ISSN: 1-965; IC Value: 5.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue XII December 017- Available at www.ijraset.com Design Optimization of Atmospheric Water Generator A.Bharath 1 K.Bhargav 1, Assistant professor, Mechanical Engineering Dept. Sreenidhi Institute of science and technology Abstract: Atmosphere contains large amount of water in the form of vapour, moisture etc. Within those amounts almost 0% of water is wasted. This amount of water can be used by implementing a device like Atmospheric Water Generator. This device is capable of converting atmospheric moisture directly into usable and even drinking water. The device uses the principle of latent heat to convert water vapour molecules into water droplets. From the previous literature it is learnt that the AWG units are more efficient only at coastal regions where the relative humidity is high. According to previous literature, it is also learnt that the temperature required to condense water is known as dew point temperature. The atmospheric water generator consists of a draft fan, heat sink, casing and a thermoelectric peltier (TEC) couple, which is used to create the environment of water condensing temperature or dew point. The objective of this paper is to obtain that specific temperature (dew point temperature) to condense water with the help of peltier devices and aims at optimizing the AWG unit to be efficient at locations where humidity percentage is low. CFD analysis is carried out to optimize the design by changing the number of peltiers and location of peltiers till the desired temperature for condensing is achieved. Keywords: Heat sink, TEC, CFD, and AWG I. INTRODUCTION Atmosphere contains large amount of water in the form of vapour, moisture etc. Within those amounts almost 0% of water is wasted. This amount of water can be used by implementing a device like Atmospheric Water Generator. This device is capable of converting atmospheric moisture directly into usable and even drinking water. The device uses the principle of latent heat to convert water vapour molecules into water droplets. In many countries like India, there are many places which are situated in temperate region; there are desert, rain forest areas and even flooded areas where atmospheric humidity is eminent. But resources of water are limited. In the past few years some papers have already been done to establish the concept of air condensation as well as generation of water with the help of peltier devices, such as harvesting water for trees using Peltier plates that are powered by solar energy etc. So, this paper will be helping to extend the applications of such devices further in the near future. According to previous knowledge, we know that the temperature require to condense water is known as dew point temperature. Here, the goal is to obtain that specific temperature (dew point temperature) practically or experimentally to condense water with the help of some electronics devices. This paper consists of a thermoelectric peltier (TEC) couple, which is used to create the environment of water condensing temperature or dew point, indeed conventional compressor and evaporator system could also be used to condense water by simply exchanging the latent heat of coolant inside the evaporator. The condensed water will be collected to use for drinking purpose and various other uses. II. METHODOLOGY A. CAD Computer aided design (CAD) is assistance of computer in engineering processes such as creation, optimization, analysis and modification. CAD involves creating computer models defined by geometrical parameters which can be readily altered by changing relevant parameters. CAD systems enable designers to view objects under a wide variety of representations and to test these objects by simulating real world conditions. There are several good reasons for using a CAD system to support the engineering design function: 57
ISSN: 1-965; IC Value: 5.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue XII December 017- Available at www.ijraset.com Figure.1 Final assembly of atmospheric water generator B. Peltier Device & Its Specifications The basic thermoelectric (Peltier) plateis a thermocouple, which consists of a p-type and n-type semiconductor elements, or pellets (figure.). Copper commutation tabs are used to interconnect pellets that are traditionally made of Bismuth Telluride-based alloy. Thus, a typical thermoelectric cooler (TEC) consists of thermocouples connected electrically in series and sandwiched between two Alumina ceramic plates. The number of thermocouples may vary greatly - from several elements to hundred of units. This allows constructing a TEC of a desirable cooling capacity ranging from fractions of Watts to hundreds of Watts. As discussed above, When DC moves across Peltier cooler, it causes temperature differential between TEC sides. As a result, one thermoelectric cooler face, which is called cold, will be cooled while its opposite face, which is called hot, simultaneously is heated. If the heat generated on the TEC hot side is effectively dissipated into heat sinks and further into the surrounding environment, then the temperature on the thermoelectric cooler cold side will be much lower than that of the ambient by dozens of degrees. The thermoelectric coolers cooling capacity is proportional to the current passing through it. Figure.: Model of Peltier plate C. Unigraphics The NX software integrates knowledge-based principles, industrial design, geometric modeling, advanced analysis, graphic simulation, and concurrent engineering. The software has powerful hybrid modeling capabilities by integrating constraint-based feature modeling and explicit geometric modeling. In addition to modeling standard geometry parts, it allows the user to design complex free-form shapes such as airfoils and manifolds. It also merges solid and surface modeling techniques into one powerful tool set. Our previous efforts to prepare the NX self-guiding tutorial were funded by the National Science Foundation s Advanced Technological Education Program and by the Partners of the Advancement of Collaborative Engineering Education (PACE) program. D. Solid Works Solid works flow simulation easily simulates fluid flow, heat transfer, and fluid forces that are critical to the success of your design. SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation is fully embedded with SOLIDWORKS D CAD, SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation intuitive CFD (computational fluid dynamics) tool enables you to simulate liquid and gas flow in real world conditions, run what if 57
ISSN: 1-965; IC Value: 5.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue XII December 017- Available at www.ijraset.com scenarios, and efficiently analyze the effects of fluid flow, heat transfer, and related forces on immersed or surrounding components. You can compare design variations to make better decisions to create products with superior performance. Driven by engineering goals, SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation enables Product Engineers to use CFD insights for making their technical decision through a concurrent engineering approach. Additional HVAC and Electronic Cooling modules offer dedicated fluid flow simulation tools for detailed analysis. III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Dew-point temperature (T dp ) Is the temperature at which humidity in the air starts condensing at the same rate at which it is evaporating at a given constant barometric pressure. B. Sample Calculations (For DBT=0 0 c and RH=5%) γ (0, 5) =ln (5/100) + (17.67 0/.5+0)=1.19 Tdp= (.5 1.19/17.67 1.19)=16.7775769 The table for the dew point temperature calculation for different atmospheric conditions is as follows: Dry Bulb temp (in Degrees) Relative Humidity (%) Required Dew point Temp (in Degrees) 0 5 16.7775769 0 50 18.65601 0 55 19.9911587 0 60 1.01861 0 65.710995 0 70.988915 0 75 5.090956 0 80 6.176567 0 85 7.0758 0 90 8.181611 0 95 9.111600 0 100 0 Table.1: Dew point temperature calculations at 0 0 C and different relative humidity conditions Amount of water (in L)present in 1m of air for different humidity and temperature conditions 1) Relative Humidity (RH) is the ratio of partial pressure of water (Pw) to that of saturation pressure (Ps) i.e. RH= (Pw/Ps) 100 Thus from saturation pressure (Ps) and relative humidity (RH) data partial pressure of water (Pw) can be obtained as Pw= (RH/100) Ps ) Humidity Ratiogives the volume of water (in m) present in 1m of air. Humidity ratio can also be expressed in terms of partial pressure of water (Pw) as HumidityRatio=0.6 Pw/ (Pa Pw) (Where Pa is the atmospheric pressure i.e. Pa=1.015 bar) Humidity ratio gives the amount of water (in m) present in 1m of air. Also we know that 1m is equal to 1000 liters. Thus multiplying humidity ratio by 1000 gives the maximum amount of water (in liters) that is present in 1m of air. C. Sample Calculations (For atmospheric temperature 5 0 C and relative humidity 5%) 57
ISSN: 1-965; IC Value: 5.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue XII December 017- Available at www.ijraset.com Saturation Pressure of water vapour (Pw) at 5 0 C is obtained from steam table as 0.0167 bar. Thus Partial pressure of water, Pw= (RH/100) Ps=5100 0.0167=0.011085 bar Humidity Ratio = 0.6 (Pw/Pa Pw) =0.6 0.0110851.015 0.011085=0.006879661 Therefore amount of water (in liters) present in 1m of atmospheric air = Humidityratio 1000=0.006879661 1000=6.879661 liters The amount of water present in 1m of air consisting of the above mentioned calculations for different atmospheric conditions are tabulated below: T e m p. Saturation Pressure- Ps (in bar) from psychome tric chart Rela tive Hum idity (in %) Partial Pressure of water- Pw (in bar) Humid ity Ratio (Amou nt of water in 1m^ of air) 0.0088 7 0.009 5106 0.0100 0678 0.0106 179 0.011 6751 0.0119 0 0.016 6181 0.01 1857 0.01 15 0.0150 51581 0.0159 705 0.0168 5907 0.0178 89 0.0188 58605 0.0199 68 0.010 6551 Amount of water (in l) 5 0.0167 5 0.015 8.87196 6 0.061 5 0.01515 9.51066 7 0.0565 5 0.0160 10.0067781 8 0.0779 5 0.017006 10.61795 9 0.0005 5 0.0180 11.67515 0 0.01 5 0.019085 11.90 1 0.09 5 0.001 1.6618116 0.0755 5 0.0198 1.18578 0.0501 5 0.06 1.150 0.05 5 0.09 15.0515811 5 0.056 5 0.0508 15.97061 6 0.059 5 0.0679 16.85907 7 0.0676 5 0.08 17.888967 8 0.0666 5 0.09817 18.858605 9 0.0699 5 0.016 19.968005 0 0.0776 5 0.019 1.065515 0.07779 5 0.05006 0.0.5767 575
ISSN: 1-965; IC Value: 5.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue XII December 017- Available at www.ijraset.com 1 5767 0.05 0.0801 5 0.06905 107.510765 0.08 0.086 5 0.08889 558.85579 0.06 0.0910 5 0.0096 055 6.0555 0.076 0.09585 5 0.01 5 581 7.6580986 Table.: Amount of water which can be obtained by processing 1m of air at 5% relative humidity for different temperature conditions After the solution is converged the temperature and velocity profiles for various inlet and temperature conditions are plotted. The profiles are plotted for the mid plane and also for the total body. The results are displayed below: Fig.1: Temperature plot in vector format for inlet air temperature of 0 0 C Fig.: Temperature plot in contour format for inlet air temperature of 0 0 C Fig.: Velocity plot in vector format for inlet air temperature of 0 0 C 576
ISSN: 1-965; IC Value: 5.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue XII December 017- Available at www.ijraset.com Fig.: Velocity plot in contour format for inlet air temperature of 0 0 C Fig.5: Pressure plot in vector format for inlet air temperature of 0 0 C Fig.6: Pressure plot in contour format for inlet air temperature of 0 0 C After carrying out various calculations the results obtained are tallied and analyzed. Earlier we had calculated the dew point temperatures required for different atmospheric conditions. Tables 1 show the results obtained for dew point temperature calculations at 0 0 C and different relative humidity conditions.then we calculated the least temperatures that can be obtained from our device by specifying the boundary conditions in SOLIDWORKS FLOW SIMULATION. The results of the analysis are shown in the above figures.both these results are then compared. The conclusions are: For inlet air temperature 0 0 C the temperature plot shows that the temperature of air in the device drops down to that of 1 0 C (87 K). Table.1 show that for temperature 0 0 C the dew point temperature is greater than 1 0 C for relative humidity 5% or higher. 577
ISSN: 1-965; IC Value: 5.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue XII December 017- Available at www.ijraset.com Thus it is clear that if atmospheric temperature is 0 0 C and relative humidity is greater than 5% then the device will start condensing water. From all the above inferences we can finally conclude that if ambient temperature is 5 0 C or higher and if relative humidity is nearer to 5% then the device will function well and it will start condensing water. IV. CONCLUSION In this paper the atmospheric water generator used to generate water from the vapor has been optimized to work at relatively lower humidity levels. CFD analysis was carried out to optimize the design by changing the number of peltiers Finally it is concluded that 5 peltiers are required for the atmospheric water generator at ambient temperature of 5 0 C or higher and if relative humidity is nearer to 5% then the device will function well and it will start condensing more amount of water than the water produced by the reference paper. By referring the table of average annual humidity for India we can say that the device will function properly all over India REFERENCES [1] Rao Y.V.C. An Introduction to Thermodynamics (nd Ed.). Universities Press, 00. [] A. M. Hamed, Absorption-regeneration cycle for production of water from air-theoretical approach, Renewable Energy 19 (000), 65-65. [] Siegfried Haaf, Helmut Henrici. "Refrigeration Technology" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 00 [] K. Bansal and A. Martin, Comparative study of vapour compression, thermoelectric and absorption refrigerators, International Journal of Energy Research,, 9-107, 000. [5] Thermoelectric Coolers Basics". TEC Microsystems. 01 [6] Anbarasu T., Pavithra S. Vapour Compression Refrigeration System Generating Fresh Water from Humidity in the Air, 011 [7] A. F. G. Jacobs, B. G. Heusinkveld and S. M. Berkowicz, Passive dew collection in a frassland area, The Netherlands Atmospheric Research 87 (008), 77-85 [8] Kabeela A.E, Abdulazizb M., Emad M.S. Solar-based atmospheric water generator utilisation of a fresh water recovery: A numerical study, 01 [9] Brown, D.R., Fernandez N., Dirks J.A., Stout T.B. "The Prospects of Alternatives to Vapor Compression Technology for Space Cooling and Food Refrigeration Applications". Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNL). U.S. Department of Energy, 010 [10] Arora C.P, Refrigeration and air conditioning. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 1July 001 578