Custom Soil Resource Report for Madison County, Virginia, and Orange County, Virginia

United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service A product of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local participants Custom Soil Resource Report for Madison County, Virginia, and Orange County, Virginia July 15, 2017

Preface Soil surveys contain information that affects land use planning in survey areas. They highlight soil limitations that affect various land uses and provide information about the properties of the soils in the survey areas. Soil surveys are designed for many different users, including farmers, ranchers, foresters, agronomists, urban planners, community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers. Also, conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the surveys to help them understand, protect, or enhance the environment. Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose special restrictions on land use or land treatment. Soil surveys identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. The information is intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations. Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider area planning, onsite investigation is needed to supplement this information in some cases. Examples include soil quality assessments (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/ portal/nrcs/main/soils/health/) and certain conservation and engineering applications. For more detailed information, contact your local USDA Service Center (https://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?agency=nrcs) or your NRCS State Soil Scientist (http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/contactus/? cid=nrcs142p2_053951). Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or underground installations. The National Cooperative Soil Survey is a joint effort of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Information about soils is updated periodically. Updated information is available through the NRCS Web Soil Survey, the site for official soil survey information. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require 2

alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 3

Contents Preface... 2 Soil Map... 5 Soil Map...6 Legend...7 Map Unit Legend... 9 Map Unit Descriptions... 10 Madison County, Virginia... 12 BrE Bremo silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes...12 CcC Catoctin silt loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes... 13 CcE Catoctin silt loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes... 14 Cm Chewacla silt loam... 15 CoC Colfax fine sandy loam, 2 to 10 percent slopes...16 Cw Congaree loam... 17 ElC Elioak fine sandy loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes...18 ElC2 Elioak fine sandy loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, eroded... 19 ElD2 Elioak fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded... 20 EmB Elioak loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes... 21 EmC2 Elioak loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, eroded...22 EmD2 Elioak loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded...23 EnD3 Elioak silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded...24 FaB Fauquier silt loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes... 25 FcC2 Fauquier silty clay loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, eroded... 26 FcD2 Fauquier silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded... 27 GlC2 Glenelg loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded...28 GlD2 Glenelg loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded...29 HaD Hazel loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes... 30 HaF Hazel loam, 25 to 55 percent slopes...31 HsB Hiwassee loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes... 32 HsC2 Hiwassee loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, eroded...33 MvB Meadowville loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes...34 SrC Starr silt loam, 2 to 10 percent slopes... 35 W Water...36 ZoC Zion silt loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes... 36 Orange County, Virginia...38 Cy Comus fine sandy loam...38 W Water...38 References...40 4

Soil Map The soil map section includes the soil map for the defined area of interest, a list of soil map units on the map and extent of each map unit, and cartographic symbols displayed on the map. Also presented are various metadata about data used to produce the map, and a description of each soil map unit. 5

78 15' 24'' W Custom Soil Resource Report Soil Map 78 12' 49'' W 38 15' 0'' N 38 13' 40'' N 4234800 4235200 4235600 4236000 4236400 4236800 740200 740600 741000 741400 741800 742200 742600 743000 743400 743800 740200 740600 741000 741400 741800 742200 742600 743000 743400 743800 4234800 4235200 4235600 4236000 4236400 4236800 4237200 38 15' 0'' N 38 13' 40'' N 78 15' 24'' W N Map Scale: 1:17,300 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet. Meters 0 250 500 1000 1500 Feet 0 500 1000 2000 3000 Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 17N WGS84 6 78 12' 49'' W

MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION Area of Interest (AOI) Area of Interest (AOI) Soils Soil Map Unit Polygons Soil Map Unit Lines Soil Map Unit Points Special Point Features Blowout Borrow Pit Clay Spot Closed Depression Gravel Pit Gravelly Spot Landfill Lava Flow Marsh or swamp Mine or Quarry Miscellaneous Water Perennial Water Rock Outcrop Saline Spot Sandy Spot Severely Eroded Spot Sinkhole Slide or Slip Sodic Spot Spoil Area Stony Spot Very Stony Spot Wet Spot Other Special Line Features Water Features Streams and Canals Transportation Rails Interstate Highways US Routes Major Roads Local Roads Background Aerial Photography The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1:15,800. Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map measurements. Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service Web Soil Survey URL: Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857) Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more accurate calculations of distance or area are required. This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as of the version date(s) listed below. Soil Survey Area: Madison County, Virginia Survey Area Data: Version 10, Sep 23, 2014 Soil Survey Area: Orange County, Virginia Survey Area Data: Version 11, Sep 28, 2016 Your area of interest (AOI) includes more than one soil survey area. These survey areas may have been mapped at different scales, with a different land use in mind, at different times, or at different levels of detail. This may result in map unit symbols, soil properties, and interpretations that do not completely agree across soil survey area boundaries. Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales 1:50,000 or larger. Date(s) aerial images were photographed: May 9, 2011 Jun 4, 2011 The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were compiled and digitized probably differs from the background 7

MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident. 8

Map Unit Legend Madison County, Virginia (VA113) Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name Acres in AOI Percent of AOI BrE Bremo silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes CcC Catoctin silt loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes CcE Catoctin silt loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes 5.7 0.8% 17.9 2.4% 36.1 4.9% Cm Chewacla silt loam 132.9 17.9% CoC Colfax fine sandy loam, 2 to 10 percent slopes 5.3 0.7% Cw Congaree loam 21.6 2.9% ElC Elioak fine sandy loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes ElC2 Elioak fine sandy loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, eroded ElD2 Elioak fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded EmB EmC2 EmD2 Elioak loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes Elioak loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, eroded Elioak loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded EnD3 Elioak silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded FaB Fauquier silt loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes FcC2 Fauquier silty clay loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, eroded FcD2 GlC2 GlD2 HaD HaF HsB HsC2 Fauquier silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded Glenelg loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded Glenelg loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded Hazel loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes Hazel loam, 25 to 55 percent slopes Hiwassee loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes Hiwassee loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, eroded 4.6 0.6% 3.8 0.5% 13.8 1.9% 3.3 0.4% 61.8 8.3% 4.7 0.6% 3.6 0.5% 28.1 3.8% 163.2 22.0% 20.1 2.7% 47.2 6.4% 6.5 0.9% 12.6 1.7% 4.3 0.6% 5.1 0.7% 48.5 6.5% 9

Madison County, Virginia (VA113) Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name Acres in AOI Percent of AOI MvB Meadowville loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes 45.5 6.1% SrC Starr silt loam, 2 to 10 percent slopes 25.3 3.4% W Water 12.7 1.7% ZoC Zion silt loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes 4.1 0.6% Subtotals for Soil Survey Area 738.5 99.7% Totals for Area of Interest 741.1 100.0% Orange County, Virginia (VA137) Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name Acres in AOI Percent of AOI Cy Comus fine sandy loam 0.4 0.1% W Water 2.1 0.3% Subtotals for Soil Survey Area 2.5 0.3% Totals for Area of Interest 741.1 100.0% Map Unit Descriptions The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the soils or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions, along with the maps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of a unit. A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some observed properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including areas of other taxonomic classes. Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and some minor components that belong to taxonomic classes other than those of the major soils. Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They generally are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the scale used. Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps. If included in the database for a given area, the contrasting minor components are identified in the map unit descriptions along with some characteristics of each. A few areas of minor components may not have been observed, and consequently they are not 10

mentioned in the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to make enough observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous areas on the landscape. The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure taxonomic classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that have similar use and management requirements. The delineation of such segments on the map provides sufficient information for the development of resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, however, onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas. An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes general facts about the unit and gives important soil properties and qualities. Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major horizons that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement. Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis of such differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Alpha silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is a phase of the Alpha series. Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups. A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all areas. Alpha-Beta complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, is an example. An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils or miscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of present or anticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered practical or necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The pattern and relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar. Alpha-Beta association, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example. An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can be made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made up of all of them. Alpha and Beta soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example. Some surveys include miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil material and support little or no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example. 11

Madison County, Virginia BrE Bremo silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kbxc Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Bremo and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Bremo Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope Down-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Mixed mafic residuum H1-0 to 7 inches: silt loam H2-7 to 12 inches: gravelly silt loam H3-12 to 26 inches: very gravelly silt loam H4-26 to 36 inches: bedrock Slope: 15 to 35 percent Depth to restrictive feature: 20 to 40 inches to lithic bedrock Natural drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low (0.00 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Very low (about 2.9 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7e 12

CcC Catoctin silt loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kbxj Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Catoctin and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Catoctin Landform: Mountain slopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountaintop Down-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Residuum weathered from greenstone H1-0 to 6 inches: silt loam H2-6 to 12 inches: very channery silty clay loam H3-12 to 27 inches: very channery silt loam H4-27 to 37 inches: bedrock Slope: 7 to 15 percent Depth to restrictive feature: 20 to 40 inches to lithic bedrock Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to low (0.00 to 0.01 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Low (about 3.2 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e 13

CcE Catoctin silt loam, 15 to 45 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kbxk Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Catoctin and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Catoctin Landform: Mountain slopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainflank Down-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Residuum weathered from greenstone H1-0 to 6 inches: silt loam H2-6 to 12 inches: very channery silty clay loam H3-12 to 27 inches: very channery silt loam H4-27 to 37 inches: bedrock Slope: 15 to 45 percent Depth to restrictive feature: 20 to 40 inches to lithic bedrock Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to low (0.00 to 0.01 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Low (about 3.2 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6e 14

Cm Chewacla silt loam National map unit symbol: kby0 Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Chewacla and similar soils: 85 percent Minor components: 5 percent Description of Chewacla Landform: Flood plains Landform position (three-dimensional): Tread Down-slope shape: Linear Across-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Alluvium H1-0 to 9 inches: silt loam H2-9 to 20 inches: silt loam H3-20 to 49 inches: silt loam H4-49 to 80 inches: fine sandy loam Slope: 0 to 2 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Natural drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Runoff class: Low Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr) Depth to water table: About 6 to 18 inches Frequency of flooding: Frequent Available water storage in profile: High (about 10.8 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4w /D Minor Components Wehadkee Percent of map unit: 5 percent Landform: Flood plains 15

Landform position (three-dimensional): Tread Down-slope shape: Linear Across-slope shape: Linear Hydric soil rating: Yes CoC Colfax fine sandy loam, 2 to 10 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kby2 Elevation: 150 to 400 feet Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Colfax and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Colfax Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve Down-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Residuum weathered from granite and gneiss H1-0 to 9 inches: fine sandy loam H2-9 to 26 inches: sandy clay loam H3-26 to 41 inches: fine sandy loam H4-41 to 48 inches: sandy clay loam H5-48 to 60 inches: fine sandy loam Slope: 2 to 10 percent Depth to restrictive feature: 16 to 28 inches to fragipan Natural drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to moderately high (0.00 to 0.20 in/hr) Depth to water table: About 6 to 18 inches Available water storage in profile: Very low (about 3.0 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3w 16

Hydrologic Soil Group: C/D Cw Congaree loam National map unit symbol: kby6 Elevation: 100 to 500 feet Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Congaree and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Congaree Landform: Flood plains Landform position (three-dimensional): Tread Down-slope shape: Linear Across-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Alluvium H1-0 to 11 inches: loam H2-11 to 29 inches: loam H3-29 to 72 inches: loam Slope: 0 to 2 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: Low Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr) Depth to water table: About 30 to 48 inches Frequency of flooding: Frequent Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.6 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3w Hydrologic Soil Group: C 17

ElC Elioak fine sandy loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kbyj Elevation: 330 to 1,000 feet Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance Elioak and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Elioak Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve Down-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Residuum weathered from mica schist H1-0 to 8 inches: fine sandy loam H2-8 to 40 inches: clay loam H3-40 to 85 inches: fine sandy loam Slope: 7 to 15 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.20 to 1.98 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 6.6 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e 18

ElC2 Elioak fine sandy loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, eroded National map unit symbol: kbyk Elevation: 330 to 1,000 feet Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance Elioak and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Elioak Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve Down-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Residuum weathered from mica schist H1-0 to 8 inches: fine sandy loam H2-8 to 40 inches: clay loam H3-40 to 85 inches: fine sandy loam Slope: 7 to 15 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.20 to 1.98 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 6.6 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e 19

ElD2 Elioak fine sandy loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded National map unit symbol: kbyl Elevation: 330 to 1,000 feet Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance Elioak and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Elioak Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope Down-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Residuum weathered from mica schist H1-0 to 8 inches: fine sandy loam H2-8 to 40 inches: clay loam H3-40 to 85 inches: fine sandy loam Slope: 15 to 25 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.20 to 1.98 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 6.6 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e 20

EmB Elioak loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kbym Elevation: 330 to 1,000 feet Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland Elioak and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Elioak Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve Down-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Residuum weathered from mica schist H1-0 to 8 inches: loam H2-8 to 40 inches: clay loam H3-40 to 85 inches: fine sandy loam Slope: 2 to 7 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.20 to 1.98 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 6.6 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2e 21

EmC2 Elioak loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, eroded National map unit symbol: kbyp Elevation: 330 to 1,000 feet Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance Elioak and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Elioak Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve Down-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Residuum weathered from mica schist H1-0 to 8 inches: loam H2-8 to 40 inches: clay loam H3-40 to 85 inches: fine sandy loam Slope: 7 to 15 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.20 to 1.98 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 6.6 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e 22

EmD2 Elioak loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded National map unit symbol: kbyq Elevation: 330 to 1,000 feet Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance Elioak and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Elioak Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope Down-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Residuum weathered from mica schist H1-0 to 8 inches: loam H2-8 to 40 inches: clay loam H3-40 to 85 inches: fine sandy loam Slope: 15 to 25 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.20 to 1.98 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 6.6 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e 23

EnD3 Elioak silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, severely eroded National map unit symbol: kbys Elevation: 330 to 1,000 feet Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Elioak and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Elioak Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope Down-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Residuum weathered from mica schist H1-0 to 8 inches: silty clay loam H2-8 to 40 inches: clay loam H3-40 to 85 inches: fine sandy loam Slope: 15 to 25 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.20 to 1.98 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Low (about 6.0 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e 24

FaB Fauquier silt loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kbz8 Elevation: 600 to 1,500 feet Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland Fauquier and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Fauquier Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve Down-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Residuum weathered from greenstone H1-0 to 12 inches: silt loam H2-12 to 39 inches: gravelly silty clay H3-39 to 69 inches: weathered bedrock H4-69 to 73 inches: bedrock Slope: 2 to 7 percent Depth to restrictive feature: 40 inches to paralithic bedrock Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to low (0.00 to 0.01 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 6.3 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2e 25

FcC2 Fauquier silty clay loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, eroded National map unit symbol: kbzb Elevation: 600 to 1,500 feet Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Fauquier and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Fauquier Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve Down-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Residuum weathered from greenstone H1-0 to 5 inches: silty clay loam H2-5 to 39 inches: gravelly silty clay H3-39 to 69 inches: weathered bedrock H4-69 to 73 inches: bedrock Slope: 7 to 15 percent Depth to restrictive feature: 40 inches to paralithic bedrock Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to low (0.00 to 0.01 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 6.0 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e 26

FcD2 Fauquier silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded National map unit symbol: kbzc Elevation: 600 to 1,500 feet Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Fauquier and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Fauquier Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope Down-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Residuum weathered from greenstone H1-0 to 5 inches: silty clay loam H2-5 to 39 inches: gravelly silty clay H3-39 to 69 inches: weathered bedrock H4-69 to 73 inches: bedrock Slope: 15 to 25 percent Depth to restrictive feature: 40 inches to paralithic bedrock Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to low (0.00 to 0.01 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 6.0 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 6e 27

GlC2 Glenelg loam, 5 to 15 percent slopes, eroded National map unit symbol: kbzd Elevation: 300 to 2,000 feet Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance Glenelg and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Glenelg Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve Down-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Residuum weathered from mica schist H1-0 to 8 inches: loam H2-8 to 33 inches: silty clay loam H3-33 to 65 inches: loam Slope: 5 to 15 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.8 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e 28

GlD2 Glenelg loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes, eroded National map unit symbol: kbzf Elevation: 300 to 2,000 feet Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance Glenelg and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Glenelg Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope Down-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Residuum weathered from mica schist H1-0 to 8 inches: loam H2-8 to 33 inches: silty clay loam H3-33 to 65 inches: loam Slope: 15 to 25 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.8 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e 29

HaD Hazel loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kbzh Elevation: 500 to 1,800 feet Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Hazel and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Hazel Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope Down-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Residuum weathered from sandstone H1-0 to 8 inches: loam H2-8 to 14 inches: loam H3-14 to 38 inches: channery fine sandy loam H4-38 to 48 inches: bedrock Slope: 15 to 25 percent Depth to restrictive feature: 20 to 40 inches to lithic bedrock Natural drainage class: Excessively drained Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to low (0.00 to 0.01 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Low (about 3.9 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e 30

HaF Hazel loam, 25 to 55 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kbzj Elevation: 500 to 1,800 feet Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Hazel and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Hazel Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Side slope Down-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Residuum weathered from sandstone H1-0 to 8 inches: loam H2-8 to 14 inches: loam H3-14 to 38 inches: channery fine sandy loam H4-38 to 48 inches: bedrock Slope: 25 to 45 percent Depth to restrictive feature: 20 to 40 inches to lithic bedrock Natural drainage class: Excessively drained Runoff class: High Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to low (0.00 to 0.01 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Low (about 3.9 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 7e 31

HsB Hiwassee loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kbzk Elevation: 400 to 1,200 feet Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland Hiwassee and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Hiwassee Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve Down-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Alluvium H1-0 to 9 inches: loam H2-9 to 82 inches: clay H3-82 to 96 inches: loam Slope: 2 to 7 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 8.4 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2e 32

HsC2 Hiwassee loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes, eroded National map unit symbol: kbzm Elevation: 400 to 1,200 feet Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance Hiwassee and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Hiwassee Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve Down-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Alluvium H1-0 to 7 inches: loam H2-7 to 82 inches: clay H3-82 to 96 inches: loam Slope: 7 to 15 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Moderate (about 8.4 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 4e 33

MvB Meadowville loam, 2 to 7 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kc0c Elevation: 350 to 1,200 feet Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland Meadowville and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Meadowville Landform: Drainageways Landform position (two-dimensional): Toeslope Landform position (three-dimensional): Tread Down-slope shape: Linear Across-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Triassic residuum H1-0 to 14 inches: loam H2-14 to 46 inches: silty clay loam H3-46 to 52 inches: sandy clay loam H4-52 to 76 inches: fine sandy loam Slope: 2 to 7 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: Low Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.57 to 5.95 in/hr) Depth to water table: About 36 to 60 inches Available water storage in profile: High (about 10.1 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2e Hydrologic Soil Group: A 34

SrC Starr silt loam, 2 to 10 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kc11 Elevation: 400 to 1,400 feet Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance Starr and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Starr Landform: Terraces Landform position (three-dimensional): Tread Down-slope shape: Linear Across-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Alluvium H1-0 to 13 inches: silt loam H2-13 to 52 inches: clay loam H3-52 to 72 inches: sandy loam Slope: 2 to 10 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: Medium Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.3 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2e 35

W Water National map unit symbol: kc1d Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Water: 100 percent ZoC Zion silt loam, 7 to 15 percent slopes National map unit symbol: kc1n Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Zion and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Zion Landform: Hillslopes Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder Landform position (three-dimensional): Interfluve Down-slope shape: Convex Parent material: Mixed mafic residuum H1-0 to 9 inches: silt loam H2-9 to 18 inches: very gravelly silty clay loam H3-18 to 24 inches: clay H4-24 to 29 inches: gravelly clay H5-29 to 39 inches: bedrock Slope: 7 to 15 percent Depth to restrictive feature: 20 to 40 inches to lithic bedrock Runoff class: High 36

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Very low to low (0.00 to 0.01 in/hr) Available water storage in profile: Low (about 3.9 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 3e Hydrologic Soil Group: C 37

Orange County, Virginia Cy Comus fine sandy loam National map unit symbol: 40nw Mean annual precipitation: 31 to 51 inches Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 70 degrees F Frost-free period: 181 to 211 days Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland Comus and similar soils: 85 percent Description of Comus Landform: Flood plains Landform position (three-dimensional): Tread Down-slope shape: Linear Across-slope shape: Linear Parent material: Alluvium H1-0 to 22 inches: fine sandy loam H2-22 to 73 inches: fine sandy loam Slope: 0 to 2 percent Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches Runoff class: Low Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high (0.57 to 1.98 in/hr) Frequency of flooding: Occasional Available water storage in profile: High (about 9.0 inches) Land capability classification (nonirrigated): 2w W Water National map unit symbol: 40sv Mean annual precipitation: 31 to 51 inches 38

Mean annual air temperature: 46 to 70 degrees F Frost-free period: 181 to 211 days Farmland classification: Not prime farmland Water: 100 percent 39

References American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2004. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing. 24th edition. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00. Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/OBS-79/31. Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States. Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States. Hurt, G.W., and L.M. Vasilas, editors. Version 6.0, 2006. Field indicators of hydric soils in the United States. National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries. Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/ nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_054262 Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. http:// www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053577 Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to soil taxonomy. 11th edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. http:// www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580 Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands Section. United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report Y-87-1. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National forestry manual. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ home/?cid=nrcs142p2_053374 United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National range and pasture handbook. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/ detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/?cid=stelprdb1043084 40

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/ nrcs/detail/soils/scientists/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242 United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 296. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/soils/? cid=nrcs142p2_053624 United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land capability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210. http:// www.nrcs.usda.gov/internet/fse_documents/nrcs142p2_052290.pdf 41