University of Winnipeg http://www.io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/flower.htm Pearson College http://www.pearson-college.uwc.ca/pearson/biology/asex/asex.htm
What is Plant Propagation? The The multiplication of plants by both sexual and asexual means Requires Requires a knowledge of plants and how to manipulate them. Can Can be considered an art-form.
Sexual Propagation What is it? The propagation of plants from SEEDS The most common type of propagation In order for one to be successful using this method, one must understand various details about
What is a seed? A A seed is a whole plant in miniature surrounded by a seed coat. It is a ripened flower ovule.
Taxonomic Classes Angiosperm The flowering plants, seeds are borne in an enclosed ovary (Examples Corn, beans and Maples 250,000 species). Gymnosperm The seeds of gymnosperms are borne naked with no ovary (Examples: Pines, spruces, and ginkgo 700 species) Minnesota Tree Care Advisors www.mntca.org/reference_manual/tca_silver_maple.htm http://backyardnature.net/gymnos.htm
Subclasses of Angiosperms Monocot Plants that have one cotyledon (seed leaf) in their seeds (60,000 species). Dicot Plants that have two cotyledons in their seeds (185,000 species).
Seed Composition 3 parts of a seed: Seed Coat (Protects the embryonic plant.) Embryo (The new plant) Endosperm (Food storage tissue)
Oklahoma Education--www.howe.k12ok.us/~jimaskew/bplants.htm
Seed Components A seed contains all of the genetic information needed to develop into an entire plant. It contains three parts. (1) Embryo-a a miniature plant which will grow when conditions are favorable. (2) Endosperm-built in food supply for the plant. (3) Seed Coat Hard outer covering, protects the seed from disease and insects. Prevents water from entering the seed before the proper time.
Monocot Seed Parts http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1321/web%20topics/cpa2.htm
Hypogeal Emergence Iowa State University http//maize.agron.iastate.edu/images/corn/fig1.gif
Iowa State University http//maize.agron.iastate.edu/images/corn/fig1.gif
Dicot Seed Parts http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1321/web%20topics/cpa2.htm
The seedsite.co.uk/seedparts.html
http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1321/web%20topics/cpa2.htm
http://www.pssc.ttu.edu/pss1321/web%20topics/cpa2.htm
Epigeal Emergence Iowa State University http//www.extension.iastate.edu/pages/hancock/agriculture/soybean/bean_develop/emergenc
Epigeal Emergence Hypogeal Emergence Mrs. Killough s AP Biology Class www.flashnet/~ben8403/seedanat.html
Viability & Longevity If a seed is viable it will germinate and grow normally Longevity is how long the seed will remain viable Influences of viability species ---woody (5-7 7 years) --- succulent (1-3 3 years) Storage Conditions -- 40-45 45 degrees F Time
In order for germination to take place: The The seed must be ripe (ripe when it falls off the tree/plant Dormancy requirement must be met.
Seed Dormancy Physical / Seed coat dormancy-a a hard seed coat does not allow water to penetrate (Redbud, locust). Scarification-breaking of the seed coat (fire, insects, digestion, fungi, mechanically or with chemicals. 3 methods: - Mechanical treatment - Hot water treatment - Sulfuric Acid treatment Embryo dormancy-seeds must go through a chilling period before germinating (elm, witch hazel) Stratification: Seed must experience: 1. warm, dry period 2. cool, moist period --- 60-90 days at 40-45 45 degrees F 3. warm moist period
Selection of Seeds Identification of locally grown seeds Select Select certified seeds -have been tested for germination ability and purity. Choose Choose hybrid seeds for greater vigor
Seed Germination Germination-Seed embryo goes from a dormant state to an active, growing state. Conditions for germination 1. The seed absorbs water through the seed coat 2. The seed has oxygen 3. The seed has a favorable temperature 4. Some species, require light (Celery) others darkness. 5. Dormancy Period
Favorable Temperature Most species require 65-86 0 F. Some species have specific temperature requirements Cool temps (40-77) 0 F (broccoli, carrot, celery, lettuce, onion, coleus, delphinium) Warm temps -above 50 0 F; asparagus, corn, tomato -above 60 0 F; beans, pepper, cucurbits
Seed Germination What to do to start seeds? Field bedding Moisture, seedbed, depth, irrigation Planting in flats conditions control, Germinating medium sowing, firming, covering, fungicide watering, temperature
Seed Germination Factors that cause poor germination old seed uneven moisture too hot/ too cold Fungi damping off improper depth Damping off causes newly sprouted seedlings to fall over and die.
Seedling Care Culture of Plants Watering Fertility Light Temperature Transplanting
Transplanting & Culture of Handling Plants Handle by leaves Big plants can be planted deeper Throw away bad seeds Watering transplants More water is required after moving Water immediately after Soil fertility Increase levels of fertilizers
Culture of Plants Care for your plants Light Water Soil fertility Temperature Protection Pest & Diseases
Indirect vs. Direct plants sown indoors plants must be transplanted tomatoes, peppers, eggplant Seeding seeded directly into permanent growing area most economical method corn, melons, beans, beets, peas, etc..