. eg. The Bauhaus, Dessau ( 1925-26), North America (late 1940s).
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anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Cast-iron and Glass Architecture Glass and iron, iron frame Crystal Palace, Joseph Paxton 1851 Eiffel Tower, Gustav Eiffel, 1887
Renowned Buildings of Industrial Revolution 25 Crystal Palace Eiffel Tower Machine Hall Au Bon Marche Church of Saint-Jean-de- Montmartre
Crystal Palace, London Designed by Joseph Paxton COMPETITION: to build a World s Fair in London to be held in 1851 REQUIREMENTS: Buildings to be temporary, economical, simple, and capable of rapid construction 245 designs submitted, none suitable Paxton formulated this design in 8 days, fulfilling all requirements Built in 39 WEEKS of prefabricated materials 1851 feet long, 110 tall, 18 acres Free of internal walls 7,200 cast iron and wrought iron columns 900,000 sqft of sheet glass Hollow cast iron columns act as drain pipes Glass curtain walls Portal bracing to counteract lateral forces of the wind Paxton is a Gardener who had experimented with glass and iron greenhouses Burned in 1936
Floor Plans
Center hall Main Nave
https://heyjoenyctour.files.wordpress.com/2014/0 9/10-interior-of-the-crystal-palace-by-thomspaxton-1851-_.jpg Transept with fountain
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Paris World Exhibition, 1889 Eiffel, Eiffel Tower, Paris metal structures, mostly railway Eiffel designed hundreds of bridges metal structures, mostly railway The base of the Eiffel Tower bridges resembles a railway bridge The base of the Eiffel Tower Built as the symbol of the 1889 resembles a railway bridge World s Fair in Paris Built as the symbol of the 1889 Elevator invented in Yonkers, NY World s Fair in Paris in 1853 by Elisha Otis, who Elevator invented in Yonkers, NY designed the radical tilting in 1853 by Elisha Otis, who elevators of the Eiffel Tower designed the radical tilting Exposed iron allows wind forces elevators of the Eiffel Tower to go through the building Exposed iron allows wind forces to go through the building Eiffel designed hundreds of
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Eiffel Tower - Cast iron components & steel building structure
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Paris World Exhibition 1889 Eiffel Tower WORLDEXPOSITION - Paris World Exhibition 1889 Paris World Exhibition 1889
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Eiffel Tower - Cast iron components & steel building structure WORLDEXPOSITION - Paris World Exhibition 1889 Paris World Exhibition 1889 : Machine Hall, Charles Dutert (architect) & Victor Contamin (engineer). Eiffel Tower, Paris: Gustave Eiffel
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Paris World Exhibition 1889 Eiffel Tower
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Eiffel Tower - Cast iron components & steel building structure WORLDEXPOSITION - Paris World Exhibition 1889 Paris World Exhibition 1889 : Machine Hall, Charles Dutert (architect) & Victor Contamin (engineer). Galerie des Machine, designed by architect Ferdinand Dutert and engineer Victor Contamin. It was reused at the exposition of 1900 and demolished in 1910 to open up the view along the Champ de Mars. At 111 meters, the Galerie ("Machinery Hall") spanned the longest interior space in the world at the time, using a system of hinged arches (like a series of bridge spans placed not end-to-end but parallel) made of iron. The choice of construction material is controversial; the building was designed to be built with steel but was actually constructed in iron.
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Eiffel Tower - Cast iron components & steel building structure WORLDEXPOSITION - Paris World Exhibition 1889 Paris World Exhibition 1889 : Machine Hall, Charles Dutert (architect) & Victor Contamin (engineer).
anti-revivalism & the industrial revolution Cast-iron and Glass Architecture Glass roof, supported by cast iron pillars. A neo-gothic (Gothic Revival style). A style promoted by John Ruskin. A glass roof, supported by cast-iron pillars,
Cast-iron and Glass Architecture Au Bon Marche department store, Paris Built in 1876 by Louise Auguste Boileau and Gustave Eiffel. The world first department store made of iron, glass, and bearing masonry. It was one of several department stores which made use of the new industrial materials to create vast and well-lit interior spaces. The cheapness of these materials permitted rich decoration, notably of the extra ordinary stair-well, skylight through the glass roof and flanked by suspended gangways. In later constructions the metal decoration even became more exaggerated as, with reinforced concrete, the structure elements became more slender a tendency well demonstrated by the main hall and staircase of the Galeries Lafayette in Paris, built by Ferdinand Chanut in 191; the staircase was pulled down in 1974.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi a/commons/d/da/le_bon_march%c3 %A9_%C3%A0_Paris_(2).jpg 42 http://imganuncios.mitula.net/a_l ouer_meuble_paris_6eme_appart ement_3_pieces_de_60_m_82901 33420773617283.jpg
Au Bon Marche, present day 43 http://www.affashionate.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/le-bon-m.jpg?ce67c3
Reinforced Concrete and The New Innovation of Glass The Church of Saint-Jean-de-Montmartre is located at 19 Rue des Abbesses in the 18th arrondissement of Paris. First example of reinforced concrete in church construction
Points to ponder 45 What is morally wrong with revival architecture?