Lighting Control Strategies to meet code requirements save energy and improve building performance 1
Lighting Control Strategies Agenda Why Lighting Control Manual Light Reduction Scheduling Occupancy Sensing Daylight Harvesting Digital Lighting Control Example Summary 2
Why Lighting Control? Energy management Sustainability Visual needs 3
Why Lighting Control? Energy Management & Sustainability 2006 Commercial Energy End-User Expenditures ($2006 Billion) 2006 Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Energy End-Use Source: U.S. Department of Energy, 2009 4
Why Lighting Control? Energy Management & Sustainability increasing energy rates 12 10 8 Cents per kwh 6 4 2 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Source: US Dept. of Energy, Energy Information Administration 5
Why Lighting Control? Energy Management & Sustainability Standards & Codes Source: U.S. Department of Energy, 2010 6
Why Lighting Control? Energy Management & Sustainability requirements for lighting control Mandatory Control Requirements in Energy Codes Automatic Shutoff of Indoor Lighting Space Controls for Indoor Lighting 90.1: Display Lighting Control Automatic Shutoff of Outdoor Lighting IECC: Light Reduction Control IECC 2009: Separate control of daylight zones 7
Why Lighting Control? Energy Management & Sustainability Utility demand response Green buildings movement 8
Why Lighting Control? Visual Needs the right lighting for the task & flexible spaces 9
Why Lighting Control? Popular Lighting Control Strategies Strategy Suitable Applications Demonstrated Energy Savings Manual light reduction Occupancy sensing Scheduling Daylight harvesting Any application requiring flexibility, particularly applications where lighting can be adjusted without irritating other occupants Smaller, enclosed, intermittently occupied spaces Larger, open spaces regularly occupied on a predictable schedule, or intermittently occupied spaces where the lights must stay ON when occupied for safety or aesthetics Spaces adjacent to windows and skylights with significant daylight availability 8-22% 35-55% No estimate 40-70% 10
Manual Light Reduction Users adjust controls manually Controller Adjusts light levels until desired level is achieved 11
Manual Light Reduction Overview Individual control of lighting to increase satisfaction; and Multiuse group spaces such as conference rooms and classrooms 12
Manual Light Reduction Energy Savings Lighting Controls Effectiveness Assessment, ADM Associates, May 2002. Multilevel switching: 22% in private office 16% in open office 8% in classroom 15% in retail environment National Research Council study on integrated lighting controls in open office, 2007. Personal dimming control: 11% in open office 13
Scheduling Astronomical time clock implements programmed schedule Controller Dims or switches lights at programmed times 14
Scheduling Overview Manages light status based on time of day Good for larger open spaces; and Occupied most of the time; or Lights cannot be turned OFF during normal operating hours without hurting safety or security Scheduling controls comply with commercial building energy codes requiring automatic lighting shutoff. 15
Occupancy Sensing Occupancy Sensor Detects presence or absence of people Controller Lowers or turns OFF lights when people absent 16
Occupancy Sensing Vacancy Sensor Detects absence of people Controller Lowers or turns OFF lights when people absent 17
Occupancy Sensing Overview Turn off lights in an empty room Vacancy sensors, manual on, make light use purposeful Occupancy and vacancy sensors comply with commercial building energy codes requiring automatic shutoff Ideal applications smaller, enclosed spaces spaces that operate on an unpredictable schedule spaces that are intermittently occupied 18
Occupancy Sensing Energy Savings Lighting Energy Savings Demonstrated in Research or Space Type Estimated as Potential Private Office 38% Study Reference Classroom 55% Restroom 42% Conference room 23% An Analysis of the Energy and Cost Savings Potential of Occupancy Sensors for Commercial Lighting Systems, Lighting Research Center/EPA, August 2000. Break room 15% Open Office 15% Lighting Controls: Patterns for Design, R. A. Rundquist Associates, Electric Power Research Institute, 1996. Open Office (individual fixture control) 35% Canada National Research Council study on integrated lighting controls in open office, 2007. 19
Occupancy Sensing Calculating Potential Energy Savings Data loggers Service offered by some manufacturers Records activity of building s lighting and occupancy patterns Data presented in Lights ON vs. Occupancy timeline Customized reports quantify energy savings from sensors 20
Occupancy Sensing Detection Methods Passive infrared I see you. Ultrasonic I feel you. Acoustic I hear you. 21
Occupancy Sensing Detection Methods Passive infrared Passive infrared (PIR) Technology Passive technology Senses body heat in motion Requires line of sight Field of view can be adjusted Most sensitive to lateral motion (across sensor) Sensitivity to movement decreases with distance Avoid mounting near sources of heat 22
Occupancy Sensing Detection Methods Passive infrared Passive infrared (PIR) Applications Smaller, enclosed indoor spaces such as private offices, utility closets, storage rooms Captive outdoor spaces such as building perimeter Spaces where sensor has a line of sight to activity Spaces requiring limited field of view, such as corridors, perimeter circulation zones in open office plans, warehouse aisles 23
Occupancy Sensing Detection Methods Passive infrared Passive infrared (PIR) Placement Can be mounted at wall switch, wall, ceiling and as part of a light fixture Sensor should detect occupancy immediately Sensor should not detect occupancy outside controlled space Position sensor above or close to the main areas of activity in a space View should not be obstructed by door swing Do not place within 6-8 ft. of a heat source such as an HVAC air diffuser Ensure proper coverage based on range and coverage pattern Most sensitive to lateral motion 24
Occupancy Sensing Detection Methods Ultrasonic Ultrasonic Technology Active technology Emit ultrasonic sound waves and sense frequency changes in waves reflected back to the sensor Can see around obstacles Field of view cannot be adjusted Most sensitive to motion to and from sensor More sensitive than PIR to minor motion Avoid mounting near sources of air flow 25
Occupancy Sensing Detection Methods Ultrasonic Ultrasonic Applications Open indoor spaces, such as open offices Spaces with obstacles, such as bathrooms, private offices Spaces requiring greater sensitivity (ultrasonic) and reliability (dual-technology), such as classrooms, conference rooms 26
Occupancy Sensing Detection Methods Ultrasonic Ultrasonic Placement Can be mounted at wall switch, wall, ceiling Sensor should detect occupancy immediately Sensor should not detect occupancy outside controlled space Position sensors above or close to the main areas of activity in a space View should not be obstructed by door swing Do not place near airflow or on sources of vibration Avoid mounting on very high ceilings (>14 ft.) Hard surfaces ideal; soft surfaces such as fabric partition walls can reduce sensitivity Ensure proper coverage based on range and coverage pattern Most sensitive to motion to and from sensor 27
Occupancy Sensing Detection Methods Acoustic Acoustic Technology Passive technology Microphone listens for sounds caused by typical motion Uses on-board intelligence to distinguish between white noise and human activity 28
Occupancy Sensing Detection Methods Passive infrared Active dual technology Combines ultrasonic and PIR technologies PIR must detect occupancy to turn lights ON Only one must detect occupancy to keep lights ON Recommended for applications requiring greater reliability than single technology Ultrasonic 29
Occupancy Sensing Detection Methods Passive infrared Passive dual technology Combines acoustic and PIR technologies PIR must detect occupancy to turn lights ON Only one must detect occupancy to keep lights ON Lower power consumption than active dual technology Recommended for applications requiring greater reliability than single technology Acoustic 30
Occupancy Sensing Detection Methods Passive infrared Dual-technology Applications Open indoor spaces, such as open offices Spaces with obstacles, such as bathrooms, private offices Spaces requiring greater reliability, such as classrooms, conference rooms Ultrasonic Acoustic 31
Occupancy Sensing Detection Methods Passive infrared Ultrasonic Acoustic Dual-technology Placement Can be mounted at wall switch, wall, ceiling, high-bay light fixtures Sensor should detect occupancy immediately Sensor should not detect occupancy outside controlled spaces Position sensors above or close to the main areas of activity in a space View should not be obstructed by door swing Do not place within 6-8 ft. of a heat source such as an HVAC air diffuser Ensure proper coverage based on range and coverage pattern Acoustic detection facilitated by hard floors and lack of white noise 32
Occupancy Sensing Connection to Power 33
Occupancy Sensing Mounting Options Wall switch Wall switch Easiest method of adding occupancy detection Replaces toggle switch without additional wiring 30-50% energy savings Lowest-cost approach for individual room control 34
Occupancy Sensing Wall-mount Coverage Pattern Passive infrared (PIR) wall-mount sensor 35
Occupancy Sensing Wall-mount Coverage Pattern Passive dual-technology wall-mount sensor 36
Occupancy Sensing Wall-mount Application Example PIR wall-mount sensor: storage closet Passive dual-technology wallmount sensor: small restroom 37
Occupancy Sensing Mounting Options 360º and wide view 360º and wide view Ceiling and high wall/corner Economical for control of large zones Also good for spaces where line of sight is blocked Can be connected for control of areas larger than can be controlled by single sensor 38
Occupancy Sensing Ceiling-mount Coverage Pattern Passive infrared (PIR) ceiling-mount sensor with extendedrange lens 39
Occupancy Sensing Wide View Coverage Pattern Passive infrared (PIR) sensor with wide view lens 40
Occupancy Sensing Ceiling-mount Application Example PIR ceiling-mount sensor: private office Passive dual-technology ceilingmount sensor: classroom 41
Occupancy Sensing Wide View Application Example PIR wide view sensor: large classroom 42
Occupancy Sensing Mounting Options Narrow view Narrow view PIR Typically mounts at either end of long corridors Capable of long-distance detection More sensitive at longer than shorter distances Can be connected for control of larger areas 43
Occupancy Sensing Narrow View Coverage Pattern Passive infrared (PIR) sensor with narrow view lens 44
Occupancy Sensing Narrow View Application Example PIR narrow view sensor: hallway 45
Occupancy Sensing Mounting Options High bay High-bay Build with same features as 360º and wide view sensors but optimized for high-bay fixture mounting Ideal for spaces where high mounting is important 46
Occupancy Sensing High Bay Coverage Pattern Passive infrared (PIR) sensor with high-bay 360 lens 47
Occupancy Sensing High Bay Application Example PIR high bay sensor: warehouse aisle coverage 48
Occupancy Sensing High Bay Application Example 49
Occupancy Sensing Configurations Vacancy sensing 50
Occupancy Sensing Configurations Bilevel switching A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B 51
Occupancy Sensing Configurations Dimming 52
Occupancy Sensing Sensitivity Field-adjustable setting on sensor that expresses how responsive sensor is to movement Sensor should detect major and minor motion as needed Too high = false-on triggering Too low = false-off triggering Changing sensitivity can change range and coverage pattern Self-calibrating sensors require little or no adjustment of sensitivity 53
Occupancy Sensing Time Delay Field-adjustable setting on sensor that expresses how much time will pass before lights are turned OFF after last motion detected Time delays help avoid false triggering Long delay = Longer lamp life, lower energy savings Short delay = Higher energy savings, shorter lamp life 54
Occupancy Sensing Time Delay Industry recommends 10-15 minutes Energy codes: maximum 30 minutes Digital system enables longer time delay during normal hours and shorter delay after hours to increase savings Self-calibrating sensors require little or no adjustment of time delay and ensure the best balance between delay and lamp life 55
Daylight Harvesting Overview introduction to daylighting Toplighting Sidelighting 56
Daylight Harvesting Overview benefits of daylight Numerous studies link daylight and views to higher levels of satisfaction and productivity Maximum 40% increase in sales in retail study Students with highest levels of daylight progressed 20-26% faster on math and reading tests in school study Office workers performed 10-25% better on tests and recall when they had the best possible view in office study 57
Daylight Harvesting Energy Savings Space Type Private Office (sidelighting) Open Office (sidelighting) Lighting Energy Savings Demonstrated in Research or Estimated as Potential 50% (manual blinds) to 70% (optimally used manual blinds or automatic shading) 40% Study Reference Effect of Interior Design on the Daylight Availability in Open Plan Offices, National Research Council of Canada, 2002. Classroom (sidelighting) 50% Sidelighting Photocontrols Field Study, Heschong Mahone Group, 2003. 58
Daylight Harvesting Typical Daylight Harvesting System Controller The photosensor monitors daylight levels. When daylight level exceeds target threshold, signal sent to controller, which may be dimmer, relay or ballast. Controller switches or dims lights to maintain target light level. Switch enables local override of automatic controls. 59
Daylight Harvesting Energy Standards & Codes Define daylight control zone: Lighting next adjacent to skylights and windows Require separate control of daylight control zone: Lighting must be controlled separately from other general lighting in the space 60
Daylight Harvesting LEED Daylight 75% of Spaces (IEQ, Credit 8.1, 1 LEED point): Introduce daylight into at least 75% of regularly occupied building areas with a minimum of 25 fc Views for 90% of Spaces (IEQ, Credit 8.2, 1 LEED point): Introduce views in at least 90% of regularly occupied building areas a direct line of sight to the outdoor environment via vision glazing Daylight harvesting (Green Interior Design & Construction) (2 points): Introduce daylight harvesting controls in all daylighted areas (1 point) and/or on 50% of the lighting load (1 point) 61
Daylight Harvesting Zoning 62
Daylight Harvesting Dimming vs. Switching Dimming Example Enables control to be transparent to occupants Ideal for reducing lighting to reduce costs in spaces occupied by people performing critical tasks Retailers, offices, classrooms 63
Daylight Harvesting Dimming vs. Switching Switching Example Multizonal (daylight zone turned OFF) or multilevel (lighting in control zone reduced in steps) Ideal for spaces where gradual lighting response will not distract occupants Warehouses, concourses, lobbies, atria, corridors 64
Daylight Harvesting Switching alternate lamps method 65
Daylight Harvesting Switching inboard/outboard lamps method 66
Daylight Harvesting Switching alternate fixtures 67
Daylight Harvesting Switching alternate rows of fixtures 68
Daylight Harvesting Centralized vs. Distributed Systems Centralized Distributed 69
Daylight Harvesting Centralized Systems 70
Daylight Harvesting Distributed Systems 71
Daylight Harvesting Digital vs. Analog Controls Digital Analog 72
Daylight Harvesting Photosensor Basics 73
Daylight Harvesting Standalone Photosensors 74
Daylight Harvesting Standalone Photosensors 75
Daylight Harvesting System Based Photosensors Indoor Outdoor 76
Daylight Harvesting Photosensor Placement open loop 77
Daylight Harvesting Photosensor Placement open loop 78
Daylight Harvesting Photosensor Placement closed loop 79
Daylight Harvesting Photosensor Placement north facing facade 80
Daylight Harvesting Photosensor Placement south facing facade 81
Daylight Harvesting Photosensor Placement east/west facing facade 82
Daylight Harvesting Photosensor Placement top exposure 83
Daylight Harvesting Photosensor Placement mixed exposures 84
Daylight Harvesting Photosensor Placement indirect lighting Ceiling mounted Fixture mounted 85
Networked Lighting Control Example
Networked Lighting Control Example Embedded Digital Technology Digital Lumen Management saves 20% energy out-of-the-box Dimming control standard Plug and play network & controls upgrade capability w/ CAT5 cable The best way to increase ROI for LED Compatible with other networked sensors and controls
Networked Lighting Control Example Private Office LED or fluorescent luminaire Occupancy Combined Photocell Sensor & Occupancy Sensor Automatic Manual On Daylight dim / Automatic On Harvesting / Automatic Off Off Manual Occ Manual Sensor On dims / Raise/Lower Automatic up Off 50% Manual Personal On Raise/Lower Controls activates on Desktop the photocell Manual Personal 35% - 50% raise Controls energy or lower on savings Desktop Personal 25% - 35% Controls energy on savings Desktop 50% - 65% energy savings Wall Dimmer 88
Networked Lighting Control Example Classroom Teacher Controls Occupancy Sensor Entry Switch: Turns on lights and engages the photocell (automatic daylight harvesting). White Board Zone Occupancy Sensor: Turns lights off after room is vacant Entry Switch #2 Entry Switch #1 Photocell Primary Daylit Zone Secondary Daylit Zone Teacher Controls: Provides teacher with the capability to override and set lighting levels for: Presentation Mode Movie Mode: White Board Toggle On/Off Primary Daylit Zone: Provides greatest amount of dimming next to windows Secondary Daylit Zone: Provides less dimming than Primary Daylit Zone usually a percentage of Primary. White Board Zone: Provides the capability to control the lights next to the white board differently the rest of the room. 89
Networked Lighting Control Example
Summary Manual control, scheduling, occupancy sensing, and daylight harvesting are the primary lighting control strategies Combining lighting control strategies increases energy savings, building performance, occupant productivity, and sustainable design goals Modern lighting control systems simplify system design, specification, and support 91