Stormwater in a Liveable City Towards an Evidence Based Policy Framework Associate Professor Phillip Johnstone
Stormwater in a Liveable City Define the stormwater system Stormwater impacts and their mitigation Understand Liveablity Explore potential contributions of stormwater to liveability Regulating liveability?
Property Boundary Urban Stormwater System Discharge Urban Waterways Sources/ Catchment Private Property Residential Commercial Industrial Roofs rainwater Paved areas Driveways, parking Paths Other Transfer/ conveyance Local Drainage Systems (Local Government) Drains Open Piped Overland flow paths Public Property Road systems Community facilities Public buildings Public buildings Roofs Paved areas Catchment > 60 Ha Melbourne Water Drainage Systems Drains Open Piped Overland flow paths Paved areas Streets, roads Footpaths parking Other Infiltration
Urban Stormwater System
Urban Development Increased Directly Connected Imperviousness Reduced Infiltration Increased runoff frequency and volume (hydrologic impact) Changed erosion and sediment movements (stream geomorphology) Increased mobilisation and transportation of pollutants (water quality impact) Reduced capacity to support vegetation Reduced evapotranspiration Bank and riparian zone erosion and instability. Habitat changes Species composition and abundance Micro-climate Urban Heat Island Ecosystem Structure and Function
Ecological Value Original Ecosystem Degraded Ecosystem (modified) Recovery/ Restoration New Ecosystem (1) New Ecosystem (3) Barrier to restoration Rehabilitation Degraded Ecosystem (highly modified) New Ecosystem (2) Degradation Degraded Ecosystem (low ecological value replacement) Remediation
Stormwater management - more than stream health Stormwater management can improve stream ecology Harvesting to remove stormwater peaks Infiltration/release to restore base flows Other benefits? Landscape aesthetics Microclimate What else? Quality of life? Liveability?
What is Liveability? Liveability reflects the wellbeing of a community and comprises the many characteristics that make a location a place where people want to live now and into the future. Victorian Competition and Efficiency Commission (2008) Liveability includes Bio-Physical characteristics of a place Social environment and interactions Anthropocentric (human centred) Quality of life, human wellbeing Link between human wellbeing and their environment (bio-physical and social) satisfaction of needs/wants wellbeing liveabilty
Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs Quality of Life
Existence Physical and Material Needs Liveability meeting societal needs Satisfaction/ Progression Frustration/ Regression Satisfaction/ Progression Alderfer s Existence Relatedness Growth (ERG) Needs Theory Relatedness Social interaction and relationships Frustration/ Regression Growth Self-esteem and Self Actualisation
Existence Stormwater and Existence Needs Physical and material needs Drinking Water Water savings through replacement of mains water by stormwater Non-drinking Stormwater as a fit for purpose water source Water Public Health Containment and treatment of contaminated Public Safety Property Protection Economic activity stormwater Urban design and municipal works sporting grounds, public spaces and places Urban design and municipal works drainage and flood control Urban design and municipal works drainage and flood control Jobs and investment in urban design and municipal works Creation of a resource that supports water dependant industries
Relatedness Stormwater and Relatedness Needs Social interaction and interpersonal relationships Recreation Social Cohesion Urban design and municipal works irrigated sporting grounds Urban design and municipal works irrigated vegetated public spaces and places Societalenvironmental interrelationships Beauty Comfort Ecological health Urban design and municipal works irrigated vegetated urban landscapes and streetscapes Microclimate & heat moderation urban design and municipal works irrigated vegetated public spaces and places Externalities stormwater runoff regime Within urban catchments urban design and municipal works public spaces and places
Stormwater Harvesting Stormwater Irrigation Sporting Grounds Parks & Open Space Urban forests Societal Urban Water Relatedness Needs Recreation Social Cohesion Beauty Comfort Ecological Health
Growing a community with stormwater? Community Residents Workers Visitors Planning and Development Government Councils Planning Sub-division Construction Development Infrastructure Policy Systems & Services Hydro-Social Contract Drainage Roads Public Space Wastewater Water Supply Agreement on: Vision Values Principles Policy Objectives Implementation Strategies Roles and responsibilities Regulatory frameworks Mandate & Authority
Growth Stormwater and Growth Needs Societal selfesteem and selfactualisation Identity Purpose and Ambition Control and Independence Equity and Social justice Intergenerational equity Urban design and municipal works public spaces and places Hydro-social contract renewal Governance and community engagement Hydro-social contract renewal Governance and community engagement Outcome focused regulatory controls Consumer/community watchdog Outcome focused regulatory controls Consumer/community watchdog
Water Supply City Water potable use Water potable use Water non-potable use Water nonpotable use Sewered City Wastewater management Wastewater management Drained City Stormwater disposal Stormwater disposal Pluvial flood risk reduction Pluvial flood risk reduction Waterways City Stormwater hydrology & quality Stormwater hydrology & quality Improved habitat Water Cycle City Total water cycle management Integrated water systems Water Sensitive City Thermal comfort Identity & Vision Ecological Health New Hydro-Social Contract Places for social interaction Engagement Recreational opportunities Intergenerational equity Aesthetic (Beauty) Existence Secure water supplies Public health Public safety Property protection Economic activity Relatedness Recreation Social cohesion Beauty Comfort Ecological health Growth Achievement Identity Purpose Control & Independence Equity & Social justice Intergenerational equity
Regulating for Liveability? Environment (Environment Protection Act) Ecological health Internal (terrestrial) External (aquatic) Water Resource (Water Act) Water allocations and entitlements Non-drinking water supply Take, use & control Public Health & Safety (Public Health & Wellbeing Act) Protecting people Hazards water quality, physical Promoting health & wellbeing Physical health Mental health Planning (Planning & Environment Act) Developable land Public Space Quality/ value Quantity Accessibility Victoria s legislative framework for urban development and water services
Societal Urban Water Needs and Victoria s legislation Ecological Health Environment (Environment Protection Act) Ecological health Internal (terrestrial) External (aquatic) Water Resource (Water Act) Water allocations and entitlements Non-drinking water supply Take, use & control Drinking water Non-drinking water Property Protection Public Health Public Health & Safety (Public Health & Wellbeing Act) Protecting people Hazards water quality, physical Promoting health & wellbeing Physical health Mental health Planning (Planning & Environment Act) Developable land Private development Public Space Quality/ value Quantity Accessibility Beauty Identity Public Safety Recreation Social Cohesion Comfort Hydro-Social Contract, Governance and Engagement Control & Independence Equity & Social Justice Purpose & Ambition
Conclusions Liveability is multi-dimensional separate but inter-related components Societal needs Bio-physical and social dimensions Range of tangible and intangible outcomes Stormwater can contribute to a range of society s needs and wants: Physical and material Existence Needs Social and societal-environment interactions Relatedness Needs Self esteem and self actualisation Growth Needs Legislation and Regulation specific to particular dimensions of liveability Hydro-social contract role of community in policy and strategic planning
CRC for Water Sensitive Cities 2012