76 Humidity Measurement Technology Requirements Relative humidity has been the subject of increasing awareness the last two decades. Building owners and employers better realize how important the Indoor Air Quality is for building occupants. The ongoing improvement of production processes and product quality also require humidity measurement and control to keep an ideal manufacturing climate. Different measuring methods Hair hygrometer Psychrometer Dew point mirror Capacitive sensor The hair hygrometer is one of the oldest methods of humidity measurement. A human hair changes its length depending n the humidity. A simple mechanism transforms this into an analog display. A psychrometer uses a wet bulb thermometer and a regualr thermometer as a reference temperature. The evaporation of the water at the wet bulb reduces the temperature. The ambient humidity may be determined from a reference table. A mirror is cooled unti it shows condensation after reaching the dew point temperature. The condensation on the mirror is monitored and the dew point is then measured A capacitor s capacitance capacity depends on the RH. An ideal polymer is applied using thin film technolgoy to create reproducible results over the entire range. - simple to use measuring engineering with low installation costs - if used with great care a very accurate measurement of 2 to 3 %RH is possible - Wide measuring range - Highly accurate - Low cost, quick-action and accurate measurement (to ±1%RH) - Wide measuring range (0 to 100 %RH) - Stable - Small and portable Disadvantages Disadvantages Disadvantages Disadvantages - High maintenance costs - Frequent regeneration of the hairs - Can be used only from 15 % to 85 %RH and up to max. 120 F - Inaccuracies up to ±5%RH - Slow measurements - Cannot be used for multipoint measurements - Time-consuming handling (must be moistened with distilled water before nearly every measurement) - Must wait for the psychrometer temperature to adjust to the ambient temperature - Time-consuming, expensive method - Not battery-operated - Heavy (non-portable measuring instrument) - Highly accurate temperature measurement required - Slow adaptation time - Large bench-top instruments In the past... capacitive sensors were regarded as unreliable and unstable. Today... Testo`s capacitive humidity sensor sets the standard and accounts for more than 70% of humidity applications.
Humidity Measurement Technology 77 Absolute humidity, g/m 3 Degree of humidity Mollier diagram Absolute humidity indicates how many grams of water are in a cubic meter of air or gas. The degree of humidity (X) is defined as the mass ratio of water to air (dry gas). Unit: [g/kg] Degree of humidity X in g/kg dry airfi Relative humidity, %RH Relative humidity is the percentage (%) of the possible humidity that can be in the air without condensation. RH is determined by the absolute amount of water in the air and by temperature. The higher the temperature the more water can be absorbed by the air without condensation. Psychrometer wet-bulb temperature, F/ C Evaporation causes cooling. The temperature in a thermometer drops if enclosed in a damp cloth on account of the cold due to evaporation. Evaporation depends on the surrounding relative humidity and air velocity. A second thermometer, stored in a dry place, can measure the difference in temperature. Unit: [ C, F] Dew point, td The dew point is a temperature value given in F. It indicates the temperature at which the current water concentration in the air would start condensing. At dew point temperatures, the RH is 100%. Partial pressure in water vapor, pas Level of overall pressure in a room which can be determined by the water vapor. Unit: [mbar, hpa] Enthalpy, heat content The heat content is the heat energy which the moist air has saved. The energy is set to 0 at 32 F. Enthalpy is important for calculating cooling and heating capacity. Differential measurements i.e. in front of and behind heat exchangers are of particular interest. fi Heat content i of air in kcal/kg dry air fi / Humid air temperature in C A = Cooling and dehumidification B = Cooling C = Cooling and humidification D = Humidification E = Heating and humidification F = Heating G = Heating and humidification H = Dehumidification Heat content in air in kcal/kg dry air Water vapor pressure in torr Degree of humidity X in g/kg dry air All of the parameters from the Mollier diagram are automatically shown by testo 650. fi Testo humidity sensor Testo humidity sensor Testo has succeeded in increasing the range of applications for capacitive sensors with the humidity sensor we developed: - Application temperatures to +385 F - Dew point measurement from -60 to +212 F - Long-term stability under extreme conditions - Highly accurate The outstanding characteristics of the Testo humidity sensor are as follows: - Precision - Long-term stability - Temperature resistance - Rugged
78 Why You Should Choose Testo s Humidity Sensor Stability tests More than 100 sensors were subjected to the test conditions listed below. Measurements were carried out on the sensors in the climatic test chambers before and after. 1. 24 hours in cooled (68 F) flue gas at 90 %RH: The flue gas of an oil burner (O 2 = 5.9 %, CO = 45 ppm, NO x = 50 ppm, SO2 = 70 ppm) was extracted from the stack in a container by the sensors and then automatically cooled 2. 2 hours in the smoke from 3000 cigarettes/ft. 3 3. 5 minutes in tap water 4. 12 months in a weather house, July 90 - July 91 5. 5 minutes submersed in isopropyl alcohol 6. 3 months in silica gel at 68 F/0.1 %RH 7. 3 months at -13 F/95 %RH 8. 3 months in 92 %RH (at 68 F) 9. Shock test: 16 hours at -4 F fi 10 min boiling water fi still wet in -4 F for 1 hour fi Forced-air oven at +260 F for 3 hours fi chill in frozen water at + 40 F and leave soaking for 5 min fi heat for 5 min at 260 F 10. 9 months in a cheese dairy: 59 F/70 %RH 11. 9 months in a hen house: 59 F/80 %RH 12. 9 months in a pig sty: 62 F/70 %RH 13. 5 hours in a forced air oven: 300 F/10 %RH 14. 30 at high humidity: 68 F/98 %RH 15. 7 in a wood drying process: 68 to 175 F/90 to 15 %RH The stability tests mentioned above did not influence the display by more than ±1 %RH. Applications Thousands of Testo RH sensors measure relative humidity worldwide. They are used in handheld instruments, RH dataloggers and RH transmitters. Typical applications are: - RH control in semi-conductor industries - Climate control in pharmaceutical and chemical laboratories and manufacturing - Climate control in the food industry Technical data Measuring range: Temperature range: Hysteresis (3 hour cycle 15 to 90 to 15 %RH): Response time t90: Temp. dependency: Dew point td: Reproducibility: - Tests of the Indoor Air Qualtiy (IAQ) - Monitoring of drying processes Measuring the dew point (td): - in compressed air - in CO 2 - in natural gas - in O 2 0...100 %RH -40...+360 F < 1.0 %RH < 15 s 0.03 %RH/ F -58 F to +212 F < 0.3 %RH Reference humidity probes for highest precision - Accuracy ±1%RH - 2 year guaranteed long-term stability under normal conditions Results of the worldwide interlaboratory test on 3 precision humidity probes 1996-1997 Deviation from the respective reference in %RH Long-term stability of the Testo humidity sensor 3 2 PTB; 23.08.1996 JQA; 10.04.2000 1 0-1 77 F -2-3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Why You Should Choose Testo Humidity Measuring Instruments 79 Inter-laboratory tests Three precision probes were subjected to extensive interlaboratory tests by the PTB in Berlin, NIST in the USA, the French national institute CETIAT, the Italian institute IMGC, the English national institute NPL, the Spanish national institute INTA, JQA in Japan, KRISS in Korea, NRCCRM in Peking and in Testo s DKD calibration laboratory. The results confirm an accuracy of ±1 %RH for the probes, as indicated by Testo. 12/00 09/00 KRISS NRCCRM 08/01 04/00 PTB 10/00 05/00 JQA 03/01 03/99 08/96 PTB 04/96 10/98 INTA 10/98 10/96 09/98 10/96 CETIAT 12/96 07/97 09/98 NPL NIST IMGC 05/97 10/97 PTB: CETIAT: NIST: IMGC: NPL: INTA: JQA: KRISS: Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Dr. G. Scholz, Test No. PTB-3.12-1210.96 Centre Technique des Industries Aérauliques et Thermiques, Villeurbanne, B. Cretinon, Test No. 96 1066 1A National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Dr. P. Huang, Test No. H-4608 Istituto Di Metrologia G. Colonetti, Torino, Antonio Actis, Test No. 556/97 National Physical Laboratory UK, M. Stevens, Test No. 08C043/98020 Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Dr. R. Benyon, Test No. 0048/0049 Japan Quality Assurance Organization, Tokyo, Takashi Sugiyama, Test No. 138-0003 Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Seoul, Dr. H. Nham, Test No. 02491-001 NRCCRM: National Research Center for Certified Reference Materials, Peking, Yi Hong, Test No. 2000-039-292 Extract from the NIST report (National Institute of Standards & Technology, Test No. 4608) 2 reference humidity probes were tested: Ref. Ref. Actual humidity Actual temperature %RH F Probe 1 Probe 2 Probe 1 Probe 2 10.19 77.10 9.8 10.1 77.18 77 30.08 77.02 30.0 30.3 77.18 77 49.90 77.05 49.9 50.2 77.18 77 69.82 77.02 69.7 70.1 77.18 77 89.68 77.05 89.8 90.3 77.18 77 Four high temperature humidity probes in long-term test at +180 F and 90 %RH 1.5 1 Test result after 10 respective long-term use: maximum deviation < 1%RH! Deviation in %RH 0.5 0-0.5-1 -1.5 Start after 10 after 20 after 30 after 40
80 Water Measurement Technology Water Activity (aw value) Equilibrium moisture The water activity value contains information on chemically nonbonded water. Measurement is based on the equilibrium moisture content. In a closed room where there is a proportionally lower amount of air than solid matter, the Fresh meat Fresh fish Bread Fruit juice concentrate Salami Dried fruit free water contained in the solid matter determines the relative moisture of the ambient air. The water activity (aw value) is practically the same as the equilibrium moisture in a closed room. However, it is not given in the ranges 0 to 100 %RH, instead it is expressed as 0 to 1 aw. aw = 0 applies to anhydrous substances, aw = 1 applies to pure water. Since water activity depends on temperature, the reference temperature must always be given. Substances which take in and retain or release water are termed hygroscopic. Hygroscopic substances always try to establish an equilibrium moisture content with the ambient air. The water in a hygroscopic substance causes an increase in the vapor pressure on the surface of the substance. If the water vapor pressure on the surface of the substance is the same as that of the ambient atmosphere, this is known as equilibrium moisture. Any difference in these two pressures results in the exchange of water. Chocolate Flour, starch Nuts Water content Milk powder Honey Dried meat Dried fish Noodles Biscuits without filling Crackers, flat wafers, meringue Water content is the amount of water in a substance in relation to its solid matter. The unit is given in weight per cent. The water content is only of interest if a certain substance is sold according to weight. Tablets (pharmaceutics) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Water activity Water activity of various products The reference measuring system, setting new standards in the measurement of water activity Accuracy of measurement ± 0.01 aw. Reproducibility of the measurement ± 0.003 aw. The accuracy of the precision sensor has been proven in international interlaboratory labs! - Long-term stability of the measurement for years, i.e. frequent, time-consuming readjustments are no longer necessary. - Measuring system traceable to national standards for assurance in legal questions. - Uncomplicated and reliable documentation of the measured results via attachable printer or on your PC.