The Current Path of Refrigerants

The Current Path of Refrigerants Rick Wentling NA Market Development Manager Opteon Stationary Refrigerants November 9, 2017

Prediction is very difficult; especially if it s about the future. - Neils Bohr The Current Path of Refrigerants 2

Agenda History of Refrigerant Changes Environmental Concerns and Regulations Addressing the Regulations with Solutions HFO s Why and How A2L Flammability Low GWP Refrigerant Activities in NA Other Considerations Q&A The Current Path of Refrigerants 3

Evolution of Refrigerant Technology 1800s 1920s 1930s 1950s 1990s TODAY & TOMORROW Industrial Chemicals (Methyl Chloride, Ammonia, CO2, etc.) CFCs (R-12) Chlorine Single Bond High ODP Highest GWP HCFCs (R-22) Less Chlorine Single Bond Lower ODP High GWP HFCs (R-134a) No Chlorine Single Bond No ODP High GWP Industrial Chemicals (CO2, Hydrocarbons, Ammonia) + No ODP Very Low GWP HFOs and HFO Blends (R-1234yf, 1234ze, R-449A, 513A, etc.) No Chlorine Double Bond Selection of Refrigerants for the Future Will Need to Balance Performance (Capacity and Efficiency), Safety and Sustainability, and Total Cost of System Ownership The Current Path of Refrigerants 4

Global Environmental Considerations The Current Path of Refrigerants 6

Regulations Driving Change 200 150 100 50 0 100% -7% -37% -55% -69% -76% -79% The Current Path of Refrigerants 7

The Regulatory Challenge HCFC s are Nearly Gone EPA Final Rule R-22 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2018 R-22 consumption allowances will drop ~30% lower than 2017 levels. 62 52 Only 2 cooling seasons remain before R-22 consumption allowances reach 0. R-22 million lbs. 22 18 13 9 4 This also impacts R-22 containing blends such as 402A, 408A, 409A, 401A, etc. Beyond January 1, 2020, R-22 service demand must rely on reclaim or inventory. The Current Path of Refrigerants 8

Montreal Protocol Kigali HFC Amendment Global CO2 Emissions HFC Phase-down (CO2 equivalent) Not a Phase-Out Takes effect 2019 when at least 20 member countries ratify Businesses should start planning now for a low-gwp future. Kigali has created a framework for regulatory bodies to address global warming The Current Path of Refrigerants 9

Determining Acceptable Refrigerants The Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program is EPA's program to evaluate and regulate substitutes for the ozone-depleting chemicals that are being phased out under the stratospheric ozone protection provisions of the Clean Air Act (CAA). Clean Air Act Section 612(c), authorizes the Agency to identify and publish lists of acceptable and unacceptable substitutes for Class I or Class II ozone-depleting substances. Rules #20 and #21 have regulated many higher GWP HFC s in sectors including Retail Food Refrigeration, Cold Storage Warehouses and Chillers, including: R-507A R-404A R-407A R-134a R-410A The Current Path of Refrigerants 10

HFC Regulations US EPA SNAP Program United States July 2016 R- 404A/507 Cannot be used to retrofit the following equipment: Racks Condensing Units* Stand Alone Equip.* Vending Machines* 2018 R- 404A/507 Cannot be used in the following new equipment: Condensing Units* 2020 R- 404A/507, 134a, 407A/C/F, 410A Cannot be used in the following new equipment: Stand Alone (LT)* Stand Alone (MT >2200 Btu/hr.)* 2023 R- 404A/507, 407A, 410A Cannot be used in the following new equipment: Cold Storage Warehouses** 2024 R- 134a, 404A/507, 407C, 410A Cannot be used in the following new equipment: Centrifugal Chillers** Positive Displacement Chillers** 2017 R- 404A/507 Cannot be used in the following new equipment: Racks* 2019 R- 404A/507, 134a,407A/C/F, 410A Cannot be used in the following new equipment: Stand Alone (MT <2200 Btu/hr.)* Vending Machines* 2021 R- 404A/507, 407A/C/F, Cannot be used in the following new equipment: Refrigerated food processing / dispensing** Household Refrigerators & Freezers** * - EPA SNAP Rule 20 ** - EPA SNAP Rule 21 This is a summary of the most commonly used refrigerants. Please consult EPA.gov/SNAP for a full list of unacceptable products. SNAP Rules are in-force unless a mandate is issued by the Court Refrigerants & Regulations: How to Move Your Business Forward 11

Recent SNAP News August 8, 2017 September 22, 2017 The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ruled in favor of of Mexichem Fluor Inc. & Arkema vs. the EPA. Chemours, Honeywell, and NRDC (Natural Resources Defense Council) appealed the Aug 8 court decision. The court stated the EPA cannot ban HFCs under Section 612 of the Clean Air Act because that provision was designed only to address ozonedepleting substances. The Current Path of Refrigerants 12

What it Means EPA SNAP Rules 20 & 21 are still in effect and will remain so until the appeals process is complete. The de-listing of R-404A/507 as previously communicated is continuing. Businesses in the US should factor HFC regulations into their long term strategy. The Current Path of Refrigerants 13

What It Means EPA SNAP Rules 20 & 21 are still in effect and will remain so until the appeals process is complete. The de-listing of R-404A/507 as previously communicated is continuing. Businesses in the US should factor HFC regulations into their long term strategy. In reaction to appeals court ruling, a public workshop on Oct. 24 will look at continuing EPA s HFC delistings for stationary refrigeration and air conditioning end uses in California. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) will hold a public workshop on October 24 to discuss beginning a rulemaking process to adopt into state regulations the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency s Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Rule prohibitions of HFCs in stationary refrigeration and air conditioning end uses. The Current Path of Refrigerants 14

What Does This Mean to HVACR Businesses? New & developing regulations focused on HFCs Rate of change may vary depending on region/country, but directionally consistent. Businesses, global or regional, should factor HFC regulations into their long term strategy Stay connected to both refrigerant suppliers & equipment manufacturers to understand options & trade-offs between technology platforms Stay the Course Low GWP Refrigerants are a major part of the future Refrigerants & Regulations: How to Move Your Business Forward 15

When you arrive at a fork in the road, take it. - Yogi Berra The Current Path of Refrigerants 17

Solutions are Available R-22 (HCFC) GWP: 1760 Refrigeration R-449A GWP: 1282 R-448A GWP: 1273 R-454C GWP: 146 R-404A/507 (HFC) GWP: 3943 R-449A GWP: 1282 R-448A GWP: 1273 R-452A GWP: 1945 R-454A GWP: 237 R-454C GWP: 146 R-134a (HFC) GWP: 1300 R-513A GWP: 573 R-450A GWP: 547 R-1234ze GWP: <1 R-1234yf GWP: <1 Incumbent Gas R-410A (HFC) GWP: 1924 R-452B GWP: 676 R-454B GWP: 467 R-32 GWP: 677 Class 1 Non-Flammable Replacement Class 2L Mildly Flammable Replacement R-123 (HCFC) GWP: 79 R-514A GWP: 2 R-1233zd GWP: ~1 & Others *Most A2L Refrigerants are not yet commercially available in the US The Current Path of Refrigerants 18

Regulation Driving Innovation Example: R-1234yf The Base HFO Molecule HFC Hydro fluorocarbon HFO Hydro fluoro olefin Millions of Cars Using R-1234yf Globally* HFC-134a HFO-1234yf 13 Years Atmospheric Life 10 Days 1300 GWP < 1 *Estimated by Chemours The Current Path of Refrigerants 20

Refrigerant Flammability Classifications Examples: Propane, Isobutane Mildly Flammable R-152a R-1234yf, R-452B R-134a, R-410A To meet 2L flammability, burning velocity must be 10 cm/s The Current Path of Refrigerants 21

Refrigerant Flammability Classifications The Current Path of Refrigerants 22

Flammability Testing (LFL, UFL) The Current Path of Refrigerants 23

Burning Velocity Testing (2L Refrigerant) The Current Path of Refrigerants 24

Flammable Property Comparison R-290 (Propane) R-152a R-717 (Ammonia) R-1234yf Safety Rating A3 A2 B2L A2L LFL (vol. %) 2.2 3.9 15.0 6.2 UFL (vol. %) 10.0 16.9 28.0 12.3 UFL LFL (vol. %) 7.8 13.0 13.0 6.1 MIE (mj) 0.25 0.38 100-300 > 5,000 BV (cm/s) 46 23 7.2 1.5 HOC (kj/g) 46.3 16.5 18.6 10.7 The Current Path of Refrigerants 25

Codes & Standards Activities Standards updates required to address flammable refrigerant needs Code updates also required UMC, IMC, IRC, NFPA Industry activities supporting flammable refrigerants Joint ASHRAE-AHRI-DOE research The Current Path of Refrigerants 26

Working Safely With Flammables Identification Controlling charge size / room area Eliminating ignition sources Leak detection Mitigation strategies Best work practices Education & training The Current Path of Refrigerants 27

R-22 vs R-449A Energy Performance MT- (Great Lakes Region) LT- (Mid-West Region) MT- (New England Region) R-22 R-22 R-22 R-449A R-449A R-449A MT- (New England Region) MT- (Central US Region) R-22 R-22 R-449A R-449A The Current Path of Refrigerants 29

R-22 to R-449A Performance Considerations Low Temperature 1 Medium Temperature 2 ASHRAE # R-22 3 R-449A R-22 R-449A Relative Capacity Relative COP 1.00 1.04 1.00 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 R-449A Performance Higher capacity Close efficiency match 11-14% larger mass flow Relative Mass Flow Suction Pressure (psig) Discharge Pressure (psig) Discharge Temp ( F) 1.00 1.14 1.00 1.11 9.0 10.5 37.0 41.5 208 240 208 240 250 221 221 190 Retrofit Recommendations Suction Pressure Valves may need to be opened to reach target superheat Discharge Temperature There are certain instances where liquid injection could be used for R-449A Lubricant & Seals Change to POE oil Replace critical elastomeric seals 1 LT Conditions: -22 F Evap/104 F Cond/7 F Sub Cool/14 F Return Gas Temperature 2 MT Conditions: 14 F Evap/104 F Cond/7 F Sub Cool/50 o F Return Gas Temperature 3 Assumes liquid injection to maintain a maximum discharge temperature of 250 o F The Current Path of Refrigerants 30

R-449A Retrofit Success from R-22 system Conversion from R-22 to R-449A - October 2015 Daily Energy Usage Pre & Post Retrofit Average Energy benefit of 8% (3-15% range, depending on rack & ambient) Changed Lubricant to POE No changes to equipment or piping Tweaked TXVs for optimized performance Met cooling demand Stable operation The Current Path of Refrigerants 31

R-404A to R-449A Display Case Testing Medium Temp Ambient T = 82 0 F Ambient T = 82 0 F Energy Consumption vs. R404A Mass Flow Rate (lb/hr) Suction Pressure (psia) Discharge Pressure (psia) Comp Ratio Avg Food Temp (ºF) Comp Discharge Temp (ºF) R-404A 100% 71 16 209 13 1.4 172 R-449A 97% 57 15 204 14 1.4 181 Ambient T = 95ºF Energy Consumption vs. R404A Low Temp Mass Flow Rate (lb/hr) Suction Pressure (psia) Discharge Pressure (psia) Comp Ratio Avg Food Temp (ºF) Comp Discharge Temp (ºF) R-404A 100% 83 38 224 5.9 36 161 R-449A 92% 71 38 217 5.7 36 167 Ambient T = 95ºF R-404A 100% 91 36 265 7.4 36 180 R-449A 88% 74 41 260 6.3 37 183 R-404A 100% 73 18 250 14 3.2 189 R-449A 96% 57 17 244 15 5.0 198 Up to 12% energy efficiency savings in MT 3% energy savings in LT Similar pressure & compression ratio Modest increase in discharge T Lower mass flow rate The Current Path of Refrigerants 32

R-404A to R-449A Retrofit Success Conversion in October 2014 Energy benefit of 8-9% R449A Energy No changes to equipment, piping, lubricant or seals/gaskets Adjusted TXVs for optimized performance Met cooling demand Stable operation The Current Path of Refrigerants 33

Looking Ahead CO 2 Maintenance Cost Performance Existing Store Footprint Supplier Support Product Availability Energy Future Hydrocarbons HFOs Sustainability Flammability Contractor Training Capital Budget $$$ Leaks Ease of Retrofit The Current Path of Refrigerants 35

Looking Ahead Predicting rain doesn t count. Building arks does. - Warren Buffet The Current Path of Refrigerants 36

37 Thank You!