Life Siene Journl 2012;9(4) Effet of orgni fertilizers on qulity nd quntity of too trplnting in vrious nursery medi Li Mord-eigi 1, Rez Amirni 2, Mehdi Tjkhsh 3 nd RminTgvi 4 1 Agriulture grdute student of Urmi University 2 Assistnt Professor of Urmi University 3 Professor of Urmi University 4 Expert of Urmi Too Reserh Center Corresponding Author: Li Mord-eigi Emil: Li_mordeigi@yhoo.om Tel: 0098-9149981655 Astrt: In order to investigte the possiility of using orgni fertilizers in too floting nursery, n experiment ws onduted t too reserh ititute of Urmi in 2010. The experiment ws rried out s ftoril sed on rndomized omplete lok design (CRBD) with four replitio. The first ftor ws disinfeted poultry mnure, disinfeted pigeon mnure nd omplete fertilizer (NPK) (15-5-30) nd the seond ftor ws involved two types of medi (100 perent pet nd 60 perent niml mnure with 40 perent perlite). The results showed tht highest nd lowest trplnt length were otined from hemil fertilizer tretment nd poultry mnure in perlite medi with niml mnure (11.99 mm nd 3.34 mm, respetively). Compred me showed tht the highest fresh weight of trplnt (98.8 g) ws otined y hemil feretilizer in perlite medi with niml mnure whih hd not sttistilly signifint different with hemil fertilizer in pet medi nd the lowest fresh weight of trplnt (24.67 g) ws otined y poultry mnure in perlite medi with niml mnure. the highest nd the lowest dry mtter of trplnting (19.72 nd 8.4 g) were otined y poultry mnure in perlite medi with niml mnure nd hemil fertilizer in pet medi, respetily, whih hd not sttistilly signifint different with hemil fertilizer in perlite medi with niml mnure. [Li Mord-eigi, Rez Amirni, Mehdi Tjkhsh nd RminTgvi. Effet of orgni fertilizers on qulity nd quntity of too trplnting in vrious nursery medi. Life Si J 2012;9(4):2413-2422]. (ISSN: 1097-8135).. 358 Keywords: Floting Nursery, Orgni Fertilizer, Too Introdution Soil onditio nd nutrients is very importne for Growth nd development of plnt. In ddition to ron, hydrogen nd oxygen whih supply from the tmosphere nd wter, mro elements inluding nitrogen, mgnesium, phosphorus, potssium, lium nd sulfur nd mironutrients re neessry for plnt growth nd prodution (Kfi 2002). In inteive frming systems, orgni mtter nd nutrients re depleted very quikly; therefore, it is required to reple these nutrients to otin optimum yield prodution. Long-term studies show tht inteive use of hemil fertilizers n derese rops yield. These redutio re ourred y soil idifition, loss of soil iologil tivity, reduing the physil hrteristis of soil nd sene of miro-nutrient into nitrogen, phosphorus nd potssium hemil fertilizers (Shi 2006; Adedirn et l. 2004). Using orgni fertilizers n improve iologil tivities nd physiohemil property of rop growth environment. Also, orgni fertilizers n neutrlize or dereses the soil idity nd supply some mironutrients suh s zin, nd opper. Orgni fertilizers redue the effets of drought stress y improving soil wter holding pity. In ontrst, orgni fertilizers hve two mjor disdvntges inlude high ost of fertilizers nd slow relese nitrogen, espeilly irds mnures (Hsnzde-Gourttpe et l. 2000; Shi 2006; Adedirn et l. 2004; Eghl 2002). Short-term experiments show tht in hemil fertilizers higher perentge of nitrogen n e sored y plnts in ompred to orgni fertilizers. This is due to slowly relese of nitrogen in orgni fertilizers (Shrifi-e-Ashourdi 1999; Shi 2006; Lesjee 2000). Long-term experiments hve shown tht neither the hemil fertilizer nor orgni mnure lone n help hieve sustinle rop prodution (Cooke 1997; Ptr et l. 2000). But, the omined use of orgni nd 2413
Life Siene Journl 2012;9(4) hemil fertilizers n orret ny defiit (Smith et l., 2002). Using orgni fertilizers in the soil supply some of nutrients, improve soil struture, inrese wter storge, llowing more pproprite preprtion for root development, vegettive growth nd improve qulity nd inrese rop yield. The use of orgni mterils uses to redue pplition of hemil fertilizers in frm fields nd derese yield differenes etween onventionl nd less oumption of griulturl inputs frming (Frzneh 1990). Nitrogen is used in trplnting nutrition s the mjor element (Greer nd Adm 2005). In the 90s, floting nursery tehnology ws used due to redue greenhouse osts in Virgini Stte. This method is used in Irn to produe Burley 21 nd Coker 319too trplnt sine 2002. Reduing lor osts, lk of weed seeds in plnted medi, high qulity nd uniformity of trplnting, impossiility of ontmintion of groundwter with nutrient lehing nd ontrol of environmentl onditio nd inresing wter use effiieny, is inluding the enefits of these Nurseries (Poisson nd Frnois 2008; Rideout 2004). Trplnt nutrition is done through the injetion of solule nd liquid fertilizers in wter of irrigtion systems. Nitrogen is the most importnt element tht is used in trplnting nutrition. Wter-solule nitrogen soures for this purpose re inluding: fish mel, fish emulsion, erthworms, ts mnure nd seirds mnure (Greer nd Adm 2005). By using orgni fertilizers, it is not expeted tht plnts respond immeditely nd similr to wht is seen on hemil fertilizers in the first two dys. Ammonium form n e used diretly y plnts; espeilly in high levels of light, ut usully most of the nitrogen is sored in the nitrte form (Agro 1998). The effet of sesonl hnges in growth of trplnt is importnt point whih should e oidered in the fertiliztion progrm. For exmple, tomto trplnts produed in spring showed liner growth with inresing nitrogen fertilizer, while there ws opposite sitution in prodution of trplnts in the utumn nd this prolem n e relted to light nd temperture onditio of utumn ompred to spring (Smith nd Spers 2003). In the other study, floting nursery showed tht trplnts produed with mnure of seirds were smller thn ontrols, ut trferle trplnts were sme s ontrol (Rideout 2004). In yer 2000, ommeril orgni fertilizers were ompred with omplete fertilizer in the prodution of lettue nd onluded tht the use of ommeril orgni fertilizers n e produed lettue in the floting nursery nd there ws no differene with omplete fertilizer nd orgni fertilizer in lettue prodution (Anderson nd Stephnie 2000). Smith nd fisher (2002) showed tht seird mnure hs positive effet on the trplnt growth nd perentge of usle trplnt (Smith nd Spers 2003). Too (Niotin tum L.) is one of the industril plnts of Solnee fmily nd Niotin Genus With 2n = 48. Too with onventionl nme N. tum long with N. rusti is two speies of six speies of too whih re reted severl types of reognized too (Kouji nd Nsiri-Mhlti 1994). Too is perennil plnt, ut usully is grown s n nnul, euse it nnot tolerte old nd frost onditio. Too is short dy plnt, ut there is dy-neutrl nd long-dy vriety (Koujki nd Nsiri-Mhlti 1994). Mteril nd Methods The reserh ws performed in Urmi Too Reserh Center, loted in North of Urmi City (37 40.2 N nd 45 2.2 E) in 2010. Bsed on Urmi Synopti Meteorologil Sttion reports, verge nnul rinfll nd temperture re 309.4 mm nd 12.7 C in 2010. The experiment ws rried out s ftoril sed on rndomized omplete lok design (RCBD) with four replitio. The first ftor ws three levels of fertilizers inluding: disinfeted poultry mnure, disinfeted Pigeon mnure, omplete fertilizer (15-5-30) nd the seond ftor ws involved two types of medi (100 perent pet nd 60 perent niml mnure with 40 perent perlite). In this experiment, we used pools of wter to height of 12 m, length 60 m nd width 44 m. Pool ws uilt of rik nd ement. After mking the pool wlls efore filling wter in the pond, its floor ws leveling y using Blne Meter nd height of 5 m lyer of snd ws poured into it nd then it ws smoothed. The floor nd wlls of pool were overed with lk plsti. Blk plsti should e integrted. Plsti sheet 1.5 mm thik ws used. Seeds plnting were onduted y semi-utomti sowing mhine GS100 model of Germ Compny. One of the importnt ftors in produing suessful trplnting is wter qulity of floting nursery, espeilly in the greenhouse floting nursery. Wter qulity used in this experiment ws evluted nd the mount of ironte, hloride, eletril ondutivity nd ph ws determined. High level of ironte io in wter used tht we used 98% onentrted sulfuri id for the djustment of lklinity of wter. Aid requirements were lulted y using the following formul until Alklinity vlue of used wter rought down lower permitted limit (20 Meq per Liter). 2414
Life Siene Journl 2012;9(4) Conentrted sulfuri id volume (mm) = (ironte ion Amount 1) 27 Nursery wter volume 4.32= (6-1) 27 0.032 Wter height in floting nursery ws oidered out 12 m nd this mount ws mintined until the end of experiment. In this experiment, the required wter level ws out 0.320 m 3. In floting nursery, fertilizer pplition progrm must e onfigured ording to nitrogen onentrtion nd it should e etween 75 to 100 ppm in pool wter. In this experiment, we used Gromor mnure dded 750 g/m3in two steps to nursery wter with formul fertilizer (30-5-15) (N- P-K). At first phse fertigtion ws 665 g/m 3 of wter medi tht orret mount fertilizer ording to wter volume of wter medi is 0.032 m 3 ws lulted extly 21.3 g. The seond phse fertigtion ws rried out when the trplnts were to 4-lef stge. At this stge ws used the rest of 1,000 g/m3 requirements fertilizer due to the volume of wter ws used extly 32 g s fertilizer soure. Under the guidelines, Ridomil- Mnoze fungiides were dded in mount of 30 g/m3 of wter medi. Mesuring of hrteristi During the experiment, the strt time of germintion, perentge of germintion, trplnt stem dimeter, height, fresh nd dry weight, perentge of trplnt dry mtter (woody riteri of trplnt) t the time of trplnting, the perentge of usle seedlings (trferle to the min lnd) nd the onentrtion of phosphorus, nitrogen, potssium nd sodium were mesured in 10 rndomly seleted trplnt. To mesure dry weight, trplnts were pled into the utolve t temperture of 50 C for 8 hours. Totl numer of trplnt nd usle trplnt were ounted systemilly in eh try. Phosphorus mesurement To mesure phosphorus we used the Spetrophotometer model PD-303. A similr method ws used for mesuring phosphorus in pond wter nd into plnt tissue. To mesure the mount of phosphorus in the pond, we used diretly the extrt in the ponds, ut for the plnt tissue, first trplnts were onverted to extrt form y digestion method in wy dry urn nd omined with hydrohlori id. Mesuring totl nitrogen y titrtion method fter distilltion with the use of utomti system (Kegel single uto-nlyzer): This mesuring is rried out for extrts produed from the ove method y digested in volumetri flsk with sulfuri id - etylsliyli id - hydrogen peroxide. Potssium mesurement For mesuring of potssium Flme photometer Clinil PFP7 model ws used. In this method similr method for mesuring phosphorus in pond wter nd into plnt tissue ws used. Only with this differene tht to mesure the mount of phosphorus in the pond, we used diretly the extrt in the ponds, ut for the plnt tissue, first trplnts were onverted to extrt form y digestion method in wy dry urn nd omined with hydrohlori id. Miro-nutrients mesurement y Atomi Asorption Spetrosopy (AAS) method Iron, Zin nd Cupper elements mesuring in extrts were done y tomi sorption y digestion method to through dry urning wy with the use of HCl. Stndrd, ontrol nd extrt smples re louding with lue ir-etylene flme nd mesuring the sorption of iron, zin nd opper t wve lengths 248.3, 213.9 nd 324.7 nm, respetively, nd otin the onentrtio of iron, zin nd opper smple with the use of onentrtion redout devies systems or with the use of lirtion urve. Amounts of eh desired element from dried plnt smples in mg per kilogrm re otined y to following wy. v 100 w DM Where: is element onentrtion in milligrms per liter of smple, : Element onentrtion in milligrms per liter of ontrol, V: Volume of extrt per ml of digestion, W: smple weight plnt in grm nd DM: Plnt dry mtter perentge. Sttistil nlysis ws performed using y SAS nd MSTATC sttistil softwre. Result nd disussion Morphologil hrteristi The results of nlysis of vrine showed tht the effet of fertilizer on length, dimeter, root length, dry weight nd perent dry mtter of trplnt ws signifint t 1% proility level nd on fresh weight ws signifint t the 5% proility level ut ws not signifint on germintion perentge. While the effets of plnt medi on germintion perentge, length nd root length of trplnt ws 2415
Life Siene Journl 2012;9(4) signifint t 1% proility level, ut ws iignifint on the dimeter, fresh weight, dry weight nd perent dry mtter of trplnt. The intertion effets etween fertilizer nd plnting medi for length, fresh weight nd dry mtter of trplnt ws signifint t 1% proility level, ut ws iignifint on germintion perentge, dimeter, root length nd dry weight of trplnt (Tle 2). Germintion perentge The effet of fertilizer nd intertion effet of fertilizer with plnting medi on germintion perentge were non-signifint, ut the effet of plnting medi ws signifint t 1% proility level; nd pet medi were ounted the highest (79.5%) nd the perlite medi with mnure hd lowest (71.3%) germintion (tle 3). Trplnt Height Fertilizer nd plnting medi intertion ws signifint on length trplnt hrter. Chemil fertilizer in pet medi nd poultry mnure in perlite medi ws ounted highest (11.99 mm) nd lowest (3.34 mm) length trplnt, respetively (Tle 4). Trplnts Dimeter Anlysis of vrine showed tht intertion of the plnting medi nd fertilizer on trplnt dimeter ws non-signifint, ut the effet of fertilizer ws signifint on trplnt dimeter t 1% level, whih mximum dimeter (7.15 mm) nd minimum dimeter (4.7 mm) trplnt were otined from hemil fertilizer nd pigeon mnure tretments tht ws no sttistilly signifint differene with poultry mnure (Tle 3). Root length Men omprison of fertilizer effet showed tht the highest (137.23 mm) nd the lowest (10.70 mm) root lengths were otined from hemil fertilizer nd pigeon mnure tretments, respetively. The min effet omprison of plnting medi showed tht the highest root length (70.05 mm) were otined from pet medi nd the lowest root length (64 mm) were otined from the perlite medi with mnure (Tle 3). Trplnt fresh weight Comprison of me indited tht the highest fresh weight of trplnt (98.98 g) ws otined y hemil fertilizer tretment on the perlite medi with mnure tht ws not sttistilly signifint differene with hemil fertilizer tretment on pet medi nd the lowest fresh weight of trplnting (24.67 grms) ws otined from poultry mnure in perlite medi treted with niml mnure (Tle 4). Dry weight of trplnting Comprison of me showed tht the highest trplnt dry weight (8.63 g) ws otined from hemil fertilizer tretments nd the lowest trplnt dry weight (5.54 g) ws from poultry mnure whih is not signifint differene with pigeon s mnure tretment (Tle 4). Perentge of trplnt dry mtter Comprison of me showed tht the highest perentge of trplnt dry mtter (19.720) ws otined from poultry mnure in the perlite medi with mnure nd the lowest perentge of trplnt dry mtter (8.40) ws produed from hemil fertilizer in pet medi, whih does not signifint differene with hemil fertilizer in perlite medi with mnure (Tel 3). Mro-Nutrient elements vlue The results of nlysis of vrine showed tht the min effet of fertilizer ws signifint on nitrogen, phosphorus nd potssium perentge t the 1% proility level. The min effet of plnting medi on nitrogen perentge ws not signifint, ut ws signifint on phosphorous nd potssium perentge t the 1% proility level. In ddition, the intertion effet of fertilizer nd plnting medi ws signifint on nitrogen nd potssium perentge t the 1% proility level, ut it ws signifint on phosphorus perent t the 5% proility (Tle 2). Nitrogen The results of omprison of omined tretment me etween fertilizers nd plnting medi showed tht the highest perentge of nitrogen (4.74) ws otined from hemil fertilizer t pet medi, whih hd no sttistilly signifint differene with hemil fertilizer t perlite medi with mnure. The minimum N perentge (1.78) ws resulted from the pigeo mnure t pet medi, whih there ws no sttistilly signifint differene with pigeon mnure t perlite medi with mnure (Tle 4). Phosphorus Comprison of dt me showed tht the highest level of phosphorus (0.158) ws from hemil fertilizer treted in pet medi tht hd no sttistilly signifint differene with hemil fertilizer in perlite medi with mnure nd the lowest level (0.083) ws from poultry mnure in perlite medi with niml mnure (Tle 4). 2416
Life Siene Journl 2012;9(4) Potssium The results of ompre me showed tht the highest mount of potssium (2.162) ws from hemil fertilizer in pet medi tht hd no sttistilly signifint differene with hemil fertilizer tretments in perlite medi with niml mnure (Tle 4). Mironutrient elements vlue The results of nlysis of vrine showed tht the min effet of fertilizers were signifint on iron, zin nd opper levels in 1% nd sodium perentge t the 5% proility level. The min effet of plnting medi ws signifint on the iron nd opper levels t 1% level, ut ws not signifint on the mount of zin nd sodium elements. Intertion effet etween fertilizer nd plnting medi were signifint on the mount of iron, zin nd opper t 1% proility level. Sodium The result of ompre me showed tht the highest mount of sodium (0.186) ws from pigeon mnure tretment nd the lowest mount of sodium ws hieved (0.170) y poultry mnure tht hd no signifint differene with hemil fertilizer tretments (Tle 3). Iron Comprison of dt me showed tht the highest nd lowest rte of iron (263.687 nd 49.076 mg kg dry mtter) ws otined from hemil fertilizer tretment in perlite medi with niml mnure nd ws from treted poultry mnure in pet medi, respetively (Tle 4). Zin Comprison of dt me showed tht the highest rte of zin (51.45 mg kg dry mtter) ws from poultry mnure in perlite medi with niml mnure whih ws not sttistilly signifint differene with hemil fertilizer in pet medi nd the lowest rte of zin (15.62 mg kg dry mtter) ws otined from pigeon mnure in perlite medi with niml mnure (Tle 4). Copper The result of ompre me showed tht highest rte of opper (10.92 mg kg dry mtters) ws otined from pigeon mnure tretment in pet medi nd the lowest (3.57 mg kg dry mtter) from poultry mnure in pet medi(tle 4). Disussion Morphologil hrters Derese in germintion perentge t perlite medi with mnure in this reserh my e result of high level of EC in the perlite medi with mnure (Tle 3). Smith nd Fisher (2001) otined the highest germintion perentge with pet medi in the flot nursery. Beuse of existene two types of mnure together, mnure in the plnting medi nd existene poultry mnure, slinity ws higher thn stndrd vlue nd tully produed less trplnt with lower growth. Smith et l (2002 nd 2003) hieved mximum length of trplnt y hemil fertilizer tretments. Chemil fertilizers re ompletely solule in wter rther thn orgni fertilizers nd they provide helted mironutrients for plnts nd finlly use improving vegettive growing onditio. Also, Rideout nd Gooden (2002) nd Smith et l (2002 nd 2003) otined mximum dimeter of trplnting y hemil fertilizer tretments. Fortnum et l (2000) nd Smith et l (2002 nd 2003) otined the highest root length from hemil fertilizer tretments. Rpid deomposition of hemil fertilizer in wter rther thn other orgni fertilizers uses nutrients e ville fster for trplnting nd in the hemil fertilizer tretments inrese fresh weight (Tle 4). In the investigtion of fertilizers in the floting nursery system, Smith et l (2001nd 2002) otined the highest weight of trplnt y hemil fertilizer tretments. Chemil fertilizers supply mironutrients s helte to trplnting, therefore, produed trplnts re lrger nd etter thn trplnts re produed y the other fertilizer tretments nd hd more dry weight thn ny other trplnt fter drying. Smith et l (2001) in the investigtion of fertilizer types on too trplnting in the floting nursery system indited tht the highest dry weight of trplnting otin y hemil fertilizer tretments. Due to low germintion perentge, trplnt existing in perlite medi with mnure hd enough spe, light nd ir tht it used inresing flow of ir in trplnt nopy nd finlly, perentge of dry mtter ws inresed. Smith et l (2001) otined the highest perentge of dry mtter of trplnt y ts orgni fertilizer tretments. Mro-nutrients Most prt of nitrogen in pigeon mnure ws s mmonium form of fertilizer nd due to inresing wter temperture in the hot times of dy, it ould e evporte in mmoni form, whih hs een use of less sorption of nitrogen in pigeon mnure. Aville nitrogen ws s nitrte io t hemil fertilizers nd hs een sored ompletely y plnts; therefore, trplnt nitrogen onentrtion ws in stndrd level in using hemil fertilizer. Zulen et l (1986) nd Smith et l (2001) otined the highest perentge of nitrogen from hemil fertilizer tretments in pet medi. High level of sorle phosphorus n e euse of its high level in fertilizers (Tle 4). In 2417
Life Siene Journl 2012;9(4) poultry mnure tretment in perlite medi with niml mnure, despite high onentrtio of phosphorus, plnts do not esily sor it, while the pigeon mnure deomposes enough nd phosphorus ontent of pigeon mnure hs een in sorle form for trplnting. Zulen et l (1986) nd Smith et l (2001) otined the highest perentge of phosphorus from hemil fertilizer tretments in pet medi. A Prt of the plnt potssium requirements is supplied through the niml mnure ontined in plnting medi, while purified pet hs een free of the plnt ville potssium (Tle 4). Zulen et l (1986) nd Smith et l (2001) otined the highest perentge of potssium from hemil fertilizer tretments in pet medi. Miro-nutrients Pigeon mnure degrdes fster thn poultry mnure in wter nd more quikly sor y trplnting. Poultry mnure in wter sturtion, relese its nutrients more slowly therefore, the trplnting will hve less sodium. Smith et l (2001) otined the highest perentge of sodium in t orgni mnure. Sine prt of plnt iron requirement hs supplied from the niml mnure ville in plnting medi, therefore, the highest rte of iron ws in this tretment (Tle 4). Smith et l (2001) nd Anderson et l (2000) otined highest rte of iron from hemil fertilizer in perlite medi with niml mnure. Due to rpid deomposition of hemil fertilizer in wter sturtion, miroelements suh s lrge mount of zin supply to plnts it. Plnts get some of its requirements to zin elements from niml mnure ville in plnting medi. Aording to this, there ws the highest rte of zin t poultry mnure tretment in perlite medi with niml mnure. Zulen et l (1986) otined the highest rte of zin y poultry mnure in perlite medi with niml mnure. Pigeon mnure deomposes more thn poultry mnure in wter sturtion nd opper ontent on pigeon mnure is higher thn other fertilizers. Smith et l (2001) nd Anderson et l (2000) otined highest rte of the opper from poultry mnure in perlite medi with niml mnure. Referene Adedirn JA, Tiwo LB, Soulo RA, Idowu OJ (2004) Applition of orgni nd inorgni fertilizer for sustinle mize nd owpe yields in Nigeri. Journl of Plnt Nutrition, 27: 1163-1181. Agro ZR (1998) Root medium hemil properties: Hort. Tehnology. 8: 486-494. Anderson RG, Stephnie L (2000) Nutrient nlysis of seleted ommeril orgni fertilizers for lettue prodution. Hortft: 16-20. Cooke GW (1997) the roles of orgni mnures nd orgni mtter in mnging soils for higher rop yield. A review of the experimentl evidene. Pge 53-64 in the proeeding of the interntionl seminr on soil environment nd fertility mngement in inteive griulture. The Soiety of the Siene of soil nd Mnure, Jpn (Nippon Dojyohiryo Gkki), Tokyo. Eghl B (2002) Soil properties s influened y phosphorus- nd nitrogen-sed mnure nd ompost pplitio. Agronomy Journl, 94: 128-135. Eghl B, Wienhold B, Gilley J (2001) Inteive mnure mngement for improved nutrient nd environment qulity. Soil nd Wter Coervtion Reserh, 1: 128-135. Eltun R, Korseth A, Norndheim O (2002) A omprison of environmentl, soil fertility, yield nd eonomil effets in six ropping ling Environment, 90: 155-168. Frzneh H (1999) Agro-Chemil (Trlted). Avei- Nour press (In Persin). Fortnum BA, Rideout J, Mrtin SB, Gooden D (1997) Nutrient solution temperture ffets Pythium root rot of too in greenhouse flot systems. Plnt Disese/ Vol. 84 No.3, pulition no D-2000-0120-02R, The Amerin phytopthologil Soiety: 286-294. Ginting D, Monrief JF, Gupt SC, Ev SD (1998) Intertion etween mnure nd tillge system on phosphorus uptke nd runoff losses. Journl of Environment Qulity, 27: 1403-1410. Greer L, Adm L (2005) Plug nd trplnt to nitrte phosphte onditioning: effets on development, growth nd erly yield. At Hortiulture 609: 213-217. Hsnzdeh-Gourttpe A, Glvnd A, Ahmdi MR, Mirni SKh (2000) Effet of orgni, hemil nd Integrted fertilizers on qulity nd quntities yield of sunflower (Helinthus nnuus L.) in Western Azerijn. Agriulture Siene. 6(2): 85-140 (In Persin). Kfi M (2002) Cumin, Tehnology, prodution nd proessing. Center of Exellene for Speil Crops. Ferdowsi University OF Mshhd Press: 19-33 (In Persin). Koujki A, Nsiri-Mhlti M (1994) Eologiy of rops plnts. Ferdowsi University OF Mshhd Press. 152p. (In Persin). Lesjii MH (2000) Study spets of Eophysiology of in Hyperium flowers in nturl nd gronomy eosystems. Ph. Thesis. Trit Modres University. 140 pp. (In Persin). 2418
Life Siene Journl 2012;9(4) Ptr DD, Anwr M, Chnd S (2000) Integrted nutrient mngement nd wst reyling for restoring soil fertility nd produtivity in Jpnese mint nd mustrd sequene in Uuttr Prdesh, Indi. Agriulture Eosystem & Environment, 80: 267-275. Pere RC, Zhn Y, Coyne MS (1998) Nitrogen trformtion in the too Flot system. Too Siene, 42:82-88. Poisson C, Frnois N (2008) Evlution of toos grown under orgni ulturl prties. CORESTA Congress, Shnghi, 2008, Plenry Session, Astr. IG01. Rideout JW (2004) Field growth nd yield of tomto trplnt, growth in the flot system using low phosphorus fertilizer nd height restriting ulturl prties, Hort. Si. 39 (1): 23-27. Rideout JW, Gooden DT (2000) Effets of strts fertilizer, grnulr phosphorus fertilizer, time of fertiliztion nd seedling phosphorus onentrtion. Too Siene. 44:19-26. Shi H (2006) Effet of integrted orgni nd hemil fertilizers pplition on iologil tivity, soil physiohemil hrters nd nol yield on Zir-A region (Sri). Ph. Thesis. Trit Modres University. (In Persin). Shrifi e Ashourdi A (1999) Study soil fertility in gronomy eosystems. Ph. Thesis. Islmi Azd University Siene nd Reserh Brnh. 248 pp (In Persin). Smith WD, Spers F (2003) Trplnt prodution with the flot system, In urley too informtion 2003. North Crolin Coopertive Exteion Servie. North. Smith WD, Fisher LR, Sper F (2002) Trplnt prodution with the flot system. In Burley too informtion: North Crolin Stte University. Zulen JP, Brid JV, Lilly JP (1991) Nutrient ontent of fertilizer nd orgni mterils. SoilFts. AG-439-18. 2419
Life Siene Journl 2012;9(4) Tle 1. Chemil nlysis of wter in the Too Reserh Center, Urmi Chrter eletril Totl ronte hlorides ondutivity (EC) (HCO- 3) (Cl) Bironte ph vlue 6 765 65 0 7.1 Unit ds.m-1 MEq. L-1 Mg.L-1 Tle 2. ANOVA of morphologil trits on Burley 21different trplnting ffeted y types of fertilizers nd plnting medis in floting nursery system ANOVA Replition Fertilizer Plnting medi F P.B Men squre df GP TL DT RL FWT DWT DMT 3 0.033 0.029 0.32 2.24 4.58 0.01 1.19 2 0.012 160.5 86.59** 14.99** 33177.8** 9280.9** 19.66** ** 1 1.94** 10.67** 0.004 219.31** 3.56 1.70 4.69 2 0.004 6.31** 0.046 37.31 268.99** 0.60 18.45** Error 15 0.053 0.12 0.27 13.64 6.50 0.41 1.32 CV (%) - 2.65 5.13 9.34 5.51 4.40 9.28 8.35, * nd **, non-signifint nd signifint t 5% nd 1% proility level. GP: Germintion perentge, TL: Trplnt length, DT: Dimeter trplnt, RL: Root length, FWT: Fresh weight of trplnt, DWT: Dry weight of trplnt nd DMT: Dry mtter of trplnt. Tle 3. ANOVA of mro nd miro nutrient on Burley 21different trplnting ffeted y types of fertilizers nd plnting medis in floting nursery system 2420
Life Siene Journl 2012;9(4) ANOVA Men squre df N P K N Fe Zn Cu Replition 3 0.02 0.0002 0.007 0.0007* 100.26 9.16 1.44 Fertilizer 2 15.9** 0.007** 2.04** 0.0007* 14619.9** 1110.7** 25.42** Plnting 0.06 0.00006 1 0.001** 0.82** medi 92468.1** 38.9 25.81** F P.B 2 0.24** 0.0003* 0.52** 0.0003 1435.2** 629.5** 28.83** Error 15 5.11 0.0001 0.01 0.0001 52.05 10.87 0.92 CV (%) - 7.98 8.8 7.7 4.62 9.69 15.44, * nd **, non-signifint nd signifint t 5% nd 1% proility level. Tle 4. Comprison of min effet etween fertilizer plnting medi on studied trits of too trplnt y Tukey's method Compred me tretments Germintion (%) DT (mm) RL (mm) DM (G) N (%) fertilizer Chemil fertilizer - 7.15 10.7 8.63 0.162 Pigeon mnure - 4.75 53.1 6.60 0.183 Poultry mnure - 4.80 137.2 5.54 Plnting medi Pet medi 79.5-70.1 - - Perlite medi + niml mnure 71.3-64.0 - - Me followed y the sme letter re not signifintly different t P = 0.05. 0.168 2421
Life Siene Journl 2012;9(4) Tle 5. Comprison of intertion effet etween fertilizer plnting medi on studied trits of too trplnt y Tukey's method Fe Zn TL FWT DMT N P K (mg.kg-1 (mg.kg-1 (mm) (g) (%) (%) (%) (%) DM) DM) tretments fertilizer Chemil fertilizer Pigeon mnure Poultry mnure Plnting medi Pet medi Perlite medi + niml mnure Pet medi Perlite medi + niml mnure Pet medi Perlite medi + niml mnure 12 9 6 6 5 3 d 98.7 94.0 38.8 52.9 35.0 d 28.0 d 8.40 9.52 15.8 13.5 15.9 19.7 4.74 4.50 1.78 1.90 3.39 3.83 Me followed y the sme letter re not signifintly different t P = 0.05. 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.11 d 0.08 d 2.16 2.01 0.78 d 1.65 1.01 d 1.39 Cu (mg.kg-1 DM) 109.7 d 46.59 7.28 263.7 31.19 5.39 123.3 d 25.56 10.92 225.4 15.62 4.97 49.07 e 33.75 3.57 165.8 51.45 5.20 2422