Insect Pest Management in Louisiana Sweet Potatoes

Insect Pest Management in Louisiana Sweet Potatoes Soil insects can pose serious problems in Louisiana sweet potato production. The majority of insect damage in sweet potatoes occurs on the root surfaces and consists of unattractive scars and holes. The market tolerance for this cosmetic injury is very low, and even minimal insect damage can drastically affect the marketability of the crop. Proper insect management requires the use of several management strategies aimed at protecting the crop and ultimately ensuring economic sustainability. An integrated pest management program includes cultural practices such as crop rotation, use of scouting and treatment thresholds and chemical control options. It is a challenge for a sweet potato producer to achieve the full potential of an insect management program, because many biological and environmental factors influence the sweet potato plants and the pests. Knowledge and identification of key insects is a critical first step in sweet potato pest management. Sweetpotato Weevil The sweetpotato weevil is the most destructive insect throughout tropical and subtropical sweet potato production areas. Sweetpotato weevils can damage sweet potatoes in the field and in storage. Larval tunneling causes terpene production in the storage roots, which imparts a bitter taste and can result in the sweet potatoes being unsuitable for human consumption. The adult sweetpotato weevil is a snout beetle that resembles an ant. The weevil has a narrow head and thorax. The head and abdomen are dark metallic blue, and the thorax and legs are reddish-orange. The antennae are reddish-brown and are clubbed on the end. The adult is about a quarter-inch long. The weevil eggs are white or pale yellow and broadly oval. The larvae are dirty white with a C-shaped body and a pale brown head. Sweetpotato weevils are endemic to south Louisiana, and all production fields in south Louisiana currently are under a mandatory management program. All plant beds and commercial fields must be treated with recommend insecticides on a 10-day schedule, and all sweet potatoes entering storage facilities must be treated with 5 percent Imidan dust. Adequate coverage is essential when spraying foliar insecticides. A minimum of 20 gallons of water per acre should be used to provide adequate coverage. Soil Insects North Louisiana production areas are considered weevil free. A statewide trapping and monitoring program conducted by the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry in conjunction with the mandatory management program in south Louisiana are aimed at slowing the spread of the weevil into Louisiana s northern production areas. The weevils are monitored with pheromone traps that are baited with a synthetic blend of the female pheromone, which attracts male weevils. All life stages of the weevil (egg, larva, pupa and adult) can develop within a sweet potato and can persist in commercial fields, plant/seed beds and storage facilities. As such, cultural control is important in reducing injury from and achieving control of this pest. Seed potatoes should be collected from weevil-free fields and reserved for the following year. Storage areas should be cleaned and sprayed with a 1 percent malathion solution before storing new potatoes in the area. Transplants should not be pulled, but rather cut 1 inch above the soil surface, to reduce the chances of carrying eggs and larvae to commercial fields. All plant beds must be destroyed following transplanting. Crop rotation of production fields greatly reduces the possibility of overwintering weevils infesting sweet potatoes the following year. 1

Cucumber Beetles (Rootworms) Cucumber beetles can be serious pests of sweet potatoes. Larvae of the banded cucumber beetle and the spotted cucumber beetle, also called rootworms, feed on the roots of sweet potatoes. The roots are fed upon throughout their development, resulting in unattractive scarring of the surface. Leaf-feeding adult female cucumber beetles lay their eggs in the soil, and the eggs hatch in one or two weeks. The larval stage will persist for eight to 30 days, depending on the availability of food and temperature. Pupae are formed in cells underground, and adults emerge within one week. Numerous generations can develop and damage the sweet potato crop throughout the season. Larvae of the two species are difficult to distinguish, but the adults are easily recognized. The larvae are yellow to white with three pairs of brownish legs near the head and a single pair of prolegs near the abdomen. Fully grown larvae are about ¼ inch long. Cucumber beetles are oblong-oval, have beaded antennae and are about ¼ inch long. The banded cucumber beetle is marked with green and yellow bands, and the spotted cucumber beetle has 11 spots on a yellowish-green background. Cucumber beetles are highly mobile, have several generations per year and feed on a variety of host plants. A preplant soil insecticide should be applied as close to transplant as possible in accordance with label directions. In addition, the adults of both species should be monitored weekly during the season, beginning one to two weeks after transplant. Research has confirmed the treatment threshold for these insects as two beetles per 100 sweeps. Several insecticides are labeled to control these insects in sweet potatoes. It is paramount that the adult stage be controlled throughout the season to prevent larvae from damaging the roots in the soil. White Grubs Several species of white grubs are serious pests of sweet potatoes. The larvae do the damage, chewing wide gouges on the surfaces of sweet potato roots, which greatly reduces marketability. The larvae overwinter in the soil, and the length of the life cycle is dependent on species and lasts from one to three years. The most common white grub pest in Louisiana, Phyllophaga ephilida, has an annual life cycle. Adults are beetles that are active at night and feed on the leaves of deciduous trees. Peak emergence of adult beetles occurs in May and June. Adult beetles, commonly referred to as May and June beetles are shiny reddishbrown to black and are ½ to 1 inch long. Eggs are pearly white and oval and turn dark just prior to larval emergence. The grubs (larvae) have a distinct brown head, C-shaped body and three pairs of legs just behind the head. As with other soil insects, white grubs can be present in the soil prior to planting. Injury from these insects increases when sweet potatoes are planted following pastures and fallow fields in which larvae are abundant. Frequent cultivation in the spring can expose the insects to predators such as birds. Because the white grubs can have an extended life cycle, their presence in one year might indicate problems for the next year, as well. A preplant soil insecticide will provide some control of these insects, but white grubs that have an annual life cycle will not be controlled by a preplant insecticide since the damage occurs in the fall and originates from adults depositing eggs in fields in June and July. Peak activity for these insects occurs at night, and, as such, the beetles cannot be sampled successfully with sweep nets during the day. Foliar insecticides used to control cucumber beetles and whitefringed beetles are toxic to May and June beetles if the insecticide contacts the insects during application. 2

Whitefringed Beetles Whitefringed beetles feed on numerous plant species including sweet potatoes. Larvae of these insects have a host range exceeding 380 plant species and their damage is similar to that of white grubs. Adults of this beetle are flightless, and females are parthenogenetic (reproduce without males) and can lay several eggs. These insects most likely spread from field to field through movement of contaminated equipment. Adult whitefringed beetles are black with dark gray and brown scales. They have two longitudinal stripes and a marginal band of white hairs. They are approximately ½ inch long. Larvae are Flea Beetles Flea beetles, most commonly the sweetpotato flea beetle, are an occasional problem for Louisiana sweet potato growers. Flea beetles feed on several species of plants. The adults chew narrow channels or grooves on the upper surface of leaves. Larvae feed on roots, leaving behind shallow, winding tunnels. Flea beetles more commonly feed on the fibrous root system, but in high numbers they may cause significant damage to the crop. Flea beetles overwinter as adults in protected places such as under logs or leaves and along fence rows. Eggs are laid in the soil near plants in the spring when adults emerge from overwintering sites. Larvae emerge in approximately three weeks and pupate in the soil. The life cycle is completed in about 30 days during the slightly curved, yellowish-white, legless and have light brown heads. Whitefringed beetle larvae can be difficult to control because they remain deep in the soil where preplant insecticides may not reach them. The adult beetles will feed above ground and can be controlled with foliar applications of labeled insecticides. These beetles should be sampled with a sweep net beginning soon after Wireworms Several species of wireworms cause serious injury to sweet potatoes. Adults are known as click beetles and do not feed on the crop but will oviposit on the soil near the crop, weeds or other vegetation. Larvae of this insect produce small round holes on the root surface. The original holes are shallow and less than ¼ inch deep, but those holes may deepen considerably during later growth of the sweet potato. The life cycle of these insects can vary from two generations per year to one generation over two to three years. Adults are reddish-brown to black and are elongated. Wireworm larvae are cylindrical with three pairs of short legs near the flattened head. They are pale yellow to reddish-brown and range in length from ½ to 1 inch when fully grown. Wireworms have not been a serious problem in Louisiana in recent years. Research shows that a preplant application of bifenthrin or chlorpyrifos is effective against this pest. summer months. Other flea beetle species such as the pale-striped flea beetle also can be found in sweet potato fields. The adult sweetpotato flea beetle is oval, black with a bronze tinge and very small. The wing covers have deep ridges, and the legs are reddish-yellow. The first segment of the hind pair of legs is greatly enlarged and allows flea beetles to jump like fleas. The larvae have three pairs of true legs near the head but do not have prolegs. They are about 1/5 inch long. 3 transplant. The treatment threshold for this insect is one beetle per 100 sweeps. Whitefringed beetles are long-lived and can be present in production fields from May through September. Since beetles cannot fly, a severe infestation in one year may mean a problem in that location the following year. Flea beetles have several generations per year and therefore can feed on sweet potatoes throughout the growing season. Adult flea beetles can be monitored with a sweep net. A threshold of five beetles per 100 sweeps is recommended before treatment. Soil applied preplant insecticides and timely applications of foliar insecticides will provide protection from flea beetles.

Sugarcane Beetles Sugarcane beetle damage to sweet potatoes was reported in Louisiana for the first time in 2001, and several Louisiana sweet potato growers have suffered significant losses from this insect in recent years. Feeding damage from the beetles renders the roots unmarketable. The adult sugarcane beetle is a pest of corn, sugarcane, rice, strawberries and sweet potatoes. The adult beetles burrow beneath the soil surface and feed on sweet potato roots. Sugarcane beetles have one complete generation each year. They overwinter as adults and emerge in the spring and early summer to mate and lay eggs in the soil. Larvae develop in June and July, and a new generation emerges from August through September. Recent research suggests this newly emerged generation of adult beetles damages sweet potatoes prior to harvest. The adult beetles are stout, dull black and approximately ½ inch long. With the exception of color, they resemble June beetles. Newly emerged beetles are glossy but become dull with age. The beetles have well developed forelegs, which allow them to burrow through the soil very quickly. The larvae are white grubs with red head shields. Larvae undergo three successive instars for an average overall developmental time of two months. Larvae feed on rotting and decaying vegetation, such as sugarcane trash and grass roots. Newly formed pupae are white but quickly turn brown. Average duration of the pupal stage is 16 days. Total average development time is about three months. The new generation of beetles emerges in mid-september and will feed on available hosts until cold weather arrives. Sugarcane beetles are primarily managed in corn using neonicotinoid seed treatments. Belay (clothianidin) and Lorsban (chlorpyrifos) insecticides currently are labeled for use on sweet potatoes in Louisiana to manage sugarcane beetles. Research is continuing to develop a comprehensive integrated pest management program for the sugarcane beetle in sweet potatoes. Insect vectors, including aphids and whiteflies, can spread plant viruses in sweet potatoes. Aphids are small (0.04-0.20 inches), pear-shaped, softbodied insects. Wingless aphid nymphs resemble adults, which are either winged or wingless. Whitefly adults are small (0.04-0.05 inches), waxy, pale yellow, soft-bodied insects with four white wings and red eyes. Whitefly eggs are oval and are laid on the undersides of leaves. After hatching, nymphs pass through four instars before becoming adults. First instar nymphs, known as crawlers, find suitable leaf sites and begin feeding. Second to fourth nymphal instars remain stationary and are oval in shape. Insect Vectors Without a vector, most plant viruses are not efficiently spread. There is a close relationship between many plant viruses, their plant hosts and their vectors. Understanding these relationships is crucial to reducing or eliminating virus transmission. Simply using insecticides to eliminate vectors does not eliminate virus transmission and even may increase transmission in some cases. A comprehensive approach must be used, including implementing seed certification programs to reduce inoculum sources, field scouting, spatial and temporal isolation, monitoring vector populations, applying crop oils, planting barrier crops and using host plant resistance. Aphids Whiteflies 4

Sweet Potato Foliage Feeding Insects Several insects feed on the foliage of sweet potatoes. As a general rule, defoliation must exceed 45-50 percent before yields are reduced, and defoliation late in the season will have less of an effect on yield than defoliation in the earlier stages of growth. The most problematic foliage feeders are lepidopteran insects such as beet armyworms and soybean and cabbage loopers. The majority of damage from these insects occurs late in the season. Several insecticide management options are available to control the various caterpillar species. Soybean and Cabbage Loopers Loopers are annual pests of several crops in Louisiana, including sweet potatoes. Moths of both soybean and cabbage loopers are grayish to brownish and are larger than beet armyworm moths. Loopers have a unique bilobal metallic mark on the wing, which is a good characteristic for field identification. Eggs are laid singly on the plant surfaces. Larvae of the two species also are similar and are pale green with two pairs of abdominal prolegs. Looper larvae are aggressive feeders and usually feed on leaf margins. Scouting recommendations suggest you check the underside of leaves where larvae often hide. Armyworm Complex Several species of armyworms feed on sweet potato foliage, including the southern armyworm, yellowstriped armyworm and beet armyworm. These armyworms have a broad host range, feeding on many vegetable and field crops. Armyworm larvae feed on leaves and branch tips. Armyworms often can be found on foliage during the morning or evening hours or on an overcast day. Larvae will chew on exposed sweet potato roots, creating a deep circular scar. Caterpillars emerge from eggs in four to six days and spend three to four weeks feeding on the plant as larvae. Armyworms burrow into the soil and pupate toward the end of their development. The life cycle from oviposition to adult emergence requires approximately five weeks during the summer. There are three to five generations per year, depending on species. Beet armyworms are the most common armyworm found in sweet potato fields late in the growing season. Adults are grayish to brownish. The forewings have a well-defined spot marked with ochre near the center of each wing. Eggs are laid on the surface of leaves in clusters. Newly hatched larvae have a dark green head and a pale green body. Sweetpotato Hornworm Sweetpotato hornworm moths are present from June to September. The moths are active at night. Eggs are laid singly on the lower surface of leaves. Larvae will feed on foliage for about three weeks and then burrow into the soil where they will pupate. The pupal period lasts approximately three weeks during the summer. There are two to three generations per year. The adult moth is heavy-bodied and gray with a wingspan of about 4 inches. There are bright pink spots on the hind wings and abdomen. Larvae of this species are green to brown with slanted black lines on both sides of the body. They also have a black anal horn. The head is green or brown with three stripes on each side. Mature caterpillars reach a length of 3.5 inches. 5

Cultural Control Cultural control involves several practices, including soil cultivation, sanitation and crop rotation. Cultural control is very important in reducing injury from the sweetpotato weevil. Weeds can serve as hosts for other insect pests, such as cucumber beetles, wireworms, white grubs and whitefringed beetles. Cultivation of production fields during the spring will help destroy alternate host plants and reduce the attraction of insects to production fields. Cultivation also can expose overwintering insects to predators and parasites. Insect Sampling Methods and Treatment Thresholds Proper sampling techniques and the use of insect treatment thresholds can reduce the number of insecticide applications. Sampling methods depend on the pest and include sweep nets and pheromone traps. Refer to individual insect sections for specific sampling and threshold information. Sampling for adult insect pests should begin within two weeks of planting. Sweep nets can be used to sample adult cucumber beetles, whitefringed beetles, flea beetles, sweetpotato weevils and various foliage feeding insects. Pheromone traps can be used to monitor sweetpotato weevils. Insecticide Resistance Management Continuously using the same insecticide or insecticides that kill insects in the same way increases the chance for pests developing insecticide resistance. Resistant insects exhibit a greater tolerance to a particular insecticide or group of insecticides and transmit this tolerance to their offspring. The buildup of resistant insect populations in the field can lead to control failures. The best ways to mitigate the development of insecticide resistance are to implement an integrated pest management approach with multiple tactics and to alternate or rotate insecticides with different ways of killing insects. The Insecticide Resistance Action Committee has developed a classification to assist in rotating chemistries with different ways of killing insects, known as modes of action. The mode of action information is available on insecticide labels. Efforts should be made to rotate insecticides in different mode of action groups. 6

Insect Cucumber beetles, white grubs, whitefringed beetles, wireworms Wireworms, flea beetles Insecticide* Bifenthrin** Mocap EC IRAC Mode of Action Group 1B Labeled Insecticides Amount of Concentrate Per Acre 19.2 fluid 3.2-9.6 fluid 5.1-6.9 fluid per 1,000 row feet Pounds of Active Ingredient Per Acre Mocap 15G 1B 20-26 pounds 3-4 Acres Treated Per Gallon or Pound 0.30 6.5 0.05-0.15 40-13 3-4 2-1.5 Comments Preplant and layby, not to exceed 0.5 pounds active ingredient per acre per year Preplant 12-15 inch band on 42 inch rows Preplant12-15 inch band on 42 inch rows Lorban 4E 1B 0.5 gallons 2 2 Preplant / broadcast Lorsban 15G 1B 13.5 pounds 2 Preplant / broadcast Sugarcane beetles, flea beetles, white grubs, wireworm suppression Belay 2.13 SC 4A Aphids, whiteflies, flea beetles Admire Pro 4A 9-12 fluid 4.4-10.5 fluid 0.15-1.21 10-9 Preplant and layby 0.16-0.38 29-12 Preplant and layby Aphids, flea beetles Platinum 2F 4A 5-8 fluid 0.078-0.125 25-16 Preplant and layby Cucumber beetles, whitefringed beetles, flea beetles Sweetpotato weevils Bifenthrin** 2.1-6.4 fluid 0.033-0.10 61-20 Foliar Imidan 70-W 1B 1.3 pounds (ph 5.5) 0.91 Foliar Sevin XLR- Plus 1A 1-2 quarts 1-2 4-2 Foliar Assail 30 SG 4A 1.5-4 0.028-0.075 10.5-4 Foliar Baythroid XL 1.6-2.8 fluid 0.013-0.022 80-46 Foliar Mustang Max 1.76-4 fluid 0.011-0.025 73-32 Foliar Leverage 360 4A + 2.4-2.8 fluid - 53-46 Foliar Leverage 360 4A + 2.4-2.8 fluid - 53-46 Foliar Bifenthrin** 2.1-6.4 fluid 0.033-0.10 61-20 Foliar Imidan 70-W 1B 1.3 pounds (ph 5.5) 0.91 Foliar Sevin XLR- Plus 1A 1-2 quarts 1-2 4-2 Foliar Baythroid XL 1.6-2.8 fluid 0.013-0.022 80-46 Foliar Imidan Dust 5% 1B 2-4 per bushel Dust after harvest *Note incorporation instructions and methods of application for preplant and layby insecticides. *Apply preplant insecticides as close to transplant as possible, in accordance with label directions. *Note species listed, preharvest intervals and maximum use per acre on all labels. **Do not exceed 0.5 pounds active ingredient bifenthrin per acre per season. Bifenthrin is labeled as Brigade 2EC, Bifenture and Sniper. 7

Insect Beet armyworms Insecticide* Intrepid 2F 18 Coragen 28 Rimon 0.83 EC 15 Mustang Max IRAC Mode of Action Group Cabbage loopers Intrepid 2F 18 Labeled Insecticides Amount of Concentrate Per Acre 6-10 fluid 3.5-5 fluid 9-12 fluid 3.2-4 fluid 6-10 fluid Pounds of Active Ingredient Per Acre Acres Treated Per Gallon or Pound 0.09-0.16 21-12.8 Foliar 0.04-0.06 36-25 Foliar 0.06-0.08 14-10.6 Foliar 0.02-0.025 40-32 Foliar 0.09-0.16 21-12.8 Foliar Comments Soybean loopers Rimon 0.83 EC 15 Cabbage loopers Aphids Avaunt Mustang Max Baythroid XL 22A 9-12 fluid 2.5-6.0 fluid 1.76-4 fluid 1.6-2.8 fluid 0.06-0.08 14-10.6 Foliar 0.045-0.11 51-21 Foliar 0.011-0.025 72-32 Foliar 0.013-0.022 80-46 Foliar Assail 30 SG 4A 1.5-4 0.028-0.075 10.5-4 Foliar Leverage 360 4A + 2.4-2.8 fluid - 53-46 Foliar *Note incorporation instructions and methods of application for preplant and layby insecticides. *Apply preplant insecticides as close to transplant as possible, in accordance with label directions. *Note species listed, preharvest intervals and maximum use per acre on all labels. **Do not exceed 0.5 pounds active ingredient bifenthrin per acre per season. Bifenthrin is labeled as Brigade 2EC, Bifenture and Sniper. Prepared by: Tara P. Smith, Associate Professor, Sweet Potato Research Station Julien M. Beuzelin, Assistant Professor, Dean Lee Research Station Acknowledgements: Thanks to Mavis Finger, Dr. Chris Clark, Dr. Jack Reed, Dr. Mark Abney, Dr. Larry Rolston and Jerry Lenhard for photo and other contributions. William B. Richardson, LSU Vice President for Agriculture Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service LSU College of Agriculture Pub. 2620 (1M) Rev. 6/14 The LSU AgCenter and LSU provide equal opportunities in programs and employment. www.lsuagcenter.com 8