Dr. Carmo Vasconcelos Oregon State University
Cinerea Cordifolia Börner 44-53 Malègue Riparia Gloire Riparia 3309 Couderc, 101-14 Mgt, Schwarzman Rupestris 1616C SORI SO 4 Teleki 8B Kobber 5BB Teleki 5C Kober 125 AA 420 Mgt 161-49 C Gravesac Berlandieri 41 B Mgt 333 EM Fercal Vinifera VR O39-16 VR O43-43 99 Richter 110 Richter 1103 Paulsen 140 Ruggeri Rotundifolia AXR #1 1202 C 1613C Solonis Labrusca 196-17 Castel 4010 Castel Harmony, Freedom Ramsey, Dog Ridge Champinii (rupestris x candicans)
Phylloxera resistance (Viala and Ravaz, 1892) 20: Absolute imunity (?) 19: V. rotundifolia 18: V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. cordifolia, riparia x rupestris, cordifolia x riparia, cordifolia x rupestris 17: V. Berlandieri, riparia x Berlandieri, Berlandieri x rupestris 16: Rupestris St. George, candicans x riparia 15: V. cinerea, V. aestivalis, V. candicans 14: Solonis, V. champini glabrous 12: V. champini tomenteuse (hairy) Below 10: Concord, Labrusca, Othello, Catawba, etc. The hybrids of vinifera x rupestris (1202 C and AxR1) vary between 7 and 15
Phylloxera resistance (Viala and Ravaz, 1892) 16-20: sufficient resistance to all soils 14-15: resistance sufficient for sandy and deep soils 13 and under: SHLOUD BE TOTALLY DISCARDED FOR VINEYARDS
Phylloxera resistance (Viala and Ravaz, 1892) 20: Absolute imunity (?) 19: V. rotundifolia 18: V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. cordifolia, riparia x rupestris, cordifolia x riparia, cordifolia x rupestris 17: V. Berlandieri, riparia x Berlandieri, Berlandieri x rupestris 16: Rupestris St. George, candicans x riparia 15: V. cinerea, V. aestivalis, V. candicans 14: Solonis, V. champini glabrous 12: V. champini tomenteuse (hairy) Below 10: Concord, Labrusca, Othello, Catawba, etc. The hybrids of vinifera x rupestris (1202 C and AxR1) vary between 7 and 15
Grows in dry sunny sites which have periodic rain Principal traits High resistance to phylloxera Resistance to drought Very long vegetative cycle Very high vigor Distribution of Vitis rupestris Southern US
Vitis rupestris
Found in moist and shady environments Roots grow mostly laterally Principal traits High resistance to phylloxera Resistance to humidity Short vegetative cycle adapted to cold climates Low to moderate vigor Distribution of Vitis riparia Northeast region of the United States
Found in calcareous and dry soils Has strong plunging roots Principal traits High resistance to phylloxera Resistance to limestone Resistance to drought Long vegetative cycle High vigor Distribution of Vitis Berlandieri Texas and Mexico
Principal traits Moderate resistance to phylloxera Resistance to saline soils Resistance to humidity Resistance to nematodes Distribution of Vitis solonis North of Texas
Vitis rotundifolia Native habitat: Atlantic coast of southern US Grows in deep moist soils Principal trait Immune to phylloxera Problem 2 extra chromosomes (2n=40)
Vitis rotundifolia
Cinerea Cordifolia Börner Riparia Gloire Riparia 44-53 Malègue 3309 Couderc, 101-14 Mgt, Schwarzman Rupestris 1616C 1613C Solonis SO 4 Teleki 8B Kobber 5BB Teleki 5C Kober 125 AA 420 Mgt 161-49 C Labrusca Gravesac Berlandieri 41 B Mgt 333 EM Fercal Vinifera 196-17 Castel 4010 Castel Harmony, Freedom VR O39-16 VR O43-43 99 Richter 110 Richter 1103 Paulsen 140 Ruggeri Rotundifolia AXR #1 1202 C Champinii
Vigor Conferred to the Scion High 140Ru 99R 125AA Rupestris Saint George Dog Ridge Salt Creek (Ramsey) Freedom
Vigor Conferred to the Scion Moderate 1103P Gravesac 110R Schwarzmann Harmony 196-17 Castel 44-53 Malègue 5C 8B 5BB SO4 161-49C
Vigor Conferred to the Scion Moderate to low Low 3309C 101-14 420A 1616C Riparia Gloire
Rootstock effect on maturity Advance maturity Riparia Gloire 5C 44-53 Malègue 3309C 101-14 1616C 196-17 Castel Delay maturity Rupestris Saint George 420A 5BB 99R 110R 1103P 140Ru SO4
Degree-days to bud burst, full bloom, and véraison Bud burst Full Bloom V raison 420A 71 350 1051 Harmony 70 349 1050 5C 67 350 1050 3309C 72 351 1045 101-14 69 349 1044 Ungrafted 70 348 1042 44-53 70 347 1037 Significant F ** ns ***
2 Fruit Yield and Composition Müller-Thurgau 1.5 Yield kg/m2 1 0.5 ab abc a abc c bc Juice Soluble Solids Brix 18 17 16 15 c bc c c ab a 5BB SO4 8B 5C 3309 RU140
Cinerea Cordifolia Börner Riparia Gloire Riparia 44-53 Malègue 3309 Couderc, 101-14 Mgt, Schwarzman Rupestris 1616C 1613C Solonis SO 4 Teleki 8B Kobber 5BB Teleki 5C Kober 125 AA 420 Mgt 161-49 C Labrusca Gravesac Berlandieri 41 B Mgt 333 EM Fercal Vinifera 196-17 Castel 4010 Castel Harmony, Freedom VR O39-16 VR O43-43 99 Richter 110 Richter 1103 Paulsen 140 Ruggeri Rotundifolia AXR #1 1202 C Champinii
Rootstocks and Nutrition
Tolerance to Lime Poor IPC Riparia Gloire 5 3309 C 10 101-14 10 Ru. St. Georges 20 Iron Chlorosis
Tolerance to Lime Intermediate IPC 99 Richter 30 110 Richter 30 1103 Paulsen30 SO 4 30 5 BB 40 420 A 40
Tolerance to Lime High IPC 169-49 60 140 Ruggeri 60 41 B > 60 333 EM > 60 Fercal 120
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Aminoacids in the Xylem Sap 500 400 Glutamine mg/l 300 200 100 0 a ab ab b b ab 10 Glutamic acid mg/l 8 6 4 2 0 a a a a a a 5BB SO4 8B 5C 3309 RU140 Rootstock
Nutrition Problems Associated with Rootstocks Magnesium Deficiency Potassium Deficiency SO 4 99 Richter 110 Richter 44-53 Malègue 3309 C 5BB Kober 420 A Mgt 110 Richter 1103 Paulsen 140 Ruggeri
Petiole Potassium (% dry weight) 3 2.75 2.5 2.25 2 1.75 1.5 Significance Newberg 3309 44-53 Harmony 101-14 5C 420A Ungrafted Soil K (ppm) 141 L 3.75 3.5 3.25 3 2.75 2.5 2.25 2 1.75 1.5 Lafayette 44-53 Harmony 5C 101-14 420A 3309 Ungrafted 1.75 1.5 1.25 1 0.75 0.5 Umpqua 5C 101-14 3309 420A 44-53 Harmony Ungrafted 1.75 1.5 1.25 1 0.75 0.5 Eagle Point 44-53 Ungrafted 101-14 3309 Harmony * *** *** *** 209 M 175 M 5C 125 L 420A
Cultivars and Mineral Uptake Varieties with high magnesium demand Chasselas Cabernet-Sauvignon Merlot Cardinal Gewürtztraminer Ugni blanc Sauvignon Syrah should not be grafted onto rootstocks susceptible to magnesium deficiency in soils with a poor supply of magnesium
Cultivars and Mineral Uptake Varieties with high potassium demand Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Aramon Cinsaut Syrah Müller-Thurgau should not be grafted to rootstocks prone to potassium deficiency if the levels of potassium in the soil are low
Petiole Phosphorus and Boron Woodhall Vineyard, Alpine SO4 5BB 3309C 101-14 Riparia Ungrafted bc b cd c d a ab b a a ab ab 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 P (% dry Wt) 0 10 20 30 B (ppm)
Nutrition problems associated with rootstocks: Boron 45 Petiole Boron ( (ppm ppm) 43 41 39 37 35 Harmony 5C 420A 3309C 101-14 44-53 Ungrafted
Resistance to nematodes Very sensitive: V. vinfera and rootstoks with vinifera parentage Sensitive: 3309 C, 161-49 C, 196-17 Cl
Resistance to nematodes Somewhat resistant: 101-14, Rupestris St. George, Riparia gloire, 110R Resistant: Salt Creek, Dog Ridge, SO 4, 44-53 M, 99R, 5 BB, 1616 C, 140 Ru
Adaptation to dry shallow High 110R Moderate clay soil 1103P, 140Ru, 420A, 5C, 125AA Moderate to low 5BB, 101-14, 3309C, 44-53 Malègue, 99R, Rupestris Saint George
Tolerance to drought High V. vinifera, 140Ru, 110R, 1103P, 44-53 M Moderate 99R, 8B, Gravesac, 196-17 Castel
Tolerance to drought Moderate to low Rupestris Saint George, Schwarzmann, 420A, 125 AA, Harmony, Freedom, Salt Creek (Ramsey), Dog Ridge Low 101-14, 3309C, SO4, 5BB, 161-49 C, 5C, 1616C, Riparia Gloire
Tolerance to wet feet High Riparia gloire, 110R, 1103P, SO 4, 5BB, 44-53 M, 1616C, 101-14, 3309 Moderate 140Ru, 420 A, 161-49 C, Gravesac, 196-17 Castel, Salt Creek (Ramsey), Dog Ridge, Harmony
Tolerance to wet feet Low 99R Rupestris Saint George
Teleki Hybrids 10 kg Berlandieri seed 40,000 seedlings 1 2 3 Berlandieri 10 riparia x rupestris
Teleki Hybrids berlandieri x riparia 4 5 A = Glabrous 6 7 8 B = Hairy 9
Teleki Hybrids 4 A SO 4 5 A Kober 5BB 6 A 7 B 5C 8 B Cosmo 10 9 B Teleki-Ferrari
Take home message There is no best rootstock Rootstock performance is highly site specific Do your own rootstock trial Block your vineyard in areas of homogeneous soils and choose the most appropriate rootstocks for each block