Fundamentals of Psychrometrics By James L. Murphy, Colorado Building Environments Sales Engineer
Let s s Start with Air Air is Made up of Two Main Gases Nitrogen (77%) Oxygen (23%) If that is all there was HVAC Calculations would be easy Cooling BTU s s = (T 2 -T 1 )*1.085*CFM But there is One other element Water Vapor How do we account for Water Vapor? Psychrometric Chart
SATURATION TEMPERATURE - F 75 85 90 95 0 5 1 Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F.0.024.023.022.021.0.019 HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 90.018.017.016.0.014.013.012.011.0.009.008.007.006.005.004.003.002.001.000 17.5 75 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - F PSYCHROMETRIC CHART Normal Temperature I-P Units 00 FEET BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 24.896 in. HG 75 90% % % % % % HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 17.0 16.5 VOLUME-CU.FT. PER LB. DRY AIR % % % RELATIVE HUMIDITY.0 16.0.5
SATURATION TEMPERATURE - F 75 85 90 95 0 5 1 Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F.0.024.023.022.021.0.019 HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR Dry Bulb Temperature Lines 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 90.018.017.016.0.014.013.012.011.0.009.008.007.006.005.004.003.002.001.000 17.5 75 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - F PSYCHROMETRIC CHART Normal Temperature I-P Units 00 FEET BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 24.896 in. HG 75 90% % % % % % HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 17.0 16.5 VOLUME-CU.FT. PER LB. DRY AIR % % % RELATIVE HUMIDITY.0 16.0.5
SATURATION TEMPERATURE - F 75 85 90 95 0 5 1 Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F.0.024.023.022.021.0.019 HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR Wet Bulb Temperature Lines 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 90.018.017.016.0.014.013.012.011.0.009.008.007.006.005.004.003.002.001.000 17.5 75 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - F PSYCHROMETRIC CHART Normal Temperature I-P Units 00 FEET BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 24.896 in. HG 75 90% % % % % % HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 17.0 16.5 VOLUME-CU.FT. PER LB. DRY AIR % % % RELATIVE HUMIDITY.0 16.0.5
SATURATION TEMPERATURE - F 75 85 90 95 0 5 1 Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F.0.024.023.022.021.0.019 HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR Relative Humidity Lines 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 90.018.017.016.0.014.013.012.011.0.009.008.007.006.005.004.003.002.001.000 17.5 75 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - F PSYCHROMETRIC CHART Normal Temperature I-P Units 00 FEET BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 24.896 in. HG 75 90% % % % % % HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 17.0 16.5 VOLUME-CU.FT. PER LB. DRY AIR % % % RELATIVE HUMIDITY.0 16.0.5
SATURATION TEMPERATURE - F 75 85 90 95 0 5 1 Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F.0.024.023.022.021.0.019 HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR Saturation Temperature 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 90.018.017.016.0.014.013.012.011.0.009.008.007.006.005.004.003.002.001.000 17.5 75 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - F PSYCHROMETRIC CHART Normal Temperature I-P Units 00 FEET BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 24.896 in. HG 75 90% % % % % % HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 17.0 16.5 VOLUME-CU.FT. PER LB. DRY AIR % % % RELATIVE HUMIDITY.0 16.0.5
SATURATION TEMPERATURE - F 75 85 90 95 0 5 1 Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F.0.024.023.022.021.0.019 HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR Grains Of Moisture Lines 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 90.018.017.016.0.014.013.012.011.0.009.008.007.006.005.004.003.002.001.000 17.5 75 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - F PSYCHROMETRIC CHART Normal Temperature I-P Units 00 FEET BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 24.896 in. HG 75 90% % % % % % HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 17.0 16.5 VOLUME-CU.FT. PER LB. DRY AIR % % % RELATIVE HUMIDITY.0 16.0.5
Enthalpy What Is Enthalpy The Total Heat Content of the air and water Vapor Why is it Important? The more Heat Content in the air the Harder it is to cool The Less Heat Content in the air the easier it is to cool
SATURATION TEMPERATURE - F 75 85 90 95 0 5 1 Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F.0.024.023.022.021.0.019 HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR Enthalpy Lines 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 90.018.017.016.0.014.013.012.011.0.009.008.007.006.005.004.003.002.001.000 17.5 75 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - F PSYCHROMETRIC CHART Normal Temperature I-P Units 00 FEET BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 24.896 in. HG 75 90% % % % % % HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 17.0 16.5 VOLUME-CU.FT. PER LB. DRY AIR % % % RELATIVE HUMIDITY.0 16.0.5
Plotting Points On the Psychrometric Chart Only need two of the following to Plot a point DB Temp, WB Temp, RH%, Grains Of Moisture Once the Point is plotted, You can find all the other information
SATURATION TEMPERATURE - F 75 85 90 95 0 5 1 Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F.0.024.023.022.021.0.019 HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 90.018.017.016.0.014.013.012.011.0.009.008.007.006.005.004.003.002.001.000 17.5 75 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - F PSYCHROMETRIC CHART Normal Temperature I-P Units 00 FEET BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 24.896 in. HG 75 90% % % % % % HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 17.0 16.5 VOLUME-CU.FT. PER LB. DRY AIR % % % RELATIVE HUMIDITY.0 16.0.5
Mixed Air Temperatures Plot both Outdoor air and Return Air on Chart Draw a line between the two Points What ever the percentage of RA is, it is the same percentage down the line from RA to OA
¾ B A ¼ D ½ C ½ AIR MIXING PROCESS
Heating and Cooling Sensible Heating, Cooling No moisture in the air Gained or Lost Sensible Heat= 1.085*CFM(dT) OR Sensible Heat = 4.5*CFM*(Enthalpy 1 -Enthalpy 2 ) Enthalpy = H
SATURATION TEMPERATURE - F 75 85 90 95 0 5 1 Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F.0.024.023.022.021.0.019 HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR Sensible Cooling 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 90.018.017.016.0.014.013.012.011.0.009.008.007.006.005.004.003.002.001.000 17.5 75 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - F PSYCHROMETRIC CHART Normal Temperature I-P Units 00 FEET BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 24.896 in. HG 75 90% % % % % % HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 17.0 16.5 VOLUME-CU.FT. PER LB. DRY AIR % % % RELATIVE HUMIDITY.0 16.0.5
Air Flow 0 DB B A DB WB h A h B 54 WB DP DP Heating Coil SENSIBLE HEATING A B
A 0 DB Air Flow WB DB 54 WB B h B h A DP DP Cooling Coil B A SENSIBLE COOLING
Latent Heat Occurs when Water is evaporated or Condensed and the dry bulb temperature does not change Adds to cooling needed to produce the dry bulb
SATURATION TEMPERATURE - F 75 85 90 95 0 5 1 Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F.0.024.023.022.021.0.019 HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR Latent Cooling 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 90.018.017.016.0.014.013.012.011.0.009.008.007.006.005.004.003.002.001.000 17.5 75 75 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - F PSYCHROMETRIC CHART Normal Temperature I-P Units 00 FEET BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 24.896 in. HG 90% % % % % % HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 17.0 16.5 VOLUME-CU.FT. PER LB. DRY AIR % % % RELATIVE HUMIDITY.0 16.0.5
Total Heating, Cooling Sensible + Latent = Total Total = 4.5*CFM*(H 1 -H 2 )
SATURATION TEMPERATURE - F 75 85 90 95 0 5 1 Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - F.0.024.023.022.021.0.019 HUMIDITY RATIO - POUNDS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR Total Cooling 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 90.018.017.016.0.014.013.012.011.0.009.008.007.006.005.004.003.002.001.000 17.5 75 WET BULB TEMPERATURE - F PSYCHROMETRIC CHART Normal Temperature I-P Units 00 FEET BAROMETRIC PRESSURE: 24.896 in. HG 75 90% % % % % % HUMIDITY RATIO - GRAINS OF MOISTURE PER POUND OF DRY AIR 17.0 16.5 VOLUME-CU.FT. PER LB. DRY AIR % % % RELATIVE HUMIDITY.0 16.0.5
q t q s q D A E SHF = 0.67 B C Total Cooling
Why is the Psychrometric Chart useful Let s s Say an Engineer s s Schedule calls for a cooling coil to cool 00 CFM from degrees dry bulb and 67 degrees wet bulb to db degrees and wants 42 MBH Total Cooling at 00 Altitude. Why is this a problem? Total Cooling=(/16.5)*00*(- 24.6)=38.4 MBH
Why is the Psychrometric Chart useful Let s s Say an Engineer wants to put a humidifier in the duct work of a VAV unit down stream of the VAV box. The air is supplied at degrees and the space needs to be kept at degrees and % RH Why is this a problem? At degrees the max grains of moisture per lb of dry air is grains. At degrees at % RH the air has 93 Grains/Lb of Dry air
Real world applications Cooling coil Total CFM =,000 OA =% At 95/63 RA = 75% at 75/58 LA = Find Mixed air Temp Find LAT WB, RH%, LA Enthalpy Find Sensible and Latent Load
Real World Aplication Direct Evap Cooling Unit 1 is 0% OA in Denver, at 00 CFM with a temperature of 95/63 and is 90% effective Find LAT Unit 2 is 0% OA in Nashville, at 00 CFM with a Temperature of 95/77 and is 90% effective Find LAT
A 95 DB Air Flow B B C % R.H. 73 WB 74.1 DB D E 73 WB 63.3 DP Sprays Complete Saturation A Humidifier Direct Evap Cooling B' D' A'
Real World Applications Indirect/Direct Evap Cooling How can you get colder Temperatures out of this system Lets do a rough plot to see