Managing Postharvest Quality and Losses in Horticultural Crops

Managing Postharvest Quality and Losses in Horticultural Crops

The Editors Dr. K.L. Chadha is currently the President of The Horticultural Society of India as also Adjunct Professor (Hort.) at IARI. He received his B.Sc. (Agri) and M.Sc. (Hort.) degrees from Punjab University, and Ph.D. from Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. He has served in various capacities at IARI, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana Central Mango Research Station, Lucknow. He was the Director, IIHR, Bangalore, Horticulture Commissioner and Executive Director, National Horticulture Board, Govt. of India; Deputy Director General (Hort.), ICAR and National Professor (Hort.) at IARI. He has authored/edited nearly 4 dozen books and bulletins including the series Advances in Horticulture published in 13 volumes covering 9,410 pages. He has been associated with several scientific societies as their Chief Patron, President or Vice President. He has served as consultant to several national and international organisations. Dr. Chadha is the recipient of several awards for his outstanding contributions to R & D in horticulture. He is a Fellow of NAAS, New Delhi and ISHS, Belgium and D.Sc. (h.c.) from three State Agricultural Universities. Some important awards won by him include Borlaug Award, Om Prakash Bhasin Award, Dr. H.M. Marigowda Award, S.K. Mitra Memorial Award, S.S. Ranade Memorial Life Time Achievement Award, HSI-Shivashakthi Life-Time Achievement Award, B.P. Pal Memorial Award, National Agriculture Leadership Award and Krishi Shiromanni Samman. Dr K.L. Chadha has steered policy planning, research and development of horticulture in India for almost five decades. For his yeomen s service Dr Chadha was conferred the prestigious Padma Shri by Her Excellency, the President of India. Prof. R. K. Pal is currently working as the Director of the ICAR- National Research Center on Pomegranate at Solapur, Maharashtra. After his formal education from West Bengal, he received M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Horticulture from IARI and joined Agricultural Research Service of ICAR. He served IARI in different capacities for over 25 years as Scientist, Professor and Head of the Division of PHT. He underwent advanced training in USA and attended the International Course on Food Processing as FAO Fellow in the Netherlands. He has published more than 100 research/technical papers in national and international journals and guided several research scholars at IARI, New Delhi currently occupying prestigious positions in India, USA, Iran, Vietnam and in many other countries. He is a Fellow of Horticultural Society of India, and has won Dr. J.C. Anand Gold Medal for his contribution in PHT of horticultural crops. He was a national consultant of FAO, member of the Technical Committee of SAARC and Technical Consultant for FHEL-operated CA store. He represented IARI as a core committee member for establishment of Advance Centre for Agriculture Research and Education in Myanmar.

Managing Postharvest Quality and Losses in Horticultural Crops Volume 1 General Issues Editors K.L. Chadha President, The Horticulture Society of India, F-1 Block, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, Todapur, New Delhi 110 012, India and R.K. Pal Director, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate NH-9, Solapur-Pune Highway, Kegaon, Solapur 413 255, Maharashtra, India 2015 Daya Publishing House A Division of Astral International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 110 002

Managing Postharvest Quality and Losses in Horticultural Crops (3 Volume Set) Volume 1: General Issues Page 001-251 Volume 2: Fruit Crops Page 253-579 Volume 3: Vegetables, Flowers & Plantation Crops Page 581-755 2015 EDITORS ISBN 978-93-5124-355-7 (Vol.1) ISBN 978-93-5124-358-8 (Set) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the editors and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The editors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. Despite every effort, there may still be some errors and omissions left inadvertently. The views expressed and photographs used in the text in various articles are those of the authors and not of editors or publisher of the book. Published by : Daya Publishing House A Division of Astral International Pvt. Ltd. ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company 4760-61/23, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj New Delhi-110 002 Ph. 011-43549197, 23278134 E-mail: info@astralint.com Website: www.astralint.com Laser Typesetting : Classic Computer Services, Delhi - 110 035 Printed at : Replika Press Pvt. Ltd. PRINTED IN INDIA

Prof. M. S. Swaminathan Founder Chairman, M S Swaminathan Research Foundation Third Cross Street, Taramani Institutional Area Chennai 600 113 (India) Email: swami@mssrf.res.in Foreword During 1981 the Government of India had constituted a committee under my chairmanship to suggest a scientific approach to postharvest management of perishables in the country. Among various recommendations made, the Committee suggested the establishment of a National Horticulture Board to lay emphasis on programmes related to Postharvest Management. The Committee also identified a group of 12 horticultural crops covering fruits, vegetables and spices for postharvest research apart from several other new crops that were gaining commercial importance. Among fruits apple, mango, banana, citrus, grape, guava, papaya, pineapple, pomegranate and sapota were identified. While among vegetables and spice crops commercial crops like onion, potato, pepper/chilli, turmeric and ginger were included. The National Horticulture Board of the Ministry of Agriculture with its headquarters at Gurgaon is an important outcome of the recommendations. Even though research on Postharvest Management has been underway in India at the Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore, it was not adequate to cover all major crops and aspects. Thus ICAR as a nodal organization implemented a project on Postharvest Management under PL-480 scheme and subsequently set up the Central Institute for Post Harvest Engineering and Technology at Ludhiana. In addition, Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL), Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technologies (IICPT) Thanjavur, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur and Mumbai, Jhadavpur University, Kolkata, Bhaba Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai and many other private funded Institutions have been giving emphasis on these aspects. Of late, new institutions viz. National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) at Kondili, Haryana and National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab have also been established in view of the emergent need for combating the huge postharvest losses of

vi perishable commodities taking place in India. As a result several technologies have been developed on postharvest management of perishable horticultural crops by these institutions. However, most of these technologies have not been transferred to the end users in an appropriate manner due to non-availability of recommendations in an implementable form. Further, all these recommendations are not available at one place and are mostly concealed in research papers or reports which are neither available nor comprehensive. I am happy that Dr. K.L. Chadha, former Deputy Director General (Horticulture), ICAR and Dr. R.K. Pal, Director, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate, Solapur, Maharashtra have made an excellent effort in consolidating the scattered information available from various source, compiled it and edited it in a lucid and understandable format in this book titled Managing Postharvest Quality and Losses in Horticultural Crops with conclusive recommendations for the benefit of different stake holders. I congratulate the editors for this effort at a time when the horticulture production has overtaken the food crop production and its post-harvest management warrants the use of scientific technologies. I hope this book will be of useful to all engaged in wholesale, retail and export trade of horticultural crops as well as researchers and students. It is also hoped that researchers will make further efforts to plug the gaps in technologies wherever these exist. At the same time, we should continue to make effort to bridge the gap between scientific know-how and field level do-how. M.S. Swaminathan

Preface India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world but it encounters huge postharvest losses almost equivalent to the total production of horticultue crops of the United Kingdom. Reduction in postharvest losses of horticultural crops is less expensive than bringing equivalent increase in production. Postharvest research in India was started at CFTRI, Mysore. However, with the increase in production and productivity of horticultural crops in India, ICAR launched a PL-480 scheme with the assistance of the United States of America to undertake research on postharvest technology of horticultural crops at IARI, New Delhi as lead centre. Later on an All India Coordinated Research Project on Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops was launched with a few centres at ICAR institutes and state agricultural universities. During the last three decades or so, lot of information on several aspects of postharvest management of horticultural crops has been generated in India. The horticulture industry in India has grown leaps and bounds with the increase in area under cultivation, production and export. However, scienitific postharvest management and leading adoption of international standards for export quality of horticultural produce from India with respect to combating various tariff and non-tariff barriers is still in its infancy. This book has compiled information keeping in view the needs of horticultural entreprenerus who would like to take-up domestic and export trade of fruits and vegetables on scientific basis and do not have access to this vital information. The book is divided into three volumes comprising of 1) General Issues, 2) Postharvest Management of Fruit Crops and 3) Postharvest Management of Vegetables, Flowers and Plantation Crops. Eminent research workers who have been engaged in the area of Postharvest Management in the NARS have contributed chapters in this publication. Efforts have been made to incorporate information on

viii status of cultivation, cultivars, association between pre-harvest crop management practices and quality after harvest, pack-house operations, storage and marketing for domestic and export trade. The book is also suitably illustrated with colour photographs, wherever necessary. Important references to each subject have been cited for detailed reading. The authors acknowledge the compilation of chapters using scattered information that is available in public domain in the form of research papers and in relevent websites. The editors are grateful to all the contributors for their cooperation, support and timely submission of their manuscripts for bringing out this publication. The editors also express thanks to Mrs. Mandira Pal for her active support in correcting proofs of the book. The cooperation and support of the staff of the Horticultural Society of India especially Mr. Santosh Kr. Atre is duly acknowledged. The editors are extremely grateful to Prof. M.S. Swaminathan for agreeing to write the Foreword of the book. It is hoped that this publication will be of immense value to all the stakeholders viz. horticultural entrepreneurs, retailers, wholesalers and exporters engaged in the business of supply chain of perishable horticultural produce, research scholars engaged in development of postharvest management protocols, and others in view of the objectives for which it has been written, i.e., reducing postharvest losses and delivering quality produce both in domestic and international market. K.L. Chadha R.K. Pal

Contents Foreword Preface List of Contributors v vii xiii Volume 1: General Issues 1. Postharvest Management: An Overview 1 K.L. Chadha and R.K. Pal 2. Fruit Bagging 31 Ram Asrey 3. Maturity Indices 41 R.K. Pal and P. Suresh Kumar 4. Mechanisation in Harvesting 77 S.C. Mandhar and R.T. Patil 5. Pre and Postharvest Management 89 B.V.C. Mahajan and Alemwati Pongener 6. Postharvest Diseases 111 R.D. Rawal and Jyotsana Sharma

x 7. Grading and Packaging 147 M.S. Ladaniya 8. Insect Disinfection and Quarantine 211 Abraham Verghese and M.A. Rashmi 9. Pesticide Residues 231 Ahammed Shabeer T.P. and Kaushik Banerjee Volume 2: Fruit Crops 10. Almond 253 Desh Beer Singh and Nazeer Ahmed 11. Apple 269 R.R. Sharma and R.K. Pal 12. Banana 291 C.K. Narayana 13. Ber 319 Sunil Pareek 14. Citrus Fruits 333 D.V. Sudhakar Rao and M.S. Ladaniya 15. Custard Apple 361 Sunil Pareek 16. Date Palm 381 Sunil Pareek 17. Grape 407 Ajay Kumar Sharma and P.G. Adsule 18. Guava 423 H. Ravishankar, A.K. Singh and Neelima Garg 19. Litchi 441 Vishal Nath and S.K. Purbey 20. Mango 461 W.S. Dhillon 21. Papaya 485 V. Ponnuswamy and T.L. Preethi

xi 22. Pineapple 497 Bidyut C. Deka 23. Pomegranate 517 R.K. Pal and K. Dhinesh Babu 24. Sapota 535 Dev Raj and Ashok K. Senapati 25. Strawberry 549 Ram Asrey 26. Walnut 561 Desh Beer Singh and Nazeer Ahmed Volume 3: Vegetables, Flowers and Plantation Crops 27. Cashew 581 D. Balasubramanian and P.L. Saroj 28. Chilli 597 Surya Kumari Surepeddi and Giridhar Kalidasu 29. Cut Flowers 617 Kushal Singh and Ramesh Kumar 30. Garlic 643 K.E. Lawande and P.C. Tripathi 31. Ginger 655 Ananta Saikia and Sanjib Sharma 32. Oil Palm 677 S. Arulraj 33. Onion 691 R.P. Gupta and H.P. Sharma 34. Orchids 709 L.C. De and N. Pathak 35. Potato 727 R. Ezekiel

List of Contributors Vol. 1 Ahammed Shabeer, T.P. (Dr.) Scientist, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, P.O. No.3, Manjri Farm, Pune 412 307, Maharashtra, India E-mail: shabsnrcg@gmail.com Asrey, Ram (Dr.) Principal Scientist, Division of Food Science & Postharvest Technology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India E-mail: ramu_211@yahoo.com Banerjee, Kaushik (Dr.) National Fellow, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, P.O. No.3, Manjri Farm, Pune 412 307, Maharashtra, India E-mail: kbgrape@yahoo.com Chadha, K.L. (Dr.) President, The Horticulture Society of India, F-1 Block, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, Todapur, New Delhi 110 012, India E-mail: klchadha@gmail.com Ladaniya, M.S. (Dr.) Director, ICAR-National Research Centre for Citrus, Amaravati Road, Shankar Nagar Post Office, Kachimet, Nagpur 440 010, Maharashtra, India E-mail: msladaniya@gmail.com Mahajan, B.V.C. (Dr.) Professor, Punjab Horticultural Postharvest Technology Centre, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, Punjab, India E-mail: bvc_mahajan@rediffmail.com

xiv Mandhar, S.C. (Dr.) Emeritus Scientist, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru 560 089, Karnataka, India E-mail: suresh.mandhar@gmail.com Pal, R.K. (Dr.) Director, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate, NH-9, Solapur-Pune Highway, Kegaon, Solapur 413 255, Maharashtra, India E-mail: rkrishnapal@gmail.com Patil, R.T. (Dr.) Former Director, ICAR-Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering and Technology, P.O. PAU, Ludhiana 141 004, Punjab, India E-mail: ramabhau@gmail.com Pongener, Alemwati (Dr.) Scientist, ICAR-National Research Centre on Litchi, Mushahari, P O Ramna, Muzaffarpur 842 002, Bihar, India E-mail: alemwati@gmail.com Rashmi, M.A. (Dr.) Scientist, C/o Department of Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru 560 065, Karnataka, India E-mail: rashmigowda.ento@gmail.com Rawal, R.D. (Dr.) Former Head, Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru 560 089, Karnataka, India E-mail: rawal.rd@gmail.com Sharma, Jyotsana (Dr.) Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate, NH-9, Solapur-Pune Highway, Kegaon, Solapur 413 255, Maharashtra, India E-mail: jyotisharma128@yahoo.com Suresh Kumar, P. (Dr.) Senior Scientist, ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management Malegaon, Baramati 413 115, Maharashtra, India E-mail: psureshars@gmail.com Verghese, Abraham (Dr.) Director, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post Box No. 2491, H.A. Farm, Post Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560 024, Karnataka, India E-mail: avergis@iihr.ernet.in