Dendrocalamus asper ALL ZONES

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Assessment date 12 February 2015 Dendrocalamus asper ALL ZONES Answer Score 1.01 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0 1.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown? 1.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.01 Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 North Zone: suited to Zones 8, 9 Central Zone: suited to Zones 9, 10 South Zone: suited to Zone 10 2.02 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) 2 2.03 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y 1 2.04 Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation North Zone: mean annual precipitation 50-70 inches y Central Zone: mean annual precipitation 40-60 inches 2.05 South Zone: mean annual precipitation 40-60 inches Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y 1 3.01 Naturalized beyond native range y 2 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n 0 3.03 Weed of agriculture n 0 3.04 Environmental weed n 0 3.05 Congeneric weed n 0 4.01 Produces spines, thorns or burrs n 0 4.02 Allelopathic n 0 4.03 Parasitic n 0 4.04 Unpalatable to grazing animals n -1 4.05 Toxic to animals n 0 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens n 0 4.07 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n 0 4.08 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y 1 4.09 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle n 0 4.10 Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils). North & unk Central Zones: infertile soils; South Zone: shallow limerock or Histisols. 0 4.11 Climbing or smothering growth habit n 0 4.12 Forms dense thickets y 1 5.01 Aquatic n 0 5.02 Grass y 1 5.03 Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0 5.04 Geophyte n 0 6.01 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y 1 6.02 Produces viable seed y 1

6.03 Hybridizes naturally 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic n -1 6.05 Requires specialist pollinators n 0 6.06 Reproduction by vegetative propagation y 1 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) 60-1 7.01 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked unk areas) -1 7.02 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 1 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant n -1 7.04 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal n -1 7.05 Propagules water dispersed 7.06 Propagules bird dispersed 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n -1 7.08 Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) 8.01 Prolific seed production n -1 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) n -1 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides y -1 8.04 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation 8.05 Total Score Implemented Pacific Second Screening Risk Assessment Results 1 yes EVAL section A B C total # questions answered satisfy minimum? 11 yes 11 yes 17 yes 39 yes

Reference Source*data 1.01 Cultivated,.but.no.evidence.of.selection.for.reduced.weediness. 1.02 skip.to.2.01 1.03 skip.to.2.01 2.01 1..PERAL.NAPPFAST.Global.Plant.Hardiness. No.computer.analysis.was.performed...1..Global.hardiness.zone:. (http://www.nappfast.org/plant_hardiness/nappfast%20global 9N13.(able.to.survive.in.zones.4N8);.equivalent.to.USDA.Hardiness. %20zones/10N zones.8an11b+.(able.to.survive.[<4a?n].4bn7b)...2..native. year%20climate/plant_hardiness_10yr%20lgnd.tif)...2..usda,. distribution.possibly.in.northern.malaysia.(uncertain)...3..wild. ARS,.National.Genetic.Resources.Program..Germplasm.Resources. distribution:.only.known.under.cultivation;.may.be.wild.in. Information.Network.N.(GRIN).[Online.Database]..National. Germplasm.Resources.Laboratory,.Beltsville,.Maryland.. Thailand.and.adjacent.areas...4..The.origin.of.Dendrocalamus. asper.is.not.certain,.but.is.thought.to.be.somewhere.in.southn East.Asia...3..Mansfeld's.World.Database.of.Agricultural.and. Horticultural.Crops..Contributed.by.R..Fritsch,.April.2001.. http://mansfeld.ipkn gatersleben.de/apex/f?p=185:1:2769827532762::no:::..4.. Dransfield,.S..&.Widjaja,.E.A.,.1995..Dendrocalamus.asper. 2.02 No.computer.analysis.was.performed...Native.range.is.well. known;.refer.to.2.01.source.data. 2.03 1..KöppenNGeiger.climate.map.(http://www.hydrolNearthNsystN sci.net/11/1633/2007/hessn11n1633n2007.pdf)...2..dransfield,.s.. &.Widjaja,.E.A.,.1995..Dendrocalamus.asper.(Schultes.f.).Backer. ex.heyne[internet].record.from.proseabase..dransfield,.s..&. Widjaja,.E.A..(Editors)..PROSEA.(Plant.Resources.of.SouthNEast. Asia).Foundation,.Bogor,.Indonesia..http://www.proseanet.org.. Accessed.from.Internet:.18.March. 2.04 1..World.Climate.Maps..http://www.climateNcharts.com/WorldN ClimateNMaps.html..Accessed.5.February. 1..Distribution.in.the.cultivated.and.naturalized.range.occurs.in. more.than.3.climactic.zones...2..in.tropical.asia.dendrocalamus. asper.is.planted.or.naturalized.from.low.altitudes.up.to.1500.m. altitude..it.thrives.best,.however,.at.400 500.m.above.seaNlevel. 1..Cultivated.and.naturalized.areas:.975.mmN4974.mm+.(38.5"N 195.9"+)...2..Thrives.best.in.areas.with.average.annual.rainfall.of. about.2400.mm. 2.05 1..USDA,.ARS,.National.Genetic.Resources.Program..Germplasm. 1..Cultivated.in.Africa.(Madagascar);.AsiaNTemperate:.China. [Yunnan],.Taiwan;.AsiaNTropical:.Indonesia,.Laos,.Malaysia,. Myanmar,.Philippines,.Sri.Lanka,.Thailand,.Vietnam.[south];. North.America:.United.States...2..It.has.been.planted.in...2..Dransfield,.S..&.Widjaja,.E.A.,.1995.. Dendrocalamus.asper.(Schultes.f.).Backer.ex.Heyne[Internet]. botanical,.experimental.or.private.gardens.in.the.new.world.and. Australia,.even.in.warm.temperate.areas. Record.from.Proseabase..Dransfield,.S..&.Widjaja,.E.A..(Editors).. PROSEA.(Plant.Resources.of.SouthNEast.Asia).Foundation,.Bogor,. Indonesia..http://www.proseanet.org..Accessed.from.Internet:. 18.March. 3.01 1..USDA,.ARS,.National.Genetic.Resources.Program..Germplasm. 1..Naturalized.in.Indonesia.and.Australia;.status.uncertain.in. Malaysia.(possibly.native.in.north). 3.02 No.evidence.found. 3.03 No.evidence.found. 3.04 No.evidence.found.

3.05 1..Brink,.M.,.2008..Dendrocalamus.asper.(Schult..&.Schult.f.). 1..Dendrocalamus.comprises.about.35.species,.distributed.from. Backer.ex.K.Heyne..[Internet].Record.from.PROTA4U..Louppe,.D.,. India.to.China.and.the.Philippines..No.evidence.suggests.that. Oteng.Amoako,.A.A..&.Brink,.M..(Editors)..PROTA.(Plant. these.species.are.weeds. Resources.of.Tropical.Africa./.Ressources.végétales.de.l Afrique. tropicale),.wageningen,.netherlands.. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>..accessed.18.march. 4.01 These.structures.are.not.included.in.the.description.of.this. species. 4.02 No.evidence.found. 4.03 1..USDA,.ARS,.National.Genetic.Resources.Program..Germplasm. 1..Family:.Poaceae.(not.a.parasitic.family). 4.04 1..Kigomo,.BN.(2007)..Guidelines.for.Growing.Bamboo..KEFRI. Guideline.Series:.No..4..Kenya.Forestry.Research.Institute;. Nairobi,.Kenya.KEFRI.Guidelines.Series:.No..4..April.2007.Kenya. Forestry.Research.Institute.Printed.by:.Downtown.Printing. 4.05 1..Janzen,.DH..1976..Why.Bamboos.Wait.so.Long.to.Flower.. 1..Bamboos.(seedlings).are.palatable.to.many.animals,.especially. in.dry.grazing.areas.where.goats.are.left.loose. 1..There.is.no.evidence.that.bamboo.seed.contains.the.toxic. secondary.compounds.normally.found.in.tropical.tree.seeds,.but. bamboo.seeds.can.cause.diarrhea.if.eaten.in.excess,.and.they.are. not.eaten.when.other.grains.are.available.(watt.1889). 4.06 1..Dransfield,.S..&.Widjaja,.E.A.,.1995..Dendrocalamus.asper. 1..Not.known.to.be.hosts.of.toxic.pathogens.and. alternate/alternative.hosts.of.crop.pests.and.diseases..the. powdernpost.beetles.dinoderus.minutus.and.dendrocalamus. brevis.cause.considerable.damage.to.harvested.culms. 4.07 1..Janzen,.DH..1976..Why.Bamboos.Wait.so.Long.to.Flower.. &.USDA,. 1..There.is.no.evidence.that.bamboo.seed.contains.the.toxic. secondary.compounds.normally.found.in.tropical.tree.seeds;. ARS,.National.Genetic.Resources.Program..Germplasm.Resources. young.shoots.are.consumed.(human.food,.vegetable). Information.Network.N.(GRIN).[Online.Database]..National. Germplasm.Resources.Laboratory,.Beltsville,.Maryland.... 4.08 1..Kigomo,.BN.(2007)..Guidelines.for.Growing.Bamboo..KEFRI. Guideline.Series:.No..4..Kenya.Forestry.Research.Institute;. Nairobi,.Kenya.KEFRI.Guidelines.Series:.No..4..April.2007.Kenya. Forestry.Research.Institute.Printed.by:.Downtown.Printing. 4.09 1..Dransfield,.S..&.Widjaja,.E.A.,.1995..Dendrocalamus.asper. 1..Fire.is.a.major.hazard.to.a.bamboo.plantation.especially.during. the.dry.season.and.in.drier.areas..to.safeguard.the.area,. firebreaks.should.be.established..a.10.m.wide.firenline.is.enough. to.stop.fire.from.spreading.into.the.plantation..in.some.species,. the.amount.of.bamboo.litter.on.the.ground.is.too.thick..during. the.dry.seasons,.this.needs.to.be.reduced.by.collecting.it.and. thus.improving.the.degree.of.success.in.fire.control. 1..Young.plants.require.regular.watering.and.weeding.during.the. growing.period.because.they.cannot.compete.for.nutrients,.light. and.moisture.

4.10 1..Dransfield,.S..&.Widjaja,.E.A.,.1995..Dendrocalamus.asper. 1..Dendrocalamus.asper.will.grow.well.on.sandy.and.rather.acidic. soils. 4.11 1..Dransfield,.S..&.Widjaja,.E.A.,.1995..Dendrocalamus.asper. 1..Culm.erect.with.pendulous.tip,.20 30.m.tall. 4.12 1..Dransfield,.S..&.Widjaja,.E.A.,.1995..Dendrocalamus.asper. 1..Densely.tufted,.sympodial.bamboo.(clumping).. 5.01 1..USDA,.ARS,.National.Genetic.Resources.Program..Germplasm. 1..Family:.Poaceae. 5.02 5.03 1..USDA,.ARS,.National.Genetic.Resources.Program..Germplasm. 1..Family:.Poaceae. 5.04 1..Dransfield,.S..&.Widjaja,.E.A.,.1995..Dendrocalamus.asper. 1..Sympodial.bamboo.(clumping). 6.01 1..Brink,.M.,.2008..Dendrocalamus.asper.(Schult..&.Schult.f.). 1..Due.to.its.vegetative.reproduction,.the.genetic.diversity.of.the. Backer.ex.K.Heyne..[Internet].Record.from.PROTA4U..Louppe,.D.,. species.is.low...2..bamboo.is.monocarpic,.i.e..a.plant.flowers.only. Oteng.Amoako,.A.A..&.Brink,.M..(Editors)..PROTA.(Plant. Resources.of.Tropical.Africa./.Ressources.végétales.de.l Afrique. once.and.then.dies..dendrocalamus.asper.flowers.gregariously. after.60n100.years.. tropicale),.wageningen,.netherlands.. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>..accessed.18.march.. 2..Arya,.S.et.al..2008..Direct.regeneration.of.shoots.from. immature.inflorescenses.in.dendrocalamus.asper.(edible. bamboo).leading.to.mass.propagation..bamboo.science.and. Culture:.The.Journal.of.the.American.Bamboo.Society,.21(1):.14N 20. 6.02 1..CAES.publications."Growing.Bamboo.in.Georgia".University.of. Georgia. (http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/pubdetail.cfm?pk_id=78 30.[Accessed&2/11/2013])...2..Arya,.S.et.al..2008..Large.scale. plant.production.of.edible.bamboo.dendrocalamus.asper. through.somatic.embryogenesis..bamboo.science.and.culture:. The.Journal.of.the.American.Bamboo.Society,.21(1):.21N31. 1..Dendrocalamus.asper.seeds.are.available.online.from.a. number.of.sources;.however,.as.a.rule,.bamboo.does.not.set. many.viable.seed.even.though.the.whole.grove.may.flower. gregariously...2..conventional.propagation.methods.are.beset. with.many.problems.such.as.seed.sterility,.nonnavailability.of. seeds,.etc.

6.03 1..John.CK.et.al..1994..Selection.N.A.valuable.method.for.bamboo. 1..The.peculiar.flowering.behaviour.in.bamboos.make.genetic. improvement..current.science.(bangalore),.66(11):.822n824. improvement.by.hybridizations.very.difficult..the.flowering.and. seeding.at.long.intervals.(7n120.years).render.the.overlapping.of. flowering.in.more.than.one.species,.in.the.same.locality.very. difficult.to.obtain,.making.attempts.at.hybridizations.impossible. 6.04 1..Janzen,.DH..1976..Why.Bamboos.Wait.so.Long.to.Flower.. 6.05 1..Janzen,.DH..1976..Why.Bamboos.Wait.so.Long.to.Flower.. 1..There.is.no.direct.information.as.to.whether.bamboos.are. outcrossed,.obligatorily.or.otherwise..it.is.possible.to.conclude. from.indirect.evidence.that.mastnseeding.bamboos.are. obligatory.outcrossers...2..dendrocalamus.strictus.is.typically. dichogamous.and.protogynous.the.gynoecium.matures.3n4.days. before.the.androecium,.effectively.preventing.self.pollination. 1..Bamboo.are.apparently.windNpollinated.since.they.have. inflorescences.like.those.of.other.grasses..bamboos.may.be.at. least.in.part.insect.pollinated.(bodekar.1930,.bradley.1914,. Gunckel.1948,.Morris.1886,.Soderstrom.&.Calderon.1971,.1974). 6.06 1..Dransfield,.S..&.Widjaja,.E.A.,.1995..Dendrocalamus.asper...2..Brink,.M.,.2008..Dendrocalamus.asper.(Schult..&. Schult.f.).Backer.ex.K.Heyne..[Internet].Record.from.PROTA4U.. 1..Dendrocalamus.asper.can.be.propagated.by.rhizome,.culm.and. branch.cuttings.and.by.tissue.culture...2..due.to.its.vegetative. reproduction,.the.genetic.diversity.of.the.species.is.low...3..as. might.be.expected.of.a.plant.that.seeds.only.after.a.long.interval. and.then.dies,.mastnseeding.bamboos.are.extremely.plastic.and. vigorous.in.vegetative.growth.and.have.very.broad.geographic. distributions. Louppe,.D.,.Oteng.Amoako,.A.A..&.Brink,.M..(Editors)..PROTA. (Plant.Resources.of.Tropical.Africa./.Ressources.végétales.de. l Afrique.tropicale),.Wageningen,.Netherlands.. <http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp>..accessed.18.march.. 3..Janzen,.DH..1976..Why.Bamboos.Wait.so.Long.to.Flower.. 6.07 1..Arya,.S.et.al..2008..Direct.regeneration.of.shoots.from. 1..Dendrocalamus.asper.flowers.gregariously.after.60N100.years. immature.inflorescenses.in.dendrocalamus.asper.(edible. bamboo).leading.to.mass.propagation..bamboo.science.and. Culture:.The.Journal.of.the.American.Bamboo.Society,.21(1):.14N 20. 7.01 Unintentionaly.dispersement.not.likely.based.on.the.growth. form,.biology,.ecology,.or.habitat.of.the.species. 7.02 1..USDA,.ARS,.National.Genetic.Resources.Program..Germplasm. 1..Economic.importance:.human.food.(vegetable),.material. (cane)...2..in.thailand,.malaysia,.and.china.grown.on.a.large.scale. for.the.shoots.which.are.canned.as.a.vegetable,.pickled.in. vinegar,.preserved.in.salt,.etc..in.tropical.s.asia.commonly...2..mansfeld's.world.database.of.agricultural.and. Horticultural.Crops..Contributed.by.R..Fritsch,.April.2001.. http://mansfeld.ipkn planted.for.the.strong.and.rather.durable.culms.used.as. construction.material.and.for.furniture,.household.implements,. etc. gatersleben.de/apex/f?p=185:1:2769827532762::no::: 7.03 Contamination.not.likely.based.on.the.growth.form,.biology,. ecology,.or.habitat.of.the.species. 7.04 No.morphological.features.(i.e.,.wings).that.would.suggest.seeds. are.adapted.for.wind. 7.05 No.evidence.found.

7.06 1..Janzen,.DH..1976..Why.Bamboos.Wait.so.Long.to.Flower.. 1..Larger.animals.should.have.a.powerful.nomadic.response.to.a...2..Collias,. bamboo.seed.crop.(and.a.reproductive.one.as.well,.if.the.seeding. NE.&.P.Saichuae..1967..Ecology.of.the.red.jungle.fowl.in.Thailand. period.is.long.enough),.as.exemplified.by.the.wild.chicken.(jungle. and.malaya.with.reference.to.the.origin.of.domestication.. Natural.History.Bulletin.of.the.Siam.Society,.22:189N209. fowl,.gallus.spp.).and.other.pheasants.in.india.and.burma...2..a. Thai.jungle.fowl.cock.had.519.bamboo.seeds.in.its.crop 7.07 No.morphological.features.that.would.suggest.seeds.are.adapted. for.attachment.to.fur.or.able.to.come.into.contact.with.hooves.of. animals.due.to.the.biology.of.the.species.(forms.a.dense,.nearly. impenetrable.thicket.in.the.lower.part.of.the.clump..undisturbed. clumps.are.almost.impenetrable.after.some.years.because.of.the. interlacing.thorny.branches). 7.08 1..Janzen,.DH..1976..Why.Bamboos.Wait.so.Long.to.Flower.. 1..Local.animals.should.be.major.predators.on.bamboo.seeds. from.the.day.the.mast.crop.begins.until.the.day.it.ends..in. addition.to.the.local.individuals.of.the.more.nomadic.species.of. animals,.all.regions.(with.the.exception.of.jamaica).with.mastn cropping.bamboos.have.a.number.of.indigenous.species.of. terrestrial.rodents.of.various.sizes.(e.g.,.rats,.voles,.fox,.squirrels,. etc.). 8.01 No.evidence.found. 8.02 1..Banerjee,.M.,.S.Gantait,.&.BR.Pramanik..2011..A.two.step. method.for.acceletated.mass.propagation.of.dendrocalamus. asper.and.their.evaluation.in.field..physiology.and.molecular. Biology.of.Plants,.17(4):387 393. 1..Availability.of.seeds.is.limited.and.available.seeds.are.of.shortN lived.viability. 8.03 1..Cruzado,.Muzik,.Kennard.(1961).Control.of.Bamboo.in.Puerto. Rico.by.Herbicides,.Weeds.9:20N26.. 8.04 1..Kigomo,.BN.(2007)..Guidelines.for.Growing.Bamboo..KEFRI. Guideline.Series:.No..4..Kenya.Forestry.Research.Institute;. Nairobi,.Kenya.KEFRI.Guidelines.Series:.No..4..April.2007.Kenya. Forestry.Research.Institute.Printed.by:.Downtown.Printing. 8.05 No.evidence.found. Observations.24.months.after.treatment.showed.that.the. following.bamboo.species.were.eradicated.by.basal.application. of.monuron.at.the.rate.of.1.6.pounds.of.chemical.in.2.gallons.of. water.per.50.culms:.b..tulda,.b..textilis,.g..apus,.d..asper,.and.d.. strictus..b..textilis,.d..asper,.and.d..strictus.also.were.eradicated. with.dalapon.at.the.1.6.pound.rate. 1..The.removal.of.mature.culms.maintains.the.vigour.of.the.plant. and.allows.for.the.continuous.generation.of.new.shoots..the. clumping.habit.enables.the.plant.to.regenerate.naturally.after. harvesting.

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