Integrated Pest Management Cont
Dunk B.t. israelensis and mosquitos
Chemical Methods of Insect Control
Chemical Methods of Insect Control: Botanicals Derived from botanical sources Biodegrade rapidly Widely varying levels of toxicity
Botanical insecticide: Neem From seeds of the neem tree Broad spectrum against many pests Must be ingested to be toxic Low mammalian toxicity May require repeat applications
Horticultural Oil Derived from petroleum, vegetable or fish oil Smothers insects and mites Works best on soft-bodied insects Low mammalian toxicity Avoid hottest part of day Avoid drought-stressed plants Use commercial products rather than homemade
Insecticidal Soap Contact insecticide smothers and desiccates insect Use against soft-bodied insects like aphids, thrips, whitefly, and mites Low mammalian toxicity Requires excellent coverage, repeat applications Biodegrades rapidly Effective only until it dries
You cannot recommend homemade solutions!
Sulfur Use dust mask with dust product Broad spectrum miticide and fungicide Low mammalian toxicity Do not use within two weeks of an oil spray or vice versa leaf burn Some plants sensitive to sulfur
Pheromones Used for mating disruption Useful for codling moth management in orchards Limited usefulness in backyards
Other options: Kaolin clay Naturally occurring mineral Film acts as a barrier between pest and fruit Irritates and repels insect feeding and egglaying
Other options: Repellants
Disease Management
Right plant, right place Choose plants well adapted to site
Select resistant varieties Liberty : Scab resistant Gravenstein : Not scab resistant
Use disease-free plants and seeds
Irrigate early mornings
Fertilize as needed
Don t crowd plants
Control insects and weeds Insects can vector diseases such as plant viruses Weeds can harbor diseases that can be detrimental to desirable plants
Sanitation Remove diseased plants and plant parts
Dispose of crop refuse/compost
Sanitation Prune out diseased wood
Use mulches Mulch serves as a barrier between soilborne pathogens and plant foliage
Make and use compost
Use fungicides when necessary Copper Lime sulfur Sulfur Horticultural oil Potassium bicarbonate Neem oil
Weed Management In Oregon, weeds grow like.well, weeds.
Mulching
Mulches Barkdust Wood chips Gravel or rock Cocoa or filbert shells Sawdust Newspaper or horticultural paper Woven fabrics Plastic
Hand weeding
Machine weeding
Spacing
Solarization Kills eggs/grubs
Cover cropping
Principles of Integrated Pest Management - Review Monitor the plants Identify the pest organism Establish an acceptable injury level Manage using all available strategies
Choose a Treatment Strategy Use easiest, least disruptive, least expensive, least toxic first Read the label, read the label, read the label If you decide to use any kind of an pesticide, spot treat only and wear protective clothing when applying
Integrated Pest Management Part 7 Chemical Control
Chemical Control Although chemical control should be the last tactic considered, it may be the only way to quickly and effectively keep a particular pest in check e.g. knotweed in LC Used correctly, pesticides are indispensable tools of an IPM program Incorrect use of pesticides can lead to: pest resistance to the pesticide outbreaks of secondary pests adverse effects on nontarget organisms direct hazards to the user
Minimizing the Negative Effects of Chemical Control Avoid applying pesticides on a windy day. Choose narrow over broad spectrum insecticides. Spot treat, rather than broadcast a pesticide. Always read the label, follow directions and do not apply more than is recommended. Wear protective clothing and eyewear. Dispose of unwanted pesticides and empty containers properly.
Herbicides
Herbicide Uptake Enters plant through stomates
Herbicide Translocation Phloem for foliar herbicides Xylem movement for water soluble soil applied herbicides
Herbicide Metabolism Selectivity based on break down of herbicide by tolerant plants before they cause injury Metabolites combine with sugars and amino acids Sent to vacuole = trash can
Herbicide Toxicity Herbicides target plant systems Photosynthesis Pigment production Growth Amino acid prodn Cell membranes Lipid synthesis Meristematic growth
Growth Regulators Interrupt plant hormones e.g. auxin used in growth Abnornal/irregular growth = death Selective = broadleaf plants E.g. 2, 4D & Dicamba
Amino Acid Synthesis Non selective Herbicide interferes with enzymes that make amino acids proteins E.g. Roundup Inhibitors
Photosynthetic Inhibitors Selectively controls grasses and broadleaves Interrupt energy flow during photosynthesis Resultant highly reactive compds break cells E.g. Atrazine
Cell Membrane Disruptors Contact herbicides Non selective Activated by sunlight Not translocated or metabolized Lead to leakage of organelle contents E.g. gramoxone (paraquat) or vinegar
Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors Selectively control grasses Lipids are waxes and oils important in cell membrane formation Bind enzymes that make lipids Plants die slowly as new cells are not formed E.g. select or poast herbicide
Meristematic Growth Shoot and root inhibitors Used for grass and sedge control Interrupt mitosis (cell division at growing points) E.g. Treflan Inhibitors
Pigment Inhibitors Stops Carotenoids and chlorophyll formation Carotenoids pigments protect chlorophyll + capture energy Chlorophyll = photosynthesis Bleaching of leaves E.g. command used in peas
Minimizing the Negative Effects of Chemical Control Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality 1-800-452-4011 1-503-229-5913 For information about scheduled hazardous waste collection events across Oregon: 1-800-732-9253
Pacific Northwest Handbooks http://plantdisease.ippc.orst.edu/article_index.cfm http://weeds.ippc.orst.edu/pnw/weeds http://pnwpest.org/pnw/insects
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Practice With These Pests Tomato hornworm dandelion Broccoli Scales European crane fly Kiwi fruit Blue grass weed
What will you recommend for the following pests/diseases? Insects Cutworms Slugs Spidermites Asparagus aphid Weeds Blackberry Dandelion Yellow Nutsedge Curly dock Morning glory Bindweed Diseases Botrytis blight in blueberries Bacterial canker in cherries Algae in lawns Pythium root rot in Poinsettia Powdery mildew in strawberries