Disaster Risk Reduction

Disaster Risk Reduction Methods, Approaches and Practices More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11575

ABOUT THE SERIES SCOPE OF THE SERIES Disaster risk reduction is a process, which leads to the safety of community and nations. After the 2005 World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Kobe, Japan, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was adopted as a framework of risk reduction. The academic research and higher education in disaster risk reduction has made/is making gradual shift from pure basic research to applied, implementation oriented research. More emphasis is given on the multi-stakeholder collaboration and multi-disciplinary research. Emerging university networks in Asia, Europe, Africa and Americas have urged for the process-oriented research in disaster risk reduction field. Keeping this in mind, this new series will promote the outputs of action research on disaster risk reduction, which will be useful for a wider range of stakeholders including academicians, professionals, practitioners, and students and researchers in the related field. The series will focus on some of emerging needs in the risk reduction field, starting from climate change adaptation, urban ecosystem, coastal risk reduction, education for sustainable development, community based practices, risk communication, human security etc. Through academic review, this series will encourage young researchers and practitioners to analyze field practices, and link it to theory and policies with logic, data and evidences. Thus, the series emphasizes evidence based risk reduction methods, approaches and practices. SERIES EDITOR Rajib Shaw, Kyoto University, Japan EDITORIAL ADVISORY GROUP 1. Ms. Margareta Wahlstorm, Special Representative of the Secretary General of the United Nations for the Disaster Risk Reduction, and head of UN ISDR (International Strategy for Disaster Reduction), Geneva, Switzerland 2. Dr. Juha Uitto, Deputy Director, Evaluation Office, UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), NY, USA 3. Professor Kaoru Takara, Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 4. Professor Joy Jacquline Pereira, University Kebansan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia 5. Professor David Sanderson, Director, Centre for Development and Emergency Practice (CENDEP), Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford Brooks University, Oxford, UK 6. Dr. Anshu Sharma, Board Member, SEEDS India, Delhi, India 7. Professor Ailsa Holloway, Director, Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme, Stellenbosch University, South Africa 8. Professor Arnold Howitt, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, USA 9. Professor Fuad Mallick, Chair of Disaster Management Program, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 10. Professor Jayant K Routray, Coordinator of Disaster Preparedness, Mitigation and Management Academic Program, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand

Rajib Shaw Editor Recovery from the Indian Ocean Tsunami A Ten-Year Journey

Editor Rajib Shaw Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan ISSN 2196-4106 ISSN 2196-4114 (electronic) ISBN 978-4-431-55116-4 ISBN 978-4-431-55117-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55117-1 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014948896 Springer Japan 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface Ten years have passed since the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. For a recovery program, it is difficult to say with justification whether 10 years is a long or short duration. For the affected people, sometimes time passes very quickly. For some communities or families whose members lost their lives, time remains stagnant during the disaster period. From the recovery perspective, 10 years is a good time within which to complete physical recovery. It is also a good time during which to achieve socio-economic recovery. For psychosocial recovery, however, more time may possibly be needed. These past 10 years have taught us many important lessons. In a post-disaster scenario, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was adopted in 2005. We have seen implementation of the HFA over these 10 years and how it influenced the recovery program in different ways: institutionalization or legal framework of risk reduction, different levels of risk assessment, several education-related programs, looking at risk reduction as a part of development of initiative, enhanced response through early warning systems, and so on. The past decade has also seen a demand for greater education in risk reduction. Specific targets and measurements of progress have been incorporated. Recovery lessons are never completed. This is an on-going process, and 10 years is a good time in which to review the past achievements and progress and to design future agenda. Thus, while the HFA 2 process is under way and we are preparing for the next world conference in Sendai, Japan, it is an important juncture from which to look back and see different recovery lessons and to contribute to future actions. This book is a modest attempt at that process. I am very grateful and indebted to all the contributors, who have spent their valuable time making critical analyses of their own experiences related to the recovery process. This book is written for students and young researchers aspiring to a career in disaster risk reduction and environmental studies including sustainable development. I hope that they will find the book useful and relevant to their work. Kyoto, Japan Rajib Shaw v

Contents Part I Overview 1 Ten Years of Recovery Lessons from Indian Ocean Tsunami... 3 Rajib Shaw 2 Institutional and Legal Arrangements and Its Impacts on Urban Issues in Post Indian Ocean Tsunami... 17 Nitin Srivastava and Rajib Shaw 3 Environmental Recovery and Mangrove Conservation: Post Indian Ocean Tsunami Policy Responses in South and Southeast Asia... 29 Rajarshi DasGupta, Rajib Shaw, and Miwa Abe 4 Lessons from the Recovery of the Education Sector After the Indian Ocean Tsunami... 43 Glenn Fernandez, Rajib Shaw, and Miwa Abe 5 Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System (IOTWS)... 59 S.H.M. Fakhruddin 6 Post-tsunami Urban Recovery Process and Current Conditions in Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Indonesia... 73 Osamu Murao 7 Critical Factors for Sustainable Post-tsunami Resettlement: Cases from India and Sri Lanka... 89 Miwa Abe and Rajib Shaw 8 Institutional Arrangements for Managing Large-Scale Recovery: Key Lessons from 2004 Tsunami... 103 Sudhir Kumar vii

viii Contents 9 When Is Too Much Money Worse Than Too Little? Giving, Aid, and Impact After the Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004... 121 Malka Older 10 Social Protection Ten-Years After the Tsunami: The Case of Indonesia and Thailand... 139 Benigno Balgos and Jesus Dominic Dizon Part II Indonesia 11 Reform Amidst the Rubble... 155 Kuntoro Mangkusubroto 12 Reconstruction Through External Support: Key Observation in Aceh... 167 Satoru Mimura 13 Progress of Coastal Line Rehabilitation After the Indian Ocean Tsunami Around Banda Aceh Coasts... 175 Syamsidik, Adhitya Iskandar, and Teuku Muhammad Rasyif 14 Disaster Waste Management: Lessons Learnt from Banda Aceh, Indonesia... 191 Hari Srinivas and Farhan Helmy 15 Community-Based Housing Reconstruction in Aceh, Indonesia... 205 Chiho Ochiai 16 Vulnerability Assessment and Retrofitting of Existing Buildings in Aceh and Transfer of Knowledge to the Community... 219 Hari Darshan Shrestha 17 Learning on the Safety Issues of Reconstructed Houses from the 2004 Great Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia... 241 Kenji Okazaki, Krishna S. Pribadi, and Dyah Kusumastuti 18 The Role of Islamic Teachings in Encouraging People to Take Tsunami Preparedness in Aceh and Yogyakarta Indonesia... 259 Wignyo Adiyoso and Hidehiko Kanegae Part III India 19 Rhetoric and Ground Reality of Institutionalizing Disaster Risk Reduction... 281 N. Vinod Chandra Menon 20 Role of GI Services in Emergency Response Management in India... 299 Ajay Srivastava

Contents ix 21 Healthy Ecosystems for Long Term Security and Sustainability of Natural Resource Management: Case of India... 315 Irene Stephen Ravindran 22 Listening to the Communities... 331 Hari Krishna Nibanupudi and Parnasri Ray Choudhury 23 Empowering Communities Through Disaster Management Strategies: Are We on the Right Track?... 347 Asharose and Izuru Saizen 24 Impact of Higher Education in Enhancing the Resilience of Disaster Prone Coastal Communities: A Case Study in Nemmeli Panchayat, Tamil Nadu, India... 361 R.R. Krishnamurthy and K. Kamala Part IV Sri Lanka 25 Reviewing Indian Ocean Tsunami Lessons Learnt Practices of Sri Lanka: In Order to Emphasize Disaster Risk Reduction Endeavours... 383 Poorna Yahampath 26 Capacity Gaps in Post Disaster Waste Management: Case Study in Sri Lanka... 403 Gayani Karunasena and Dilanthi Amaratunga 27 Housing and Resilience: Case Studies from Sri Lanka... 417 Iftekhar Ahmed and Esther Charlesworth 28 Ten Years of Resettlement in Eco-Village, Sri Lanka... 435 Miwa Abe and Rajib Shaw 29 How the Tsunami Disaster Triggered a Change Process in the Education Sector of Sri Lanka: Lessons Learnt for Introducing Disaster Safety Education... 451 Patrizia Bitter Part V Thailand 30 Change of Livelihoods and Living Conditions After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Case of the Post-Disaster Rehabilitation of the Moklen Community in Tungwa Village, Southern Thailand... 471 Monsinee Attavanich, Andreas Neef, Hirohide Kobayashi, and Terdsak Tachakitkachorn 31 Post-Tsunami Recovery and Rehabilitation of Small Enterprises in Phang Nga Province, Southern Thailand... 487 Andreas Neef, Arusa Panyakotkaew, and Peter Elstner

Contributors Asharose Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Miwa Abe Center for Policy Studies, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan Wignyo Adiyoso National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), Jakarta, Indonesia Iftekhar Ahmed Humanitarian Architecture Research Bureau (HARB), RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia Dilanthi Amaratunga University of Salford, Manchester, UK Monsinee Attavanich Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Benigno Balgos Center for Disaster Preparedness Foundation, Inc., University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines Patrizia Bitter GIZ Education for Social Cohesion Programme, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka Esther Charlesworth Humanitarian Architecture Research Bureau (HARB), RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia Parnasri Ray Choudhury Safe Citizen.Org, Kathmandu, Nepal Jesus Dominic Dizon Earthquakes and Megacities Initiatives, Quezon City, Philippines Peter Elstner Independent Researchers, Chiang Mai, Thailand S.H.M. Fakhruddin Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System (RIMES), Pathumthani, Thailand Politecnico Di Milano, Piacenza, Italy Glenn Fernandez Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan xi

xii Contributors Rajarshi DasGupta Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Farhan Helmy National Council on Climate Change (DNPI), Jakarta, Indonesia Adhitya Iskandar Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC), Civil Engineering Department of Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia K. Kamala Benchmark Electronic Systems, Chennai, India Hidehiko Kanegae Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan Gayani Karunasena University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka Hirohide Kobayashi Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan R.R. Krishnamurthy University of Madras Arts and Science College, Kanchipuram, India Sudhir Kumar United Nations Development Programme, Tacloban, Philippines Dyah Kusumastuti Institute of Technology Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia Kuntoro Mangkusubroto President s Delivery Unit for Development Monitoring and Oversight, Jakarta, Indonesia Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency (BRR) for Aceh and Nias, Banda Aceh, Indonesia N. Vinod Chandra Menon National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Government of India, New Delhi, India Satoru Mimura Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan Osamu Murao International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Andreas Neef Centre for Development Studies, School of Social Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Hari Krishna Nibanupudi Safe Citizen.Org, Kathmandu, Nepal Chiho Ochiai Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Kenji Okazaki Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Malka Older Centre de Sociologie des Organisations, Institut d Études Politiques (Sciences Po), Paris, France Arusa Panyakotkaew Independent Researchers, Chiang Mai, Thailand Krishna S. Pribadi Institute of Technology Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

Contributors xiii Teuku Muhammad Rasyif Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC), Civil Engineering Department of Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia Irene Stephen Ravindran New Delhi, India Izuru Saizen Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Rajib Shaw Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Hari Darshan Shrestha Institute of Engineering, Kathmandu, Nepal Ajay Srivastava GISP, Noida, UP, India Nitin Srivastava Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Hari Srinivas School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan Syamsidik Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Center (TDMRC), Civil Engineering Department of Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia Terdsak Tachakitkachorn Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Poorna Yahampath Integrated Environment Disaster Risk Management, Colombo, Sri Lanka

About the Editor Rajib Shaw is a Professor in the Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies of Kyoto University, Japan. He worked closely with the local communities, NGOs, governments and international organization, including United Nations, especially in the Asian countries. He is currently the President of Asian University Network of Environment and Disaster Management (AUEDM). His research interests are: community based disaster risk management, climate change adaptation, urban risk management, and disaster and environmental education. He has published several books in the field of disaster and environmental management. He is also the Chief Editor of Asian Journal of Environment and Disaster Management. xv