Wave of the Future: Espalier for Harvest and Pest Management

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Transcription:

Wave of the Future: Espalier for Harvest and Pest Management Master Gardener Conference October 9, 2014 Chuck Ingels Farm & Horticulture Advisor UCCE Capitol Corridor MCP, Sacramento County http://cesacramento.ucanr.edu

Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and examples

Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Why Wave of the Future? Intro Light Interception Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and examples

Why the Wave of the Future? Management of New and Existing Pests Brown marmorated stink bug Other true bugs Asian citrus psyllid/hlb Spotted wing drosophila Codling moth Peach leaf curl

Excluding Pests Easier with Espalier Fair Oaks Horticulture Center

Excluding Pests Easier with Espalier Wind Damage 2012 2014

2012 Peach Leaf Curl Trial Individual Branches Treated Sprayed branches Agribon on branch Untreated Lime sulfur/ Microcop

2012 Peach Leaf Curl Trial Lime sulfur (late fall) and Microcop (late winter) very effective Agribon + Liquicop at equally effective Agribon alone, copper soap, and Liquicop were somewhat less effective, but still provided 60-80% control compared to untreated branches

Espalier French term; from Italian spalliera (something to rest the shoulder [spalla] against) Pronounced es-pal-yer or es-pal-yay Technique of growing trees into a two dimensional flat plane by training and pruning Began with Romans; refined in 1500s in Europe

Advantages of Espalier Training Narrow canopy; greater sunlight penetration Efficient crop production Ability to increase the growth of a branch by training it vertically, and later decrease growth and increase fruiting by training it horizontally Heat capture from walls in winter Good use of narrow spaces

Disadvantages Increased management & cost Can be challenging Fruiting branches/shoots less compatible Peach (1-yr. branches), fig/persimmon (current shoot) Sunburn & borers Some species overly vigorous

Tree Shape Determines Light Interception 1 X Sunlight > ~ 1.5 X Sunlight Shade Shade Sunlight Sunlight Shade

Improving Light Management Sunlight Sunlight > 2 X Sunlight Sunlight More fruit color Strong buds Strong flowers Shade Shade Larger fruit

Improving Light Management Sunlight Sunlight Sunlight > 2.5 X Sunlight Sunlight Sunlight Stronger buds Stronger flowers Larger fruit Sunburn?

Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Location Trellis Construction Espalier patterns and examples

Locating the Trellis Avoid north-facing wall South-facing wall may increase heat in winter for citrus Can be grown on or near wall Keep 6-10 in. from wood walls Allowing 2-3 ft. facilitates tree and wall maintenance Avoid chain-link fencing Photo: KVDP

Locating the Trellis Photo: Pam Geisel

Ensure Adequate Sunlight

Trellis Construction Tips For wooden trellises & posts, use rot-resistant wood (cypress, cedar, redwood, pressure-treated) or metal end posts Sink posts in concrete that extends above ground Use heavy gauge wire (12 or 14 gauge) Support end posts to prevent wire sag

Screw eye Turnbuckle One Trellis Method Chain link top rail for support Crossarm for drip lines Post in concrete

Supporting the Trellis Ends Wire Vineyard trellis end post Helical anchor (earth anchor)

Topics to be Covered Espalier intro & basics Trellis location and installation Espalier patterns and examples Horizontal T (apple) Fan & 2-scafold fan (cherry, peach) Palmette verrier (Asian pear) Informal (citrus)

Typical Espalier Patterns Source: EspalierServices.com

Typical Espalier Patterns Source: EspalierServices.com

Espalier /Horizontal T Consider: Angle Shoots Upward Initially

Espalier /Horizontal T Promote Spurs

Espalier Pruning Growing Season Source: Pruning and Training (Amer. Hort. Soc.)

Dormant Pruning Young Espalier Before After

Vigorous Apple Horizontal T No Summer Pruning Shoots 6+ ft. long Fruiting wood shaded Looking up

Vigorous shoots Almost no spurs Vigorous Apple No Summer Pruning

Vigorous shoots removed Spurs, short shoots left Vigorous Apple Summer Pruning Aug.

Vigor management Provide space! Old Winkler Vine UC Davis

Pluot Espalier Year 1 Not enough space!

Palmette Verrier (Candelabra) Source: pepinieresdenghien.be Source: lesbeauxjardins.com

Palmette Verrier (Candelabra) Source: pepinieresdenghien.be Source: lesbeauxjardins.com

Palmette Verrier (Menorah) Asian Pear: Planted Jan. 2001 Late April, 2002 Late May, 2002

Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2004

Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2014

Palmette Verrier (Menorah) 2014 Before summer pruning After summer pruning

Cherry Fan Fair Oaks Hort. Center April 2013 July 2013

Cherry Fan Sept. 2014 Fan: No heading cuts yet Flower buds formed

Cherry Training Trial Upright Fruiting Offshoot (UFO) 2010 2012 2012

2-Scaffold Fan Peach Fair Oaks Hort. Center Peach Cherry

Espalier Peach/Nectarine Pruning and Training (AHS)

Spring Pruning of Mature Peach Tree Prune to 1 bud all but 2 new shoots per branch After harvest cut branch back to lower shoot

Spring Pruning of Mature Peach Tree Prune to 1 bud all but 2 new shoots per branch After harvest cut branch back to lower shoot

Flower buds Peach Fruiting Branches Veg. bud

Cherry, Peach Espalier Fair Oaks Horticulture Center Planted Feb. 2013 February April

Peach Espalier 2013 April June July

Peach Espalier July 2013

Peach Espalier 2013 Nov. July

Peach Espalier Feb./March 2014 Row cover (Agribon)

Peach Espalier (1) April 2, 2014 1 2 3

Peach Espalier (2) April 21, 2014

Peach Espalier April 21, 2014

Peach Espalier (3) May 17, 2014

Peach Espalier May 17, 2014 After pruning Shoots tied at angle

Peach Espalier Which cuts are OK?

Peach Espalier Dealing with Side Shoots

Peach Espalier (4) June 5, 2014

Flower buds forming (late July) Peach Espalier (5) July 12, 2014

Peach Espalier July 12, 2014 Year 2: 20 fruits Before After

Peach Espalier Sept. 14, 2014

Hi Density Orchards The wave of the future

Tatura Trellis

Citrus Espalier (Mandarin) July 2012 Aug. 2012 Aug. 2013

Citrus Espalier (Mandarin) Oct. 2014

Citrus Frost Protection Large Trees Difficult to Cover

Citrus Frost Protection Espalier Trees Easy to Cover

Thank You! The Wave of the Future

Questions? http://cesacramento.ucanr.edu

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